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Bhopatkar AA, Uversky VN, Rangachari V. Disorder and cysteines in proteins: A design for orchestration of conformational see-saw and modulatory functions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 174:331-373. [PMID: 32828470 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Being responsible for more than 90% of cellular functions, protein molecules are workhorses in all the life forms. In order to cater for such a high demand, proteins have evolved to adopt diverse structures that allow them to perform myriad of functions. Beginning with the genetically directed amino acid sequence, the classical understanding of protein function involves adoption of hierarchically complex yet ordered structures. However, advances made over the last two decades have revealed that inasmuch as 50% of eukaryotic proteome exists as partially or fully disordered structures. Significance of such intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) is further realized from their ability to exhibit multifunctionality, a feature attributable to their conformational plasticity. Among the coded amino acids, cysteines are considered to be "order-promoting" due to their ability to form inter- or intramolecular disulfide bonds, which confer robust thermal stability to the protein structure in oxidizing conditions. The co-existence of order-promoting cysteines with disorder-promoting sequences seems counter-intuitive yet many proteins have evolved to contain such sequences. In this chapter, we review some of the known cysteine-containing protein domains categorized based on the number of cysteines they possess. We show that many protein domains contain disordered sequences interspersed with cysteines. We show that a positive correlation exists between the degree of cysteines and disorder within the sequences that flank them. Furthermore, based on the computational platform, IUPred2A, we show that cysteine-rich sequences display significant disorder in the reduced but not the oxidized form, increasing the potential for such sequences to function in a redox-sensitive manner. Overall, this chapter provides insights into an exquisite evolutionary design wherein disordered sequences with interspersed cysteines enable potential modulatory protein functions under stress and environmental conditions, which thus far remained largely inconspicuous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukool A Bhopatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vijayaraghavan Rangachari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States; Center of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins of viruses: Involvement in the mechanism of cell regulation and pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 174:1-78. [PMID: 32828463 PMCID: PMC7129803 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) possess the property of inherent flexibility and can be distinguished from other proteins in terms of lack of any fixed structure. Such dynamic behavior of IDPs earned the name "Dancing Proteins." The exploration of these dancing proteins in viruses has just started and crucial details such as correlation of rapid evolution, high rate of mutation and accumulation of disordered contents in viral proteome at least understood partially. In order to gain a complete understanding of this correlation, there is a need to decipher the complexity of viral mediated cell hijacking and pathogenesis in the host organism. Further there is necessity to identify the specific patterns within viral and host IDPs such as aggregation; Molecular recognition features (MoRFs) and their association to virulence, host range and rate of evolution of viruses in order to tackle the viral-mediated diseases. The current book chapter summarizes the aforementioned details and suggests the novel opportunities for further research of IDPs senses in viruses.
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Alemasova EE, Lavrik OI. At the Interface of Three Nucleic Acids: The Role of RNA-Binding Proteins and Poly(ADP-ribose) in DNA Repair. Acta Naturae 2017; 9:4-16. [PMID: 28740723 PMCID: PMC5508997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate RNA metabolism, from synthesis to decay. When bound to RNA, RBPs act as guardians of the genome integrity at different levels, from DNA damage prevention to the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Recently, RBPs have been shown to participate in DNA repair. This fact is of special interest as DNA repair pathways do not generally involve RNA. DNA damage in higher organisms triggers the formation of the RNA-like polymer - poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). Nucleic acid-like properties allow PAR to recruit DNA- and RNA-binding proteins to the site of DNA damage. It is suggested that poly(ADP-ribose) and RBPs not only modulate the activities of DNA repair factors, but that they also play an important role in the formation of transient repairosome complexes in the nucleus. Cytoplasmic biomolecules are subjected to similar sorting during the formation of RNA assemblages by functionally related mRNAs and promiscuous RBPs. The Y-box-binding protein 1 (YB-1) is the major component of cytoplasmic RNA granules. Although YB-1 is a classic RNA-binding protein, it is now regarded as a non-canonical factor of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. E. Alemasova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - O. I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Li T, Tracka MB, Uddin S, Casas-Finet J, Jacobs DJ, Livesay DR. Redistribution of flexibility in stabilizing antibody fragment mutants follows Le Châtelier's principle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92870. [PMID: 24671209 PMCID: PMC3966838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Le