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Effect of dextromethorphan in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests: Evidence for involvement of the alpha receptors. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang WK, Lyu YR, Kim SH, Chae SW, Kim KM, Jung IC, Park YC. Protective Effect of GHX02 Extract on Particulate Matter-Induced Lung Injury. J Med Food 2020; 23:611-632. [PMID: 32316823 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial development, along with the rapid growth of the economy, has greatly improved the quality of life in humans. Moreover, advancements in medical technology have increased life expectancy. Small particles increase airway inflammation when they penetrate the alveoli. We observed that GHX02 decreased the frequency and delayed the onset time of citric acid-induced coughing in guinea pigs. A phenol red secretion assay indicated that the GHX02 extract exhibits potent expectorant activity. The GHX02 extract also greatly reduced leukocyte levels. Our results indicate that GHX02 inhibits airway inflammation, reduces sputum production, and relieves cough. The GHX02 extract suppressed histamine release from mast cells resulting from compound 48/80-induced degranulation. The extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and significantly inhibited the formation of LTC4. At high concentrations, the GHX02 extract suppressed the formation of PGE2 (prostaglandin E2). Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 levels decreased with an increasing dosage of GHX02. Oral administration of the GHX02 extract suppressed PM10D-induced inflammatory symptoms in the lung, including increased alveolar wall thickness, accumulation of collagen fibers, and cytokine release. Treatment with the GHX02 extract also resulted in lower levels of inflammatory cells, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue. Our results indicate that GHX02 may be a useful therapeutic agent for treatment of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine and College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea.,Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yee Ran Lyu
- Department of Internal Medicine and College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Chae
- Herbal Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki Mo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - In Chul Jung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yang-Chun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea.,Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
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Sorrentino JP, Ambler BR, Altman RA. Late-Stage Conversion of a Metabolically Labile Aryl Methyl Ether-Containing Natural Product to Fluoroalkyl Analogues. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5416-5427. [PMID: 32191836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the conversion of aryl methyl ethers and phenols into six fluoroalkyl analogues through late-stage functionalization of a natural product-derived FDA-approved therapeutic. This series of short synthetic sequences exploits a combination of both modern and traditional methods and demonstrates that some recently reported methods do not always work as well as desired on a natural product-like scaffold. Nonetheless, reaction optimization can deliver sufficient quantities of each target analogue for medicinal chemistry purposes. In some cases, classical reactions and synthetic sequences still outcompete modern organofluorine transformations, which should encourage the continued search for improved reactions. Overall, the project provides a valuable synthetic roadmap for medicinal chemists to access a range of fluorinated therapeutic candidates with distinct physicochemical properties relative to the original O-based analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Sorrentino
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Brett R Ambler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Department of Discovery Chemistry MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Ryan A Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Regulation of Cough by Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Airway Sensory Nerves. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acm-2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chronic cough is a significant clinical problem in many patients. Current cough suppressant therapies are largely ineffective and have many dangerous adverse effects. Therefore, the identification of novel therapeutic targets and strategies for chronic cough treatment may lead to development of novel effective antitussive therapies with fewer adverse effects. The experimental research in the area of airway sensory nerves suggests that there are two main vagal afferent nerve subtypes that can directly activate cough – extrapulmonary airway C-fibres and Aδ-fibres (described as cough receptors) innervating the trachea. There are different receptors on the vagal nerve terminals that can trigger coughing, such as TRP channels and P2X2/3 receptors. However, in many patients with chronic respiratory diseases multiple activation of these receptors could be involved and it is also difficult to target these receptors. For that reason, a strategy that would inhibit cough-triggering nerve afferents regardless of activated receptors would be of great benefit. In recent years huge progress in understanding of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) leads to a hypothesis that selective targeting of NaVs in airways may represent an effective treatment of pathological cough. The NaVs (NaV1.1 – NaV1.9) are essential for initiation and conduction of action potentials in these nerve fibres. Effective blocking of NaVs will prevent communication between airways and central nervous system and that would inhibit provoked cough irrespective to stimuli. This review provides an overview of airway afferent nerve subtypes that have been described in respiratory tract of human and in animal models. Moreover, the review highlights the current knowledge about cough, the sensory nerves involved in cough, and the voltage-gated sodium channels as a novel neural target in regulation of cough.
