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Precise assembly of inside-out cell membrane camouflaged nanoparticles via bioorthogonal reactions for improving drug leads capturing. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:852-862. [PMID: 36873174 PMCID: PMC9979189 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane camouflaged nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of drug leads discovery attribute to their unique biointerface targeting function. However, random orientation of cell membrane coating does not guarantee effective and appropriate binding of drugs to specific sites, especially when applied to intracellular regions of transmembrane proteins. Bioorthogonal reactions have been rapidly developed as a specific and reliable method for cell membrane functionalization without disturbing living biosystem. Herein, inside-out cell membrane camouflaged magnetic nanoparticles (IOCMMNPs) were accurately constructed via bioorthogonal reactions to screen small molecule inhibitors targeting intracellular tyrosine kinase domain of vascular endothelial growth factor recptor-2. Azide functionalized cell membrane acted as a platform for specific covalently coupling with alkynyl functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles to prepare IOCMMNPs. The inside-out orientation of cell membrane was successfully verified by immunogold staining and sialic acid quantification assay. Ultimately, two compounds, senkyunolide A and ligustilidel, were successfully captured, and their potential antiproliferative activities were further testified by pharmacological experiments. It is anticipated that the proposed inside-out cell membrane coating strategy endows tremendous versatility for engineering cell membrane camouflaged nanoparticles and promotes the development of drug leads discovery platforms.
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2
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Peters B, Bautista J, Slaney TR, Guo H, Huang RY, Krause ME, Zeng M, Cheng J, Chen Z. Enzymatic removal of sialic acid enables iCIEF stability monitoring of charge variants of a highly sialylated bispecific antibody. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1059-1067. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Bautista
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Thomas R. Slaney
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Hongyue Guo
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Richard Y.‐C. Huang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization Bristol Myers Squibb Lawrence Township New Jersey USA
| | - Mary E. Krause
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Ming Zeng
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Julie Cheng
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Zhi Chen
- Drug Product Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
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3
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Rameez S, Gowtham YK, Nayar G, Mostafa SS. Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3176. [PMID: 34021724 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rameez
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gautam Nayar
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sigma S Mostafa
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Albus A, Kronimus Y, Neumann S, Vidovic N, Frenzel A, Kuhn P, Seifert M, Ziehm T, van der Wurp H, Dodel R. Effects of a Multimerized Recombinant Autoantibody Against Amyloid-β. Neuroscience 2021; 463:355-369. [PMID: 33958140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease; thus, the search for a cure or causal therapy has become necessary. Despite intense research on this topic in recent decades, there is no curative therapy up today, and also no disease-modifying treatment has been approved. As promising approach passive immunization strategies have thereby come forth. In this study, we focused on naturally occurring autoantibodies against the AD-associated peptide amyloid-β. These antibodies have already reported to show beneficial functions in vitro and in mouse models of AD. However, their availability is limited due to their low abundance in peripheral blood. In a recent study, we were able to generate four recombinant antibodies against amyloid-β. In the present study, we tested these antibodies in ELISA and SPR assays for their binding behavior and by aggregation- and phagocytosis assays as functional evidences to characterize their amyloid-β-related neutralizing and clearance abilities. Further ex vivo assay on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures gave first evidence of microglial activation and inflammatory features. The tested recombinant antibodies in IgG format showed, in comparison to naturally occurring autoantibodies against amyloid-β, insufficient binding capacities and -affinities. However, after conversion of one antibody into a single chain format multimerization of the scFv-Fc construct, the investigated binding capacity and -affinity showed improvements. Further functional assays predict a protective effect of this antibody. Although, all four recombinant antibodies showed binding to amyloid-β, promising features were only detectable after conversion into a multimeric format. The multimeric scFv-Fc antibody exhibited thereby strong impact on amyloid-β clearance and inhibition of oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Albus
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yannick Kronimus
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Neumann
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Natascha Vidovic
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Tamar Ziehm
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hendrik van der Wurp
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Faculty of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Richard Dodel
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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5
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Wang H, Wu L, Wang C, Xu J, Yin H, Guo H, Zheng L, Shao H, Chen G. Biosimilar or Not: Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of MabThera and Its Two Biosimilar Candidates. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:790-801. [PMID: 33860202 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic biosimilar antibodies has become an important driving force of the modern biopharmaceutical industry. In this study, physiochemical characteristics (amino acid sequence, intact/subunit molecular weight, isoelectric point, post-translation modification, and disulfide linkage pattern), purity (charge variants, high and low molecular weight variants), antigen binding activity, Fc receptor binding affinity and Fc-effector function (CDC and ADCC) were analyzed by using an extensive set of state-of-the-art and orthogonal analytical technologies to provide a comprehensive characterization of the innovative product rituximab and two biosimilar candidates. The similarity study showed that biosimilar candidate 1 (BC1) and the reference product (RP) MabThera had an identical protein amino acid sequences and highly similar primary structures along with similar purity, heterogeneity profiles, antigen binding activity, Fc receptor binding affinity, and Fc-effector functions. Biosimilar candidate 2 (BC2), which had an amino acid replacement at a constant region, a different N-glycosylation profiling, and purity, was not analytically similar to RP. Although BC2 showed improvement such as an increased level of afucose, another IgG1 allotype, and similar biological activities, it was not recommended to be applied as a biosimilar compound in drug registration because the biosimilar manufacturer must first show that its primary structure was identical to that of RP. Our physicochemical characterizations and bioassay comparability study provided a deepened understanding of the structure-function relationship of quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linping Wu
- Shanghai Frontier Health Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Can Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongrui Yin
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Luxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
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6