Châtelier's principle is the cornerstone of our understanding of chemical equilibria. When a system at equilibrium undergoes a change in concentration or thermodynamic state (i.e., temperature, pressure, etc.), La Châtelier's principle states that an equilibrium shift will occur to offset the perturbation and a new equilibrium is established. We demonstrate that the effects of stabilizing mutations on the rigidity ⇔ flexibility equilibrium within the native state ensemble manifest themselves through enthalpy-entropy compensation as the protein structure adjusts to restore the global balance between the two. Specifically, we characterize the effects of mutation to single chain fragments of the anti-lymphotoxin-β receptor antibody using a computational Distance Constraint Model. Statistically significant changes in the distribution of both rigidity and flexibility within the molecular structure is typically observed, where the local perturbations often lead to distal shifts in flexibility and rigidity profiles. Nevertheless, the net gain or loss in flexibility of individual mutants can be skewed. Despite all mutants being exclusively stabilizing in this dataset, increased flexibility is slightly more common than increased rigidity. Mechanistically the redistribution of flexibility is largely controlled by changes in the H-bond network. For example, a stabilizing mutation can induce an increase in rigidity locally due to the formation of new H-bonds, and simultaneously break H-bonds elsewhere leading to increased flexibility distant from the mutation site via Le Châtelier. Increased flexibility within the VH β4/β5 loop is a noteworthy illustration of this long-range effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Shahid Uddin
- Department of Formulation Sciences, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Casas-Finet
- Analytical Biochemistry Department, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald J. Jacobs
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Livesay
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
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Glowacki DR, O'Connor M, Calabró G, Price J, Tew P, Mitchell T, Hyde J, Tew DP, Coughtrie DJ, McIntosh-Smith S. A GPU-accelerated immersive audio-visual framework for interaction with molecular dynamics using consumer depth sensors. Faraday Discuss 2014; 169:63-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With advances in computational power, the rapidly growing role of computational/simulation methodologies in the physical sciences, and the development of new human–computer interaction technologies, the field of interactive molecular dynamics seems destined to expand. In this paper, we describe and benchmark the software algorithms and hardware setup for carrying out interactive molecular dynamics utilizing an array of consumer depth sensors. The system works by interpreting the human form as an energy landscape, and superimposing this landscape on a molecular dynamics simulation to chaperone the motion of the simulated atoms, affecting both graphics and sonified simulation data. GPU acceleration has been key to achieving our target of 60 frames per second (FPS), giving an extremely fluid interactive experience. GPU acceleration has also allowed us to scale the system for use in immersive 360° spaces with an array of up to ten depth sensors, allowing several users to simultaneously chaperone the dynamics. The flexibility of our platform for carrying out molecular dynamics simulations has been considerably enhanced by wrappers that facilitate fast communication with a portable selection of GPU-accelerated molecular force evaluation routines. In this paper, we describe a 360° atmospheric molecular dynamics simulation we have run in a chemistry/physics education context. We also describe initial tests in which users have been able to chaperone the dynamics of 10-alanine peptide embedded in an explicit water solvent. Using this system, both expert and novice users have been able to accelerate peptide rare event dynamics by 3–4 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Glowacki
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Bristol, UK
- Pervasive Media Studio
- Bristol BS1 5TX
| | | | - Gaetano Calabró
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3JJ
| | - James Price
- Department of Computer Science
- University of Bristol
- , UK
| | | | - Thomas Mitchell
- Pervasive Media Studio
- Bristol BS1 5TX
- Computer Science and Creative Technologies
- University of the West of England
- Bristol BS16 1QY
| | - Joseph Hyde
- School of Music and Performing Arts
- Bath Spa University
- Bath BA2 9BN
| | - David P. Tew
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Bristol, UK
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Brown MC, Verma D, Russell C, Jacobs DJ, Livesay DR. A case study comparing quantitative stability-flexibility relationships across five metallo-β-lactamases highlighting differences within NDM-1. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1084:227-38. [PMID: 24061924 PMCID: PMC4676803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-658-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Distance Constraint Model (DCM) is an ensemble-based biophysical model that integrates thermodynamic and mechanical viewpoints of protein structure. The DCM outputs a large number of structural characterizations that collectively allow for Quantified Stability-Flexibility Relationships (QSFR) to be identified and compared across protein families. Using five metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) as a representative set, we demonstrate how QSFR properties are both conserved and varied across protein families. Similar to our characterizations on other protein families, the backbone flexibility of the five MBLs are overall visually conserved, yet there are interesting specific quantitative differences. For example, the plasmid-encoded NDM-1 enzyme, which leads to a fast spreading drug-resistant version of Klebsiella pneumoniae, has several regions of significantly increased rigidity relative to the other four. In addition, the set of intramolecular couplings within NDM-1 are also atypical. While long-range couplings frequently vary significantly across protein families, NDM-1 is distinct because it has limited correlated flexibility, which is isolated within the active site S3/S4 and S11/H6 loops. These loops are flexibly correlated in the other members, suggesting it is important to function, but the others also have significant amounts of correlated flexibility throughout the rest of their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Brown
