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Raja K, Suresh K, Anbalagan S, Ragini YP, Kadirvel V. Investigating the nutritional viability of marine-derived protein for sustainable future development. Food Chem 2024; 448:139087. [PMID: 38531302 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Marine-derived proteins are emerging as a pivotal resource with diverse applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnological industries. The marine environment offers many protein sources, including fish, shellfish, algae, and microbes, which garnered attention due to their nutritional composition. Evaluating their protein and amino acid profiles is essential in assessing their viability as substitutes for conventional protein sources. Continuously exploiting marine ecosystems for protein extraction has led to significant environmental impacts. The optimization of aquacultural practices and implementation of innovative practices are imperative for the sustainable production of marine-based protein. This review will discuss the different sources of marine proteins, their nutritional profile, and their associated environmental impact. It also reviews the relationship between aquaculture advancements and regulatory frameworks toward attaining sustainable practices, alongside exploring the challenges and potentials in utilizing marine sources for protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalesh Raja
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, 602105, India
| | - Karishma Suresh
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, 602105, India
| | - Saravanan Anbalagan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, 602105, India.
| | | | - Vijayasri Kadirvel
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Food Technology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
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2
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Radzlin N, Mohamad Ali MS, Goh KM, Yaakop AS, Zakaria II, Kahar UM. Exploring a novel GH13_5 α-amylase from Jeotgalibacillus malaysiensis D5 T for raw starch hydrolysis. AMB Express 2024; 14:71. [PMID: 38874807 PMCID: PMC11178733 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Amylase plays a crucial role in the industrial degradation of starch. The genus Jeotgalibacillus of the underexplored marine bacteria family Caryophanaceae has not been investigated in terms of α-amylase production. Herein, we report the comprehensive analysis of an α-amylase (AmyJM) from Jeotgalibacillus malaysiensis D5T (= DSM28777T = KCTC33550T). Protein phylogenetic analysis indicated that AmyJM belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily 5 (GH13_5) and exhibits low sequence identity with known α-amylases, with its closest counterpart being the GH13_5 α-amylase from Bacillus sp. KSM-K38 (51.05% identity). Purified AmyJM (molecular mass of 70 kDa) is stable at a pH range of 5.5-9.0 and optimally active at pH 7.5. The optimum temperature for AmyJM is 40 °C, where the enzyme is reasonably stable at this temperature. Similar to other α-amylases, the presence of CaCl2 enhanced both the activity and stability of AmyJM. AmyJM exhibited activity toward raw and gelatinized forms of starches and related α-glucans, generating a mixture of reducing sugars, such as glucose, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose. In raw starch hydrolysis, AmyJM exhibited its highest efficiency (51.10% degradation) in hydrolyzing raw wheat starch after 3-h incubation at 40 °C. Under the same conditions, AmyJM also hydrolyzed tapioca, sago, potato, rice, and corn raw starches, yielding 16.01-30.05%. These findings highlight the potential of AmyJM as a biocatalyst for the saccharification of raw starches, particularly those derived from wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurfatini Radzlin
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Institute Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kian Mau Goh
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Amira Suriaty Yaakop
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Iffah Izzati Zakaria
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ummirul Mukminin Kahar
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Maldonado-Ruiz K, Pedroza-Islas R, Pedraza-Segura L. Blue Biotechnology: Marine Bacteria Bioproducts. Microorganisms 2024; 12:697. [PMID: 38674641 PMCID: PMC11051736 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ocean is the habitat of a great number of organisms with different characteristics. Compared to terrestrial microorganisms, marine microorganisms also represent a vast and largely unexplored reservoir of bioactive compounds with diverse industrial applications like terrestrial microorganisms. This review examines the properties and potential applications of products derived from marine microorganisms, including bacteriocins, enzymes, exopolysaccharides, and pigments, juxtaposing them in some cases against their terrestrial counterparts. We discuss the distinct characteristics that set marine-derived products apart, including enhanced stability and unique structural features such as the amount of uronic acid and sulfate groups in exopolysaccharides. Further, we explore the uses of these marine-derived compounds across various industries, ranging from food and pharmaceuticals to cosmetics and biotechnology. This review also presents a broad description of biotechnologically important compounds produced by bacteria isolated from marine environments, some of them with different qualities compared to their terrestrial counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Pedroza-Islas
- Department of Chemical, Industrial and Food Engineering, Universidad Iberoamericana, Prol. Paseo de la Reforma 880, Lomas de Santa Fe, Mexico City 01210, Mexico; (K.M.-R.); (L.P.-S.)