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Golmohammadi M, Shajiee S, Sane S, Valie M. Comparison of the effects of pretreatment intravenous fentanyl or intravenous lidocaine on suppression of fentanyl-induced cough in children: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Electron Physician 2018; 10:6877-6883. [PMID: 30034654 PMCID: PMC6049975 DOI: 10.19082/6877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The injection of fentanyl usually causes coughing during induction of anesthesia. Based on a few studies about effects of lidocaine and the fact there is no study concerning the effect of fentanyl on fentanyl-induced cough in pediatric patients, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of low dose of fentanyl with lidocaine in prevention of fentanyl-induced cough in children. Methods This randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial study was conducted at Motahari Hospital between February and August 2017 in Urmia (Iran). One hundred patients, aged 2–10 years, of class I or II ASA status who were candidates for elective herniorrhaphy under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups. One minute before the administration of 2 μg/kg fentanyl during induction of general anesthesia, Group I received 1.0 mg/kg lidocaine (n=33), Group II received 0.5 μg/kg fentanyl (n=34) and Group III received normal saline as a control group (n=33). The data were analyzed by STAT version 13. The incidence and severity of cough were determined across groups by using ANOVA and Chi-square tests. Multiple logistic regression was also used to examine the association between the outcome of cough incidence and clinical interventions as the exposures after adjusting for study covariates. Results The highest incidence of cough was found in the Group III (54.5%) versus 32.4% and 21.1% in Group II and Group I subsequently (p=0.02). We have also found significant difference in the incidence of cough among group one and three (p=0.005), and among group two and three (p=0.045). No statistically significant difference has been detected between group one and two. The severity of cough was significantly higher in Group III compared to Groups I and II (p=0.01). The time of onset of cough was similar across groups. No side effects were reported after intervention in this study Conclusion This study found that pretreatment with fentanyl 0.5mg/kg or 1mg/kg lidocaine is an effective approach to reducing the incidence and severity of fentanyl-induced cough in children. Trial registration The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://WWW.irct.ir) with IRCT number: IRCT2016112027677N5. Funding This study was not granted or funded by any institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Golmohammadi
- MD., Anesthesiologist, Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahryar Shajiee
- MD., Anesthesiology Resident, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia Iran
| | - Shahryar Sane
- MD., Anesthesiologist, Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia Iran
| | - Mohammad Valie
- MD., Pediatric Surgeon, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia Iran
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Belvisi MG, Birrell MA. The emerging role of transient receptor potential channels in chronic lung disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/2/1601357. [PMID: 28775042 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01357-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are a major and increasing global health burden with a high unmet need. Drug discovery efforts in this area have been largely disappointing and so new therapeutic targets are needed. Transient receptor potential ion channels are emerging as possible therapeutic targets, given their widespread expression in the lung, their role in the modulation of inflammatory and structural changes and in the production of respiratory symptoms, such as bronchospasm and cough, seen in chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Belvisi
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mark A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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Taylor CP, Traynelis SF, Siffert J, Pope LE, Matsumoto RR. Pharmacology of dextromethorphan: Relevance to dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta®) clinical use. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:170-82. [PMID: 27139517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DM) has been used for more than 50years as an over-the-counter antitussive. Studies have revealed a complex pharmacology of DM with mechanisms beyond blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and inhibition of glutamate excitotoxicity, likely contributing to its pharmacological activity and clinical potential. DM is rapidly metabolized to dextrorphan, which has hampered the exploration of DM therapy separate from its metabolites. Coadministration of DM with a low dose of quinidine inhibits DM metabolism, yields greater bioavailability and enables more specific testing of the therapeutic properties of DM apart from its metabolites. The development of the drug combination DM hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate (DM/Q), with subsequent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration for pseudobulbar affect, led to renewed interest in understanding DM pharmacology. This review summarizes the interactions of DM with brain receptors and transporters and also considers its metabolic and pharmacokinetic properties. To assess the potential clinical relevance of these interactions, we provide an analysis comparing DM activity from in vitro functional assays with the estimated free drug DM concentrations in the brain following oral DM/Q administration. The findings suggest that DM/Q likely inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and also blocks NMDA receptors with rapid kinetics. Use of DM/Q may also antagonize nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, particularly those composed of α3β4 subunits, and cause agonist activity at sigma-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joao Siffert
- Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Laura E Pope
- Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
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Wu QZ, Zhao DX, Xiang J, Zhang M, Zhang CF, Xu XH. Antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory activities of four caffeoylquinic acids isolated from Tussilago farfara. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1117-1124. [PMID: 26439905 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1075048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The flower bud of Tussilago farfara L. (Compositae) (FTF) is one of the traditional Chinese medicinal herbs used to treat cough, phlegm, bronchitic, and asthmatic conditions. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to isolate four caffeoylquinic acids from the ethyl acetate extract (EtE) of FTF and to evaluate their antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The structures of compounds 1-4 isolated from EtE were determined by spectral analysis. Mice were orally treated with these compounds and their mixture (in a ratio of 5:28:41:26 as in EtE) at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg once daily for 3 d. The antitussive and expectorant activities were evaluated separately with the ammonia liquor-induced model and the phenol red secretion model. The anti-inflammation activity was evaluated using leukocyte count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after ammonia liquor-induced acute airway inflammation. RESULTS The four compounds were identified as chlorogenic acid (1), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (2), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4). All compounds, especially compound 4 (58.0% inhibition in cough frequency), showed a significant antitussive effect. However, the mixture was the most effective to inhibit the cough frequency by 61.7%. All compounds also showed a significant expectorant effect, while compound 2 was the most potent to enhance the phenol red secretion by 35.7%. All compounds significantly alleviated inflammation, but compound 4 showed the strongest effect to inhibit the leukocytosis by 49.7%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The caffeoylquinic acids and their mixture, exhibiting significant antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects, could be considered as the main effective ingredients of FTF, and they may act in a collective and synergistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhen Wu