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Kaur H. Characterization of glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies and its importance in therapeutic antibody development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:300-315. [PMID: 33430641 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the structurally diverse and complex forms of post translational modifications observed in proteins which influence the effector functions of IgG-Fc. Although the glycosylation constitutes 2-3% of the total mass of the IgG antibody, a thorough assessment of glycoform distribution present on the antibody is a critical quality attribute (cQA) for the majority of novel and biosimilar monoclonal antibody (mAb) development. This review paper will highlight the impact of different glycoforms such as galactose, fucose, high mannose, NANA (N-acetylneuraminic acid), and NGNA (N-glycoylneuraminic acid) on the safety/immunogeneicity, efficacy/biological activity and clearance (pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetic property (PD/PK)) of biological molecules. In addition, this paper will summarize routinely employed reliable analytical techniques such as hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) for characterizing and monitoring glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods are addressed. The scope of this review paper is limited to only N-linked and O-linked glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Analytical Sciences, Aurobindo Biologics, Hyderabad, India
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7
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Göritzer K, Strasser R. Glycosylation of Plant-Produced Immunoglobulins. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:519-543. [PMID: 34687021 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many economically important protein-based therapeutics like monoclonal antibodies are glycosylated. Due to the recognized importance of this type of posttranslational modification, glycoengineering of expression systems to obtain highly active and homogenous therapeutics is an emerging field. Although most of the monoclonal antibodies on the market are still produced in mammalian expression platforms, plants are emerging as an alternative cost-effective and scalable production platform that allows precise engineering of glycosylation to produce targeted human glycoforms at large homogeneity. Apart from producing more effective antibodies, pure glycoforms are required in efforts to link biological functions to specific glycan structures. Much is already known about the role of IgG1 glycosylation and this antibody class is the dominant recombinant format that has been expressed in plants. By contrast, little attention has been paid to the glycoengineering of recombinant IgG subtypes and the other four classes of human immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgM). Except for IgD, all these antibody classes have been expressed in plants and the glycosylation has been analyzed in a site-specific manner. Here, we summarize the current data on glycosylation of plant-produced monoclonal antibodies and discuss the findings in the light of known functions for these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Strasser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Ercan A. Sex effect on the correlation of immunoglobulin G glycosylation with rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Turk J Biol 2020; 44:406-416. [PMID: 33402867 PMCID: PMC7759195 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease which affects females more than males with a presence of autoantibodies. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) produced by adaptive arm has 2 functional domains, Fc and Fab. The Fc domain binds Fc gamma receptors and C1q proteins of the innate arm. Therefore, the IgG Fc domain serves as a bridge between the innate and adaptive arms and is regulated by an evolutionarily conserved N-glycosylation with variable structures. These glycans are classified as agalactosylated G0, monogalactosylated G1, and digalactosylated G2, which are further modified by core-fucosylation (F) and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (B) moieties such as G0F and G0FB. Interestingly, proinflammatory G0F is shown to be regulated by estrogen in vivo. Here, it is hypothesized that the regulation of G0F by estrogen contributes to sex dichotomy in RA by setting up the level of IgG-dependent inflammation and therefore, RA disease activity (Das28-CRP3). To investigate this hypothesis, IgG glycosylation was characterized in serum samples from active RA patients (n = 232) and healthy controls (n = 232) by serum N-glycan analysis using the high performance liquid chromatography. According to the results, the IgG Fc glycan phenotype originates predominantly from the structure of G0F, and both G0F and G0FB correlate with Das28-CRP3 in females, but not in males. In conclusion, IgG G0F-dependent inflammation differs in males and females, and these differences point to the differential regulation of inflammation by sex hormone estrogen via IgG glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altan Ercan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri Turkey
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9
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Wells E, Song L, Greer M, Luo Y, Kurian V, Ogunnaike B, Robinson AS. Media supplementation for targeted manipulation of monoclonal antibody galactosylation and fucosylation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3310-3321. [PMID: 32662879 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are critically important biologics as the largest class of molecules used to treat cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic diseases. Antibody glycosylation is a critical quality attribute that has ramifications for patient safety and physiological efficacy-one that can be modified by such factors as media formulation and process conditions during production. Using a design-of-experiments approach, we examined the effect of 2-F-peracetyl fucose (2FP), uridine, and galactose on cell growth and metabolism, titer, and gene expression of key glycosylation-related proteins, and report how the glycoform distribution changed from Days 4 to 7 in a batch process used for IgG1 production from Chinese hamster ovary cells. We observed major glycosylation changes upon supplement addition, where the addition of 2FP decreased antibody fucosylation by up to 48%, galactose addition increased galactosylation by up to 21%, and uridine addition decreased fucosylation and increased galactosylation by 6% and 2%, respectively. Despite having major effects on glycosylation, neither galactose nor 2FP significantly affected cell culture growth, metabolism, or titer. Uridine improved peak cell densities by 23% but also reduced titer by ∼30%. The supplements caused significant changes in gene expression by Day 4 of the cultures where 2FP addition significantly reduced fucosyltransferase 8 and nucleotide sugar transporter gene expression (by ∼2-fold), and uridine addition significantly increased expression of UDP-GlcNAcT (SLC35A3) and B4GALT1-6 genes (by 1.5-3-fold). These gene expression data alongside glycosylation, metabolic, and growth data improve our understanding of the cellular mechanisms affected by media supplementation and suggest approaches for modifying antibody glycosylation in antibody production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Wells
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Liqing Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madison Greer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Varghese Kurian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Babatunde Ogunnaike
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Anne S Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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10
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Evaluating the impact of suramin additive on CHO cells producing Fc-fusion protein. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:1255-1263. [PMID: 31541331 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of suramin in CHO cell cultures in terms of the cell culture performance and quality of the Fc-fusion protein. RESULTS Suramin had positive effects on the CHO cell cultures. The addition of suramin caused an increase in the viable cell density, cell viability, and titer of the Fc-fusion protein. Moreover, suramin had no impact on protein aggregation and enhanced the sialic acid contents of Fc-fusion protein by 1.18-fold. The enhanced sialylation was not caused by the increased nucleotide sugar level but by the inhibition of sialidase activity. The results showed that suramin inhibited apoptosis and had positive impacts on the productivity and quality of Fc-fusion protein. CONCLUSION The addition of suramin increased the production of Fc-fusion protein and enhanced sialylation when added as a supplement to the media component in CHO cell cultures. This study suggested that suramin could be a beneficial additive during the biological production in terms of the productivity and quality of Fc-fusion protein.