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262
| | - Deeptak Verma
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262
| | - Christian Russell
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262
| | - Donald J. Jacobs
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262
| | - Dennis R. Livesay
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28262, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Abstract
The physiological properties of biological soft matter are the product of collective interactions, which span many time and length scales. Recent computational modeling efforts have helped illuminate experiments that characterize the ways in which proteins modulate membrane physics. Linking these models across time and length scales in a multiscale model explains how atomistic information propagates to larger scales. This paper reviews continuum modeling and coarse-grained molecular dynamics methods, which connect atomistic simulations and single-molecule experiments with the observed microscopic or mesoscale properties of soft-matter systems essential to our understanding of cells, particularly those involved in sculpting and remodeling cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bradley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-215-898-0487; Fax: +1-215-573-2071
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Uversky VN. A decade and a half of protein intrinsic disorder: biology still waits for physics. Protein Sci 2013; 22:693-724. [PMID: 23553817 PMCID: PMC3690711 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The abundant existence of proteins and regions that possess specific functions without being uniquely folded into unique 3D structures has become accepted by a significant number of protein scientists. Sequences of these intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and IDP regions (IDPRs) are characterized by a number of specific features, such as low overall hydrophobicity and high net charge which makes these proteins predictable. IDPs/IDPRs possess large hydrodynamic volumes, low contents of ordered secondary structure, and are characterized by high structural heterogeneity. They are very flexible, but some may undergo disorder to order transitions in the presence of natural ligands. The degree of these structural rearrangements varies over a very wide range. IDPs/IDPRs are tightly controlled under the normal conditions and have numerous specific functions that complement functions of ordered proteins and domains. When lacking proper control, they have multiple roles in pathogenesis of various human diseases. Gaining structural and functional information about these proteins is a challenge, since they do not typically "freeze" while their "pictures are taken." However, despite or perhaps because of the experimental challenges, these fuzzy objects with fuzzy structures and fuzzy functions are among the most interesting targets for modern protein research. This review briefly summarizes some of the recent advances in this exciting field and considers some of the basic lessons learned from the analysis of physics, chemistry, and biology of IDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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Dunker AK, Babu MM, Barbar E, Blackledge M, Bondos SE, Dosztányi Z, Dyson HJ, Forman-Kay J, Fuxreiter M, Gsponer J, Han KH, Jones DT, Longhi S, Metallo SJ, Nishikawa K, Nussinov R, Obradovic Z, Pappu RV, Rost B, Selenko P, Subramaniam V, Sussman JL, Tompa P, Uversky VN. What's in a name? Why these proteins are intrinsically disordered: Why these proteins are intrinsically disordered. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2013; 1:e24157. [PMID: 28516007 PMCID: PMC5424803 DOI: 10.4161/idp.24157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
"What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet." From "Romeo and Juliet", William Shakespeare (1594) This article opens a series of publications on disambiguation of the basic terms used in the field of intrinsically disordered proteins. We start from the beginning, namely from the explanation of what the expression "intrinsically disordered protein" actually means and why this particular term has been chosen as the common denominator for this class of proteins characterized by broad structural, dynamic and functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Keith Dunker
- Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah E Bondos
- Texas A&M Health Science Center; College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - H Jane Dyson
- The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie Forman-Kay
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto; Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jörg Gsponer
- University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Kyou-Hoon Han
- Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Sonia Longhi