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Lenchours Pezzano J, Rodriguez YE, Fernández-Gimenez AV, Laitano MV. Exploring fishery waste potential as antifouling component. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20159-20171. [PMID: 38372927 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a global issue with economic and ecological implications. Existing solutions, such as biocide-based antifouling paints, are toxic for the environment. The search for better antifouling agents remains crucial. Recent research focuses on eco-friendly antifouling paints containing natural compounds like enzymes. This study evaluates enzymatic extracts from fishery residues for antifouling potential. Extracts from Pleoticus muelleri shrimp, Illex argentinus squid, and Lithodes santolla king crab were analyzed. Proteolytic activity and thermal stability were assessed, followed by bioassays on mussel byssus thread formation and barnacle cypris adhesive footprints. All three extracts demonstrated proteolytic activity and 24-h stability at temperate oceanic temperatures, except I. argentinus. P. muelleri extracts hindered cyprid footprint formation and mussel byssus thread generation. Further purification is required for L. santolla extract to assess its antifouling potential activity. This study introduces the use of fishery waste-derived enzyme extracts as a novel antifouling agent, providing a sustainable tool to fight against biofouling formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lenchours Pezzano
- Marine Science Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Yamila E Rodriguez
- Marine Science Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Marine and Coastal Research Institute (IIMyC), Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Scientific and Technological Research National Council, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Analía V Fernández-Gimenez
- Marine Science Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Marine and Coastal Research Institute (IIMyC), Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Scientific and Technological Research National Council, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - María V Laitano
- Marine Science Department, Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Mar del Plata, Argentina.
- Marine and Coastal Research Institute (IIMyC), Natural and Exact Science Faculty (FCEyN), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Scientific and Technological Research National Council, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Wang S, Lei H, Ji Z. Exploring Oxidoreductases from Extremophiles for Biosynthesis in a Non-Aqueous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076396. [PMID: 37047370 PMCID: PMC10094897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic solvent tolerant oxidoreductases are significant for both scientific research and biomanufacturing. However, it is really challenging to obtain oxidoreductases due to the shortages of natural resources and the difficulty to obtained it via protein modification. This review summarizes the recent advances in gene mining and structure-functional study of oxidoreductases from extremophiles for non-aqueous reaction systems. First, new strategies combining genome mining with bioinformatics provide new insights to the discovery and identification of novel extreme oxidoreductases. Second, analysis from the perspectives of amino acid interaction networks explain the organic solvent tolerant mechanism, which regulate the discrete structure-functional properties of extreme oxidoreductases. Third, further study by conservation and co-evolution analysis of extreme oxidoreductases provides new perspectives and strategies for designing robust enzymes for an organic media reaction system. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities in designing biocatalysis non-aqueous systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hangbin Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhehui Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Ghattavi S, Homaei A. Marine enzymes: Classification and application in various industries. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123136. [PMID: 36621739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oceans are regarded as a plentiful and sustainable source of biological compounds. Enzymes are a group of marine biomaterials that have recently drawn more attention because they are produced in harsh environmental conditions such as high salinity, extensive pH, a wide temperature range, and high pressure. Hence, marine-derived enzymes are capable of exhibiting remarkable properties due to their unique composition. In this review, we overviewed and discussed characteristics of marine enzymes as well as the sources of marine enzymes, ranging from primitive organisms to vertebrates, and presented the importance, advantages, and challenges of using marine enzymes with a summary of their applications in a variety of industries. Current biotechnological advancements need the study of novel marine enzymes that could be applied in a variety of ways. Resources of marine enzyme can benefit greatly for biotechnological applications duo to their biocompatible, ecofriendly and high effectiveness. It is beneficial to use the unique characteristics offered by marine enzymes to either develop new processes and products or improve existing ones. As a result, marine-derived enzymes have promising potential and are an excellent candidate for a variety of biotechnology applications and a future rise in the use of marine enzymes is to be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ghattavi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Bioprospecting for Novel Bacterial Sources of Hydrolytic Enzymes and Antimicrobials in the Romanian Littoral Zone of the Black Sea. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122468. [PMID: 36557721 PMCID: PMC9780896 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microorganisms have evolved a large variety of metabolites and biochemical processes, providing great opportunities for biotechnologies. In the search for new hydrolytic enzymes and antimicrobial compounds with enhanced characteristics, the current study explored the diversity of cultured and uncultured marine bacteria in Black Sea water from two locations along the Romanian coastline. Microbial cell density in the investigated samples varied between 65 and 12.7 × 103 CFU·mL-1. The total bacterial community identified by Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene comprised 185 genera belonging to 46 classes, mainly Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriia, and 24 phyla. The 66 bacterial strains isolated on seawater-based culture media belonged to 33 genera and showed variable growth temperatures, growth rates, and salt tolerance. A great fraction of these strains, including Pseudoalteromonas and Flavobacterium species, produced extracellular proteases, lipases, and carbohydrases, while two strains belonging to the genera Aquimarina and Streptomyces exhibited antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. This study led to a broader view on the diversity of microbial communities in the Black Sea, and provided new marine strains with hydrolytic and antimicrobial capabilities that may be exploited in industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
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Chakravarty N, Sharma M, Kumar P, Singh RP. Biochemical and molecular insights on the bioactivity and binding interactions of Bacillus australimaris NJB19 L-asparaginase. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:1-11. [PMID: 35718140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase, an antileukemic enzyme, is indispensable to the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). However, the intrinsic glutaminase activity entails various side effects to the patients; thus, an improved version of the enzyme lacking glutaminase activity would be a requisite for effective treatment management of ALL. The present study highlights the biochemical and molecular characteristics of the recombinant glutaminase-free L-asparaginase from Bacillus australimaris NJB19 (BaAsp). Investigation of the active site architecture of the protein unraveled the binding interactions of BaAsp with its substrate. Comparative analysis of the L-asparaginase sequences revealed few substitutions of key amino acids in the BaAsp that could construe its substrate selectivity and specificity. The purified heterologously expressed protein (42 kDa) displayed maximum L-asparaginase activity at 35-40 °C and pH 8.5-9, with no observed L-glutaminase activity. The kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, were determined as 45.6 μM and 0.16 μmoles min-1, respectively. Furthermore, in silico analysis revealed a conserved zinc-binding site in the protein, which is generally implicated in inhibiting the L-asparaginase activity. However, BaAsp was not inhibited by zinc at 1 mM concentration. Therefore, the findings provide insights on the biochemical and molecular details of BaAsp, which could be valuable in formulating it for alternate antileukemic drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Chakravarty
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - R P Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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Ji Z, Yao G, Jiang L, Wang S. One-Pot Purification and Immobilization of Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase from Bacillus nanhaiensi by Functional Reduced Graphene Oxide. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:555-565. [PMID: 35397050 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot immobilization of halophilic phenylalanine dehydrogenase from marine microorganism with metal ions modified reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) material was studied. Phenylalanine dehydrogenase was from Bacillus nanhaiensi and expressed with a C-terminal His-tag. Investigation of CRGO, CRGO-PEI, CRCO-Mn, and CRGO-PEI-Mn for one-pot purification and immobilization of phenylalanine dehydrogenase from crude enzyme solution was carried out. Enzyme activity yield rate achieved 80.0% by immobilization with CRCO-Mn, and the loading capacity was 6.7 mg/mg. Manganese ion coordination greatly improved the selectivity of the CRGO for the target His-tagged enzyme. Furthermore, the effect of NaCl concentration on the immobilization was investigated, which the loading capacity of CRGO-PEI and CRGO-Mn-PEI was increased by 10.7% and 30.6% with 1 M NaCl, respectively. The adsorption curves of crude enzyme one-pot immobilized by CRGO-Mn and purified enzyme immobilized by CRGO-Mn were similar. Therefore, one-pot immobilization strategy is promising for industrial application with advantages such as high efficiency and low cost, which shorten the pipelines for enzyme discovery towards industrial applications through the establishing of marine enzyme collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehui Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guangxiao Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shizhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.