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11
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Chang MM, Gaidukov L, Jung G, Tseng WA, Scarcelli JJ, Cornell R, Marshall JK, Lyles JL, Sakorafas P, Chu AHA, Cote K, Tzvetkova B, Dolatshahi S, Sumit M, Mulukutla BC, Lauffenburger DA, Figueroa B, Summers NM, Lu TK, Weiss R. Small-molecule control of antibody N-glycosylation in engineered mammalian cells. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:730-736. [PMID: 31110306 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is crucial for structural and functional properties of mAb therapeutics, including stability, pharmacokinetics, safety and clinical efficacy. The biopharmaceutical industry currently lacks tools to precisely control N-glycosylation levels during mAb production. In this study, we engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells with synthetic genetic circuits to tune N-glycosylation of a stably expressed IgG. We knocked out two key glycosyltransferase genes, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4GALT1), genomically integrated circuits expressing synthetic glycosyltransferase genes under constitutive or inducible promoters and generated antibodies with concurrently desired fucosylation (0-97%) and galactosylation (0-87%) levels. Simultaneous and independent control of FUT8 and β4GALT1 expression was achieved using orthogonal small molecule inducers. Effector function studies confirmed that glycosylation profile changes affected antibody binding to a cell surface receptor. Precise and rational modification of N-glycosylation will allow new recombinant protein therapeutics with tailored in vitro and in vivo effects for various biotechnological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Chang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leonid Gaidukov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giyoung Jung
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wen Allen Tseng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John J Scarcelli
- Cell Line Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Richard Cornell
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Marshall
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Lyles
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Sakorafas
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - An-Hsiang Adam Chu
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Kaffa Cote
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Boriana Tzvetkova
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Sepideh Dolatshahi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Madhuresh Sumit
- Culture Process Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Bhanu Chandra Mulukutla
- Culture Process Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Figueroa
- Culture Process Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Nevin M Summers
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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Wang JR, Gao WN, Grimm R, Jiang S, Liang Y, Ye H, Li ZG, Yau LF, Huang H, Liu J, Jiang M, Meng Q, Tong TT, Huang HH, Lee S, Zeng X, Liu L, Jiang ZH. Reply to 'Trace N-glycans including sulphated species may originate from various plasma glycoproteins and not necessarily IgG'. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2915. [PMID: 30046037 PMCID: PMC6060093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei-Na Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Rudolf Grimm
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA, 95051, USA
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Labortory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Basic Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Zhan-Guo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lee-Fong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiujiang First People's Hospital, Taling North Road 48, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Division of Rheumatology, Jiujiang First People's Hospital, Taling North Road 48, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Qiong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Tian-Tian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hai-Hui Huang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Stephanie Lee
- Agilent Technologies Hong Kong Ltd., Suite 2603, 26/F, AXA Tower, Landmark East, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China.
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China.
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13
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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14
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Paul A, Padler-Karavani V. Evolution of sialic acids: Implications in xenotransplant biology. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12424. [PMID: 29932472 PMCID: PMC6756921 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All living cells are covered with a dense “sugar-coat” of carbohydrate chains (glycans) conjugated to proteins and lipids. The cell surface glycome is determined by a non-template driven process related to the collection of enzymes that assemble glycans in a sequential manner. In mammals, many of these glycans are topped with sialic acids (Sia), a large family of acidic sugars. The “Sialome” is highly diverse owing to various Sia types, linkage to underlying glycans, range of carriers, and complex spatial organization. Presented at the front of cells, Sia play a major role in immunity and recognition of “self” versus “non-self,” largely mediated by the siglecs family of Sia-binding host receptors. Albeit many mammalian pathogens have evolved to hijack this recognition system to avoid host immune attack, presenting a fascinating host-pathogen evolutionary arms race. Similarly, cancer cells exploit Sia for their own survival and propagation. As part of this ongoing fitness, humans lost the ability to synthesize the Sia type N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), in contrast to other mammals. While this loss had provided an advantage against certain pathogens, humans are continuously exposed to Neu5Gc through mammalian-derived diet (eg, red meat), consequently generating a complex immune response against it. Circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies together with Neu5Gc on some human tissues mediate chronic inflammation “xenosialitis” that exacerbate various human diseases (eg, cancer and atherosclerosis). Similarly, Neu5Gc-containing xenografts are exposed to human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies with implications to sustainability. This review aimed to provide a glimpse into the evolution of Sia and their implications to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Paul
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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15