- a Research Department of Pharmacognosy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Dong-Xia Zhao
- a Research Department of Pharmacognosy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Juan Xiang
- a Research Department of Pharmacognosy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Mian Zhang
- a Research Department of Pharmacognosy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Chao-Feng Zhang
- a Research Department of Pharmacognosy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiang-Hong Xu
- a Research Department of Pharmacognosy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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Bonvini SJ, Birrell MA, Smith JA, Belvisi MG. Targeting TRP channels for chronic cough: from bench to bedside. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:401-20. [PMID: 25572384 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cough is currently the most common reason for patients to visit a primary care physician in the UK, yet it remains an unmet medical need. Current therapies have limited efficacy or have potentially dangerous side effects. Under normal circumstances, cough is a protective reflex to clear the lungs of harmful particles; however, in disease, cough can become excessive, dramatically impacting patients' lives. In many cases, this condition is linked to inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but can also be refractory to treatment and idiopathic in nature. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop therapies, and targeting the sensory afferent arm of the reflex which initiates the cough reflex may uncover novel therapeutic targets. The cough reflex is initiated following activation of ion channels present on vagal sensory afferents. These ion channels include the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation-selective ion channels which act as cellular sensors and respond to changes in the external environment. Many direct activators of TRP channels, including arachidonic acid derivatives, a lowered airway pH, changes in temperature, and altered airway osmolarity are present in the diseased airway where responses to challenge agents which activate airway sensory nerve activity are known to be enhanced. Furthermore, the expression of some TRP channels is increased in airway disease. Together, this makes them promising targets for the treatment of chronic cough. This review will cover the current understanding of the role of the TRP family of ion channels in the activation of airway sensory nerves and cough, focusing on four members, transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1, transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) 1, TRPV4, and transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 8 as these represent the channels where most information has been gathered with relevance to the airways. We will describe recent data and highlight the possible therapeutic utility of specific TRP channel antagonists as antitussives in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Bonvini
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Novel drug targets for asthma and COPD: lessons learned from in vitro and in vivo models. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:181-98. [PMID: 24929072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are highly prevalent respiratory diseases characterized by airway inflammation, airway obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. Whilst current therapies, such as β-agonists and glucocorticoids, may be effective at reducing symptoms, they do not reduce disease progression. Thus, there is a need to identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the potential of novel targets or tools, including anti-inflammatories, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, transient receptor potential channels, vitamin D and protease inhibitors, for the treatment of asthma and COPD.
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Mehiri S, Oulmoudne N, Revault C, Mornex F. Gestion des situations difficiles lors de l’irradiation : toux, dyspnée et hémoptysie. Cancer Radiother 2013; 17:538-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2013.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Spina D, Page CP. Regulating cough through modulation of sensory nerve function in the airways. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:486-90. [PMID: 23524012 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Whilst local anaesthetics when applied directly to laryngeal nerves or topically to the lung can suppress cough, their chronic use is constrained because of dose limiting side effects. However, the effectiveness of local anaesthetics suggests that selectivity targeting nerves in the airway may provide novel approaches for the treatment of cough in the future. There is a considerable wealth of evidence showing that there are different afferent nerve subtypes in the airways. Traditionally C-fibres have been the focus of much research in the cough field since the stimulation of these afferents by capsaicin is able to elicit cough in guinea-pigs and in man, and drugs targeting various proteins expressed in these nerves (e.g. mu-opioid, NOP1, TRPV1, sodium channels) have been shown to be anti-tussive in preclinical models of cough. However, interest in Aδ fibres has increased recently in light of the discovery of a specific cough receptor in the guinea-pig that is provoked by citric acid and punctate stimulation, but not capsaicin and which has been anatomically linked to Aδ fibres. There is also some evidence that as a result of inflammation in the airways, Aδ fibres can begin to express neuropeptides and TRPV1 receptors so that they can become responsive to endogenous activators of this ion channel and to irritants like capsaicin. Consequently, there is considerable interest in targeting either one or both afferent nerve types for the treatment of chronic cough. However, to date the translation of preclinical studies into man has largely been disappointing and certainly there is a need for better preclinical models in this field. There also remain many challenges to overcome at a clinical level, such as what patient group(s) should be used to assess anti-tussive drugs and whether the use of irritants that induce cough in healthy volunteers (such as citric acid or capsaicin) is of any value in the assessment of novel anti-tussive drugs. The development of several continuous monitoring methodologies for measuring cough will hopefully allow better evaluation of treatments in patients with chronic cough. Nonetheless, cough remains a major unmet clinical need in respiratory medicine where new drugs are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spina
- The Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Yawn BP. An Almost Pragmatic Trial for COPD Screening. COPD 2012; 9:443-4. [DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2012.718925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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