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques; CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université; Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Ruth Nussinov
- National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA.,Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Rohit V Pappu
- Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, MO USA
| | | | - Philipp Selenko
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology; Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Tompa
- VIB Department of Structural Biology; Brussels, Belgium.,Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Enzymology; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- University of South Florida, College of Medicine; Tampa, FL USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino, Russia
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Unusual biophysics of intrinsically disordered proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1834:932-51. [PMID: 23269364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Research of a past decade and a half leaves no doubt that complete understanding of protein functionality requires close consideration of the fact that many functional proteins do not have well-folded structures. These intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and proteins with intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are highly abundant in nature and play a number of crucial roles in a living cell. Their functions, which are typically associated with a wide range of intermolecular interactions where IDPs possess remarkable binding promiscuity, complement functional repertoire of ordered proteins. All this requires a close attention to the peculiarities of biophysics of these proteins. In this review, some key biophysical features of IDPs are covered. In addition to the peculiar sequence characteristics of IDPs these biophysical features include sequential, structural, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of IDPs; their rough and relatively flat energy landscapes; their ability to undergo both induced folding and induced unfolding; the ability to interact specifically with structurally unrelated partners; the ability to gain different structures at binding to different partners; and the ability to keep essential amount of disorder even in the bound form. IDPs are also characterized by the "turned-out" response to the changes in their environment, where they gain some structure under conditions resulting in denaturation or even unfolding of ordered proteins. It is proposed that the heterogeneous spatiotemporal structure of IDPs/IDPRs can be described as a set of foldons, inducible foldons, semi-foldons, non-foldons, and unfoldons. They may lose their function when folded, and activation of some IDPs is associated with the awaking of the dormant disorder. It is possible that IDPs represent the "edge of chaos" systems which operate in a region between order and complete randomness or chaos, where the complexity is maximal. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The emerging dynamic view of proteins: Protein plasticity in allostery, evolution and self-assembly.
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Xue B, Mizianty MJ, Kurgan L, Uversky VN. Protein intrinsic disorder as a flexible armor and a weapon of HIV-1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1211-59. [PMID: 22033837 PMCID: PMC11114566 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins and protein regions are disordered in their native, biologically active states. These proteins/regions are abundant in different organisms and carry out important biological functions that complement the functional repertoire of ordered proteins. Viruses, with their highly compact genomes, small proteomes, and high adaptability for fast change in their biological and physical environment utilize many of the advantages of intrinsic disorder. In fact, viral proteins are generally rich in intrinsic disorder, and intrinsically disordered regions are commonly used by viruses to invade the host organisms, to hijack various host systems, and to help viruses in accommodation to their hostile habitats and to manage their economic usage of genetic material. In this review, we focus on the structural peculiarities of HIV-1 proteins, on the abundance of intrinsic disorder in viral proteins, and on the role of intrinsic disorder in their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Marcin J. Mizianty
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region Russia
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Intrinsically disordered proteins may escape unwanted interactions via functional misfolding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:693-712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Uversky VN. Intrinsically disordered proteins from A to Z. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1090-103. [PMID: 21501695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ideas that proteins might possess specific functions without being uniquely folded into rigid 3D-structures and that these floppy polypeptides might constitute a noticeable part of any given proteome would have been considered as a preposterous fiction 15 or even 10 years ago. The situation has changed recently, and the existence of functional yet intrinsically disordered proteins and regions has become accepted by a significant number of protein scientists. These fuzzy objects with fuzzy structures and fuzzy functions are among the most interesting and attractive targets for modern protein research. This review summarizes some of the major discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of intrinsic disorder by representing related concepts and definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, FL 33612, USA.
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