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Blondeel EJM, Aucoin MG. Supplementing glycosylation: A review of applying nucleotide-sugar precursors to growth medium to affect therapeutic recombinant protein glycoform distributions. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1505-1523. [PMID: 29913209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute (CQA) of many therapeutic proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and is a major consideration in the approval of biosimilar biologics due to its effects to therapeutic efficacy. Glycosylation generates a distribution of glycoforms, resulting in glycoproteins with inherent molecule-to-molecule heterogeneity, capable of activating (or failing to activate) different effector functions of the immune system. Glycoforms can be affected by the supplementation of nucleotide-sugar precursors, and related components, to culture growth medium, affecting the metabolism of glycosylation. These supplementations has been demonstrated to increase nucleotide-sugar intracellular pools, and impact glycoform distributions, but with varied results. These variations can be attributed to five key factors: Differences between cell platforms (enzyme/transporter expression levels); differences between recombinant proteins produced (glycan-site accessibility); the fermentation and sampling timeline (glucose availability and exoglycosidase accumulation); glutamine levels (affecting ammonia levels, which impact Golgi pH, as well as UDP-GlcNAc pools); and finally, a lack of standardized metrics for observing shifts in glycoform distributions (glycosylation indices) across different experiments. The purpose of this review is to provide detail and clarity on the state of the art of supplementation strategies for nucleotide-sugar precursors for affecting glycosylation in cell culture processes, and to apply glycosylation indices for standardized comparisons across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J M Blondeel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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16
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Li W, Zhu Z, Chen W, Feng Y, Dimitrov DS. Crystallizable Fragment Glycoengineering for Therapeutic Antibodies Development. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1554. [PMID: 29181010 PMCID: PMC5693878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics are the fastest growing class of human pharmaceuticals. They are typically IgG1 molecules with N-glycans attached to the N297 residue on crystallizable fragment (Fc). Different Fc glycoforms impact their effector function, pharmacokinetics, stability, aggregation, safety, and immunogenicity. Fc glycoforms affect mAbs effector functions including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) by modulating the Fc-FcγRs and Fc-C1q interactions. While the terminal galactose enhances CDC activity, the fucose significantly decreases ADCC. Defucosylated immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) are thus highly pursued as next-generation therapeutic mAbs with potent ADCC at reduced doses. A plethora of cell glycoengineering and chemoenzymatic glycoengineering strategies is emerging to produce IgGs with homogenous glycoforms especially without core fucose. The chemoenzymatic glycosylation remodeling also offers useful avenues for site-specific conjugations of small molecule drugs onto mAbs. Herein, we review the current progress of IgG-Fc glycoengineering. We begin with the discussion of the structures of IgG N-glycans and biosynthesis followed by reviewing the impact of IgG glycoforms on antibody effector functions and the current Fc glycoengineering strategies with emphasis on Fc defucosylation. Furthermore, we briefly discuss two novel therapeutic mAbs formats: aglycosylated mAbs and Fc glycan specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The advances in the understanding of Fc glycobiology and development of novel glycoengineering technologies have facilitated the generation of therapeutic mAbs with homogenous glycoforms and improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
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17
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Yang D, Kroe-Barrett R, Singh S, Roberts CJ, Laue TM. IgG cooperativity - Is there allostery? Implications for antibody functions and therapeutic antibody development. MAbs 2017; 9:1231-1252. [PMID: 28812955 PMCID: PMC5680800 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1367074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A central dogma in immunology is that an antibody's in vivo functionality is mediated by 2 independent events: antigen binding by the variable (V) region, followed by effector activation by the constant (C) region. However, this view has recently been challenged by reports suggesting allostery exists between the 2 regions, triggered by conformational changes or configurational differences. The possibility of allosteric signals propagating through the IgG domains complicates our understanding of the antibody structure-function relationship, and challenges the current subclass selection process in therapeutic antibody design. Here we review the types of cooperativity in IgG molecules by examining evidence for and against allosteric cooperativity in both Fab and Fc domains and the characteristics of associative cooperativity in effector system activation. We investigate the origin and the mechanism of allostery with an emphasis on the C-region-mediated effects on both V and C region interactions, and discuss its implications in biological functions. While available research does not support the existence of antigen-induced conformational allosteric cooperativity in IgGs, there is substantial evidence for configurational allostery due to glycosylation and sequence variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Yang
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- a Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield , Connecticut , USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- b Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- c Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware , USA
| | - Thomas M Laue
- d Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences , University of New Hampshire , Durham , New Hampshire , USA
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18
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Losfeld ME, Scibona E, Lin CW, Villiger TK, Gauss R, Morbidelli M, Aebi M. Influence of protein/glycan interaction on site-specific glycan heterogeneity. FASEB J 2017; 31:4623-4635. [PMID: 28679530 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700403r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To study how the interaction between N-linked glycans and the surrounding amino acids influences oligosaccharide processing, we used protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a glycoprotein bearing 5 N-glycosylation sites, as a model system and expressed it transiently in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-S cell line. PDI was produced as both secreted Sec-PDI and endoplasmic reticulum-retained glycoprotein (ER)-PDI, to study glycan processing by ER and Golgi resident enzymes. Quantitative site-specific glycosylation profiles were obtained, and flux analysis enabled modeling site-specific glycan processing. By altering the primary sequence of PDI, we changed the glycan/protein interaction and thus the site-specific glycoprofile because of the improved enzymatic fluxes at enzymatic bottlenecks. Our results highlight the importance of direct interactions between N-glycans and surface-exposed amino acids of glycoproteins on processing in the ER and the Golgi and the possibility of changing a site-specific N-glycan profile by modulating such interactions and thus the associated enzymatic fluxes. Altering the primary protein sequence can therefore be used to glycoengineer recombinant proteins.-Losfeld, M.-E., Scibona, E., Lin, C.-W., Villiger, T. K., Gauss, R., Morbidelli, M., Aebi, M. Influence of protein/glycan interaction on site-specific glycan heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Estelle Losfeld
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Gauss
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
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19