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Radzlin N, Yaakop AS, Goh KM, Liew KJ, Zakaria II, Kahar UM. Genome Analysis of Celeribacter sp. PS-C1 Isolated from Sekinchan Beach in Selangor, Malaysia, Reveals Its β-Glucosidase and Licheninase Activities. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020410. [PMID: 35208867 PMCID: PMC8874975 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A halophilic marine bacterial strain, PS-C1, was isolated from Sekinchan beach in Selangor, Malaysia. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain PS-C1 was associated with the genus Celeribacter. To date, there have been no reports on enzymes from the genus Celeribacter. The present study reports on the cellular features of Celeribacter sp. PS-C1, its annotated genome sequence, and comparative genome analyses of Celeribacter glycoside hydrolase (GH) enzymes. The genome of strain PS-C1 has a size of 3.87 Mbp and a G+C content of 59.10%, and contains 3739 protein-coding genes. Detailed analysis using the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) database revealed that Celeribacter genomes harboured at least 12 putative genes encoding industrially important GHs that are grouped as cellulases, β-glucanases, hemicellulases, and starch-degrading enzymes. Herein, the potential applications of these enzymes are discussed. Furthermore, the activities of two types of GHs (β-glucosidase and licheninase) in strain PS-C1 were demonstrated. These findings suggest that strain PS-C1 could be a reservoir of novel GH enzymes for lignocellulosic biomass degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurfatini Radzlin
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.R.); (I.I.Z.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amira Suriaty Yaakop
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.S.Y.); (U.M.K.)
| | - Kian Mau Goh
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (K.M.G.); (K.J.L.)
| | - Kok Jun Liew
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (K.M.G.); (K.J.L.)
| | - Iffah Izzati Zakaria
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.R.); (I.I.Z.)
| | - Ummirul Mukminin Kahar
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.R.); (I.I.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.Y.); (U.M.K.)
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11
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Exploring the Diversity and Biotechnological Potential of Cultured and Uncultured Coral-Associated Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112235. [PMID: 34835361 PMCID: PMC8622030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral-associated microbes are crucial for the biology of their hosts, contributing to nutrient cycling, adaptation, mitigation of toxic compounds, and biological control of pathogens. Natural products from coral-associated micro-organisms (CAM) may possess unique traits. Despite this, the use of CAM for biotechnological purposes has not yet been adequately explored. Here, we investigated the production of commercially important enzymes by 37 strains of bacteria isolated from the coral species Mussismilia braziliensis, Millepora alcicornis, and Porites astreoides. In-vitro enzymatic assays showed that up to 56% of the isolates produced at least one of the seven enzymes screened (lipase, caseinase, keratinase, cellulase, chitinase, amylase, and gelatinase); one strain, identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens produced all these enzymes. Additionally, coral species-specific cultured and uncultured microbial communities were identified. The phylum Firmicutes predominated among the isolates, including the genera Exiguobacterium, Bacillus, and Halomonas, among others. Next-generation sequencing and bacteria culturing produced similar but also complementary data, with certain genera detected only by one or the other method. Our results demonstrate the importance of exploring different coral species as sources of specific micro-organisms of biotechnological and industrial interest, at the same time reinforcing the economic and ecological importance of coral reefs as reservoirs of such diversity.
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Wang Y, Xiang Q, Zhou Q, Xu J, Pei D. Mini Review: Advances in 2-Haloacid Dehalogenases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758886. [PMID: 34721367 PMCID: PMC8554231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-haloacid dehalogenases (EC 3.8.1.X) are industrially important enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds in 2-haloalkanoic acids, releasing halogen ions and producing corresponding 2-hydroxyl acids. These enzymes are of particular interest in environmental remediation and environmentally friendly synthesis of optically pure chiral compounds due to their ability to degrade a wide range of halogenated compounds with astonishing efficiency for enantiomer resolution. The 2-haloacid dehalogenases have been extensively studied with regard to their biochemical characterization, protein crystal structures, and catalytic mechanisms. This paper comprehensively reviews the source of isolation, classification, protein structures, reaction mechanisms, biochemical properties, and application of 2-haloacid dehalogenases; current trends and avenues for further development have also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayue Wang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qiao Xiang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Tuoyang Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongli Pei
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
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