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Blundell PA, Le NPL, Allen J, Watanabe Y, Pleass RJ. Engineering the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of human IgG1 multimers and monomers to fine-tune interactions with sialic acid-dependent receptors. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12994-13007. [PMID: 28620050 PMCID: PMC5546038 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.795047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimeric fragment crystallizable (Fc) regions and Fc-fusion proteins are actively being explored as biomimetic replacements for IVIG therapy, which is deployed to manage many diseases and conditions but is expensive and not always efficient. The Fc region of human IgG1 (IgG1-Fc) can be engineered into multimeric structures (hexa-Fcs) that bind their cognate receptors with high avidity. The critical influence of the unique N-linked glycan attached at Asn-297 on the structure and function of IgG1-Fc is well documented; however, whether the N-linked glycan has a similarly critical role in multimeric, avidly binding Fcs, is unknown. Hexa-Fc contains two N-linked sites at Asn-77 (equivalent to Asn-297 in the Fc of IgG1) and Asn-236 (equivalent to Asn-563 in the tail piece of IgM). We report here that glycosylation at Asn-297 is critical for interactions with Fc receptors and complement and that glycosylation at Asn-563 is essential for controlling multimerization. We also found that introduction of an additional fully occupied N-linked glycosylation site at the N terminus at position 1 (equivalent to Asp-221 in the Fc of IgG1) dramatically enhances overall sialic acid content of the Fc multimers. Furthermore, replacement of Cys-575 in the IgM tail piece of multimers resulted in monomers with enhanced sialic acid content and differential receptor-binding profiles. Thus insertion of additional N-linked glycans into either the hinge or tail piece of monomers or multimers leads to molecules with enhanced sialylation that may be suitable for managing inflammation or blocking pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Blundell
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Ngoc Phuong Lan Le
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Allen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Pleass
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom.
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20
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Chen CL, Hsu JC, Lin CW, Wang CH, Tsai MH, Wu CY, Wong CH, Ma C. Crystal Structure of a Homogeneous IgG-Fc Glycoform with the N-Glycan Designed to Maximize the Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1335-1345. [PMID: 28318221 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation on IgG modulates Fc conformation and effector functions. An IgG-Fc contains a human sialo-complex type (hSCT) glycan of biantennary structure with two α2,6-sialylations and without core-fucosylation is an optimized glycoform developed to enhance the antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). hSCT modification not only enhances the binding affinity to Fc receptors in the presence of antigen but also in some cases provides gain-of-function effector activity. We used enzymatic glyco-engineering to prepare an IgG-Fc with homogeneous hSCT attached to each CH2 domain and solved its crystal structure. A compact form and an open form were observed in an asymmetric unit in the crystal. In the compact structure, the double glycan latches from the two hSCT chains stabilize the CH2 domains in a closed conformation. In the open structure, the terminal sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid or NeuNAc) residue interacts through water-mediated hydrogen bonds with the D249-L251 helix, to modulate the pivot region of the CH2-CH3 interface. The double glycan latches and the sialic acid modulation may be mutually exclusive. This is the first crystal structure of glyco-engineered Fc with enhanced effector activities. This work provides insights into the relationship between the structural stability and effector functions affected by hSCT modification and the development of better antibodies for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Chen
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical
Biology and Molecular Biophysics program, Taiwan International Graduate
Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute
of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chi Hsu
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Lin
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical
Biology and Molecular Biophysics program, Taiwan International Graduate
Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical
Biology and Molecular Biophysics program, Taiwan International Graduate
Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical
Biology and Molecular Biophysics program, Taiwan International Graduate
Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute
of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che Ma
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical
Biology and Molecular Biophysics program, Taiwan International Graduate
Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Largy E, Cantais F, Van Vyncht G, Beck A, Delobel A. Orthogonal liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for the comprehensive characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins, from released glycans to intact protein level. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:128-146. [PMID: 28372839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are increasingly used as therapeutics. Their characterization is challenging due to their size and inherent heterogeneity notably caused by post-translational modifications, among which glycosylation is probably the most prominent. The glycosylation profile of therapeutic proteins must therefore be thoroughly analyzed. Here, we illustrate how the use of a combination of various cutting-edge LC or LC/MS(/MS) methods, and operating at different levels of analysis allows the comprehensive characterization of both the N- and O-glycosylations of therapeutic proteins without the need for other approaches (capillary electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF). This workflow does not call for the use of highly specialized/custom hardware and software nor an extensive knowledge of glycan analysis. Most notably, we present the point of view of a contract research organization, with the constraints associated to the work in a regulated environment (GxP). Two salient points of this work are i) the use of mixed-mode chromatography as a fast and straightforward mean of profiling N-glycans sialylation as well as an orthogonal method to separate N-glycans co-eluting in the HILIC mode; and ii) the use of widepore HILIC/MS to analyze challenging N/O-glycosylation profiles at both the peptide and subunit levels. A particular attention was given to the sample preparations in terms of duration, specificity, versatility, and robustness, as well as the ease of data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Largy
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536, Donstiennes, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Cantais
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536, Donstiennes, Belgium
| | - Géry Van Vyncht
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536, Donstiennes, Belgium
| | - Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), 5 Av. Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74164, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Arnaud Delobel
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536, Donstiennes, Belgium.
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22
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Analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibody glycoforms by mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetics study. Talanta 2017; 165:664-670. [PMID: 28153314 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are one of the most important protein drugs have attracted increasing attention. However, the pharmacokinetics of mAbs has not been fully investigated due to the complexity of protein drugs. Traditonal immuno-based approaches can not recognize the proteoforms of mAbs because of the long development cycles, prohibitive cost, and interactions between different proteins. Therefore, reliable qualitative and quantitative analysis of the proteoforms of mAbs in biological samples is of crucial importance. Herein, a novel method was developed for absolute quantitation of mAbs and their glycoforms in complex biological samples such as serum and tissues. With the combination of HILIC enrichment and parallel reaction monitoring by high resolution mass spectrometry, most of the glycoforms can be accurately quantified at the fmol level through the use of the model mAb of bevacizumab. More importantly, the structural confirmation can be achieved simultaneously without the need for additional experiments. This strategy can be readily applied to the pharmacokinetic study of glycosylation modification and biomarker discovery for clinical applications.
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23
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Hudak JE, Belardi B, Appel MJ, Solania A, Robinson PV, Bertozzi CR. Piperidine-based glycodendrons as protein N-glycan prosthetics. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4791-4800. [PMID: 27283789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The generation of homogeneously glycosylated proteins is essential for defining glycoform-specific activity and improving protein-based therapeutics. We present a novel glycodendron prosthetic which can be site-selectively appended to recombinant proteins to create 'N-glycosylated' glycoprotein mimics. Using computational modeling, we designed the dendrimer scaffold and protein attachment point to resemble the native N-glycan architecture. Three piperidine-melamine glycodendrimers were synthesized via a chemoenzymatic route and attached to human growth hormone and the Fc region of human IgG. These products represent a new class of engineered biosimilars bearing novel glycodendrimer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Hudak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian Belardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mason J Appel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angelo Solania
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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24
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Varki A. Biological roles of glycans. Glycobiology 2016; 27:3-49. [PMID: 27558841 PMCID: PMC5884436 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1448] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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25
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Jefferis R. Posttranslational Modifications and the Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5358272. [PMID: 27191002 PMCID: PMC4848426 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5358272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by its gene sequence, the final structure and function are determined by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including quality control (QC) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and during passage through the Golgi apparatus. These processes are species and cell specific and challenge the biopharmaceutical industry when developing a production platform for the generation of recombinant biologic therapeutics. Proteins and glycoproteins are also subject to chemical modifications (CMs) both in vivo and in vitro. The individual is naturally tolerant to molecular forms of self-molecules but nonself variants can provoke an immune response with the generation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA); aggregated forms can exhibit enhanced immunogenicity and QC procedures are developed to avoid or remove them. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics (mAbs) are a special case because their purpose is to bind the target, with the formation of immune complexes (ICs), a particular form of aggregate. Such ICs may be removed by phagocytic cells that have antigen presenting capacity. These considerations may frustrate the possibility of ameliorating the immunogenicity of mAbs by rigorous exclusion of aggregates from drug product. Alternate strategies for inducing immunosuppression or tolerance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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26
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Jansen BC, Bondt A, Reiding KR, Lonardi E, de Jong CJ, Falck D, Kammeijer GSM, Dolhain RJEM, Rombouts Y, Wuhrer M. Pregnancy-associated serum N-glycome changes studied by high-throughput MALDI-TOF-MS. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23296. [PMID: 27075729 PMCID: PMC4831011 DOI: 10.1038/srep23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy requires partial suppression of the immune system to ensure maternal-foetal tolerance. Protein glycosylation, and especially terminal sialic acid linkages, are of prime importance in regulating the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses. However, little is known about pregnancy-associated changes of the serum N-glycome and sialic acid linkages. Using a combination of recently developed methods, i.e. derivatisation that allows the distinction between α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids by high-throughput MALDI-TOF-MS and software-assisted data processing, we analysed the serum N-glycome of a cohort of 29 healthy women at 6 time points during and after pregnancy. A total of 77 N-glycans were followed over time, confirming in part previous findings while also revealing novel associations (e.g. an increase of FA2BG1S1(6), FA2G1S1(6) and A2BG2S2(6) with delivery). From the individual glycans we calculated 42 derived traits. With these, an increase during pregnancy and decrease after delivery was observed for both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialylation. Additionally, a difference in the recovery speed after delivery was observed for α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialylation of triantennary glycans. In conclusion, our new high-throughput workflow allowed the identification of novel plasma glycosylation changes with pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C. Jansen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bondt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karli R. Reiding
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuela Lonardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Coen J. de Jong
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guinevere S. M. Kammeijer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Radboud J. E. M. Dolhain
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59 000 Lille, France
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kunert R, Reinhart D. Advances in recombinant antibody manufacturing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3451-61. [PMID: 26936774 PMCID: PMC4803805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the first use of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for recombinant protein expression, production processes have steadily improved through numerous advances. In this review, we have highlighted several key milestones that have contributed to the success of CHO cells from the beginning of their use for monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression until today. The main factors influencing the yield of a production process are the time to accumulate a desired amount of biomass, the process duration, and the specific productivity. By comparing maximum cell densities and specific growth rates of various expression systems, we have emphasized the limiting parameters of different cellular systems and comprehensively described scientific approaches and techniques to improve host cell lines. Besides the quantitative evaluation of current systems, the quality-determining properties of a host cell line, namely post-translational modifications, were analyzed and compared to naturally occurring polyclonal immunoglobulin fractions from human plasma. In summary, numerous different expression systems for mAbs are available and also under scientific investigation. However, CHO cells are the most frequently investigated cell lines and remain the workhorse for mAb production until today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Kunert
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Reinhart
- Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Yu C, Gao K, Zhu L, Wang W, Wang L, Zhang F, Liu C, Li M, Wormald MR, Rudd PM, Wang J. At least two Fc Neu5Gc residues of monoclonal antibodies are required for binding to anti-Neu5Gc antibody. Sci Rep 2016; 7:20029. [PMID: 26823113 PMCID: PMC4731815 DOI: 10.1038/srep20029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two non-human glycan epitopes, galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) and Neu5Gc-α-2-6-galactose (Neu5Gc) have been shown to be antigenic when attached to Fab oligosaccharides of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) , while α-gal attached to Fc glycans was not. However, the antigenicity of Neu5Gc on the Fc glycans remains unclear in the context that most mAbs carry only Fc glycans. After studying two clinical mAbs carrying significant amounts of Fc Neu5Gc, we show that their binding activity with anti-Neu5Gc antibody resided in a small subset of mAbs carrying two or more Fc Neu5Gc, while mAbs harboring only one Neu5Gc showed no reactivity. Since most Neu5Gc epitopes were distributed singly on the Fc of mAbs, our results suggest that the potential antigenicity of Fc Neu5Gc is low. Our study could be referenced in the process design and optimization of mAb production in murine myeloma cells and in the quality control of mAbs for industries and regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Yu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Mark R Wormald
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Reseach and Training, Dublin, ROI.,Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*Star, Singapore
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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29
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Falck D, Jansen BC, Plomp R, Reusch D, Haberger M, Wuhrer M. Glycoforms of Immunoglobulin G Based Biopharmaceuticals Are Differentially Cleaved by Trypsin Due to the Glycoform Influence on Higher-Order Structure. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4019-28. [PMID: 26244886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that glycosylation can influence the proteolytic cleavage of proteins. A thorough investigation of this phenomenon was conducted for the serine protease trypsin, which is essential in many proteomics workflows. Monoclonal and polyclonal immunoglobulin G biopharmaceuticals were employed as model substances, which are highly relevant for the bioanalytical applications. Relative quantitation of glycopeptides derived from the conserved Fc-glycosylation site allowed resolution of biases on the level of individual glycan compositions. As a result, a strong preferential digestion of high mannose, hybrid, alpha2-3-sialylated and bisected glycoforms was observed over the most abundant neutral, fucosylated glycoforms. Interestingly, this bias was, to a large extent, dependent on the intact higher order structure of the antibodies and, consequently, was drastically reduced in denatured versus intact antibodies. In addition, a cleavage protocol with acidic denaturation was tested, which featured reduced hands-on time and toxicity while showing highly comparable results to a published denaturation, reduction, and alkylation based protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bas C Jansen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosina Plomp
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH , 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.,Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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A common glycan structure on immunoglobulin G for enhancement of effector functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10611-6. [PMID: 26253764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513456112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been developed as therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer, infection, and inflammation. In addition to binding activity toward the target, antibodies also exhibit effector-mediated activities through the interaction of the Fc glycan and the Fc receptors on immune cells. To identify the optimal glycan structures for individual antibodies with desired activity, we have developed an effective method to modify the Fc-glycan structures to a homogeneous glycoform. In this study, it was found that the biantennary N-glycan structure with two terminal alpha-2,6-linked sialic acids is a common and optimized structure for the enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and antiinflammatory activities.
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31
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycans are increasingly important in the development of new biopharmaceuticals with optimized efficacy, half-life, and antigenicity. Current expression platforms for recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics typically do not produce homogeneous glycans and frequently display non-human glycans which may cause unwanted side effects. To circumvent these issues, glyco-engineering has been applied to different expression systems including mammalian cells, insect cells, yeast, and plants. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes recent developments in glyco-engineering focusing mainly on in vivo expression systems for recombinant proteins. The highlighted strategies aim at producing glycoproteins with homogeneous N- and O-linked glycans of defined composition. EXPERT OPINION Glyco-engineering of expression platforms is increasingly recognized as an important strategy to improve biopharmaceuticals. A better understanding and control of the factors leading to glycan heterogeneity will allow simplified production of recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics with less variation in terms of glycosylation. Further technological advances will have a major impact on manufacturing processes and may provide a completely new class of glycoprotein therapeutics with customized functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Dicker
- a 1 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology , Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- b 2 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology , Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria +43 1 47654 6705 ; +43 1 47654 6392 ;
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32
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Srinivasan K, Roy S, Washburn N, Sipsey SF, Meccariello R, Meador JW, Ling LE, Manning AM, Kaundinya GV. A Quantitative Microtiter Assay for Sialylated Glycoform Analyses Using Lectin Complexes. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2015; 20:768-78. [PMID: 25851037 PMCID: PMC4512520 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115577597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fidelity of glycan structures is a key requirement for biotherapeutics, with carbohydrates playing an important role for therapeutic efficacy. Comprehensive glycan profiling techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS), while providing detailed description of glycan structures, require glycan cleavage, labeling, and paradigms to deconvolute the considerable data sets they generate. On the other hand, lectins as probes on microarrays have recently been used in orthogonal approaches for in situ glycoprofiling but require analyte labeling to take advantage of the capabilities of automated microarray readers and data analysis they afford. Herein, we describe a lectin-based microtiter assay (lectin-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) to quantify terminal glycan moieties, applicable to in vitro and in-cell glycan-engineered Fc proteins as well as intact IgGs from intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), a blood product containing pooled polyvalent IgG antibodies extracted from plasma from healthy human donors. We corroborate our findings with industry-standard LC-MS profiling. This "customizable" ELISA juxtaposes readouts from multiple lectins, focusing on a subset of glycoforms, and provides the ability to discern single- versus dual-arm glycosylation while defining levels of epitopes at sensitivities comparable to MS. Extendable to other biologics, this ELISA can be used stand-alone or complementary to MS for quantitative glycan analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leona E Ling
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Yoo JY, Ko KS, Seo HK, Park S, Fanata WID, Harmoko R, Ramasamy NK, Thulasinathan T, Mengiste T, Lim JM, Lee SY, Lee KO. Limited Addition of the 6-Arm β1,2-linked N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) Residue Facilitates the Formation of the Largest N-Glycan in Plants. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16560-72. [PMID: 26001781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant N-glycan in plants is the paucimannosidic N-glycan with core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues (Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2). Here, we report a mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana that efficiently produces the largest N-glycan in plants. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that the addition of the 6-arm β1,2-GlcNAc residue by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GnTII) is less effective than additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues by XylT, FucTA, and FucTB in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, analysis of gnt2 mutant and 35S:GnTII transgenic plants shows that the addition of the 6-arm non-reducing GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor GlcNAcMan3(GlcNAc)2 inhibits additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues. Our findings indicate that plants limit the rate of the addition of the 6-arm GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor as a mechanism to facilitate formation of the prevalent N-glycans with Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)2Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Yoo
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Ki Seong Ko
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyeong Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, 9-Sarim, Changwon 641-773, Korea, and
| | - Seongha Park
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, 9-Sarim, Changwon 641-773, Korea, and
| | - Wahyu Indra Duwi Fanata
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Rikno Harmoko
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Nirmal Kumar Ramasamy
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Thiyagarajan Thulasinathan
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Jae-Min Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, 9-Sarim, Changwon 641-773, Korea, and
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- From the Division of Applied Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 660-701, Korea,
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Kazama F, Nakamura J, Osada M, Inoue O, Oosawa M, Tamura S, Tsukiji N, Aida K, Kawaguchi A, Takizawa S, Kaneshige M, Tanaka S, Suzuki-Inoue K, Ozaki Y. Measurement of soluble C-type lectin-like receptor 2 in human plasma. Platelets 2015; 26:711-9. [PMID: 25856065 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2015.1021319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Detection of platelet activation in vivo is useful to identify patients at risk of thrombotic diseases. Platelet factor 4 (PF4) and β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) are used for this purpose; however, they are easily released upon the minimal platelet activation that occurs during sampling. Soluble forms of several platelet membrane proteins are released upon platelet activation; however, the soluble form of C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (sCLEC-2) has not yet been fully investigated. Western blotting with an anti-CLEC-2 antibody showed that sCLEC-2 was released from washed human platelets stimulated with collagen mimetics. To detect sCLEC-2 in plasma, we established a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using F(ab')2 anti-CLEC-2 monoclonal antibodies. Although plasma mixed with citrate, adenosine, theophylline and adenosine (CTAD) is needed for the PF4 and β-TG assays, effects of anti-coagulants (EDTA, citrate and CTAD) on the sCLEC-2 ELISA were negligible. Moreover, while special techniques are required for blood sampling and sample preparation for PF4 and β-TG assay, the standard blood collections procedures used in daily clinical laboratory tests have shown to suffice for sCLEC-2 analysis. In this study, we found that two forms of sCLEC-2 are released after platelet activation: a shed fragment and a microparticle-bound full-length protein, both of which are detected by the sCLEC-2 ELISA. The average concentration of sCLEC-2 in the plasma of 10 healthy individuals was 97 ± 55 pg/ml, whereas that in the plasma of 25 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) was 149 ± 260 pg/ml. A trend towards an increase in sCLEC-2 concentration in the DM patients may reflect in vivo platelet activation in the patients, suggesting that sCLEC-2 may have clinical significance as a biomarker of in vivo platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Kazama
- a Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Junya Nakamura
- b Department of Antibody Group, Narita R&D Department, Research and Development Division , LSI Medicine Corporation , Takomachi, Katori-gun , Chiba , Japan
| | - Makoto Osada
- a Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Osamu Inoue
- c Faculty of Medicine , Infection Control Office, University of Yamanashi Hospital, University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Mitsuru Oosawa
- b Department of Antibody Group, Narita R&D Department, Research and Development Division , LSI Medicine Corporation , Takomachi, Katori-gun , Chiba , Japan
| | - Shogo Tamura
- a Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan .,d Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan , and
| | - Nagaharu Tsukiji
- a Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Kaoru Aida
- e Department of Internal Medicine III , Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Akio Kawaguchi
- e Department of Internal Medicine III , Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Soichi Takizawa
- e Department of Internal Medicine III , Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneshige
- e Department of Internal Medicine III , Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tanaka
- e Department of Internal Medicine III , Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- a Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
| | - Yukio Ozaki
- a Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Yamanashi , Chuo , Yamanashi , Japan
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35
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Sialic acids: biomarkers in endocrinal cancers. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:79-85. [PMID: 25777812 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sialylations are post translational modification of proteins and lipids that play important role in recognition, signaling, immunological response and cell-cell interaction. Improper sialylations due to altered sialyl transferases, sialidases, gene structure and expression, sialic acid metabolism however lead to diseases and thus sialic acids form an important biomarker in disease. In the endocrinal biology such improper sialylations including altered expression of sialylated moieties have been shown to be associated with disorders. Cancer still remains to be the major cause of global death and the cancer of the endocrine organs suffer from the dearth of appropriate markers for disease prediction at the early stage and monitoring. This review is aimed at evaluating the role of sialic acids as markers in endocrinal disorders with special reference to cancer of the endocrine organs. The current study is summarized under the following headings of altered sialylations in endocrinal cancer of the (i) ovary (ii) pancreas (iii) thyroid (iv) adrenal and (v) pituitary gland. Studies in expression of sialic acid in testis cancer are limited. The future scope of this review remains in the targeting of endocrinal cancer by targeting altered sialylation which is a common expression associated with endocrinal cancer.
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