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Wagle JP, Carroll KM, Cunanan AJ, Wetmore A, Taber CB, DeWeese BH, Sato K, Stuart CA, Stone MH. Preliminary Investigation Into the Effect of ACTN3 and ACE Polymorphisms on Muscle and Performance Characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:688-694. [PMID: 30199453 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wagle, JP, Carroll, KM, Cunanan, AJ, Wetmore, A, Taber, CB, DeWeese, BH, Sato, K, Stuart, CA, and Stone, MH. Preliminary investigation into the effect of ACTN3 and ACE polymorphisms on muscle and performance characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 688-694, 2021-The purpose of this investigation was to explore the phenotypic and performance outcomes associated with ACTN3 and ACE polymorphisms. Ten trained men (age = 25.8 ± 3.0 years, height = 183.3 ± 4.1 cm, body mass = 92.3 ± 9.3 kg, and back squat to body mass ratio = 1.8 ± 0.3) participated. Blood samples were analyzed to determine ACTN3 and ACE polymorphisms. Standing ultrasonography images of the vastus lateralis (VL) were collected to determine whole muscle cross-sectional area (CSA-M), and a percutaneous muscle biopsy of the VL was collected to determine type I-specific CSA (CSA-T1), type II-specific CSA (CSA-T2), and type II to type I CSA ratio (CSA-R). Isometric squats were performed on force platforms with data used to determine peak force (IPF), allometrically scaled peak force (IPFa), and rate of force development (RFD) at various timepoints. One repetition maximum back squats were performed, whereby allometrically scaled dynamic strength (DSa) was determined. Cohen's d effect sizes revealed ACTN3 RR and ACE DD tended to result in greater CSA-M but differ in how they contribute to performance. ACTN3 RR's influence seems to be in the type II fibers, altering maximal strength, and ACE DD may influence RFD capabilities through a favorable CSA-R. Although the findings of the current investigation are limited by the sample size, the findings demonstrate the potential influence of ACTN3 and ACE polymorphisms on isometric and dynamic strength testing. This study may serve as a framework to generate hypotheses regarding the effect of genetics on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wagle
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kevin M Carroll
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Aaron J Cunanan
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Alexander Wetmore
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Christopher B Taber
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut; and
| | - Brad H DeWeese
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kimitake Sato
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Charles A Stuart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson, City, Tennessee
| | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Sport, Exercise, Recreation, and Kinesiology, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Nygaard IE, Shaw JM. Physical activity and the pelvic floor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:164-171. [PMID: 26348380 PMCID: PMC4744534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pelvic floor disorders are common, with 1 in 4 US women reporting moderate to severe symptoms of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, or fecal incontinence. Given the high societal burden of these disorders, identifying potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial. Physical activity is one such potentially modifiable risk factor; the large number of girls and women participating in sport and strenuous training regimens increases the need to understand associated risks and benefits of these exposures. The aim of this review was to summarize studies reporting the association between physical activity and pelvic floor disorders. Most studies are cross-sectional and most include small numbers of participants. The primary findings of this review include that urinary incontinence during exercise is common and is more prevalent in women during high-impact sports. Mild to moderate physical activity, such as brisk walking, decreases both the odds of having and the risk of developing urinary incontinence. In older women, mild to moderate activity also decreases the odds of having fecal incontinence; however, young women participating in high-intensity activity are more likely to report anal incontinence than less active women. Scant data suggest that in middle-aged women, lifetime physical activity increases the odds of stress urinary incontinence slightly and does not increase the odds of pelvic organ prolapse. Women undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse are more likely to report a history of heavy work than controls; however, women recruited from the community with pelvic organ prolapse on examination report similar lifetime levels of strenuous activity as women without this examination finding. Data are insufficient to determine whether strenuous activity while young predisposes to pelvic floor disorders later in life. The existing literature suggests that most physical activity does not harm the pelvic floor and does provide numerous health benefits for women. However, future research is needed to fill the many gaps in our knowledge. Prospective studies are needed in all populations, including potentially vulnerable women, such as those with high genetic risk, levator ani muscle injury, or asymptomatic pelvic organ prolapse, and on women during potentially vulnerable life periods, such as the early postpartum or postoperative periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E Nygaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Janet M Shaw
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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Schutte NM, Nederend I, Hudziak JJ, de Geus EJC, Bartels M. Differences in Adolescent Physical Fitness: A Multivariate Approach and Meta-analysis. Behav Genet 2015; 46:217-27. [PMID: 26481792 PMCID: PMC4751168 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physical fitness can be defined as a set of components that determine exercise ability and influence performance in sports. This study investigates the genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in explosive leg strength (vertical jump), handgrip strength, balance, and flexibility (sit-and-reach) in 227 healthy monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs and 38 of their singleton siblings (mean age 17.2 ± 1.2). Heritability estimates were 49 % (95 % CI 35–60 %) for vertical jump, 59 % (95 % CI 46–69 %) for handgrip strength, 38 % (95 % CI 22–52 %) for balance, and 77 % (95 % CI 69–83 %) for flexibility. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed on all twin studies in children, adolescents and young adults reporting heritability estimates for these phenotypes. Fifteen studies, including results from our own study, were meta-analyzed by computing the weighted average heritability. This showed that genetic factors explained most of the variance in vertical jump (62 %; 95 % CI 47–77 %, N = 874), handgrip strength (63 %; 95 % CI 47–73 %, N = 4516) and flexibility (50 %; 95 % CI 38–61 %, N = 1130) in children and young adults. For balance this was 35 % (95 % CI 19–51 %, N = 978). Finally, multivariate modeling showed that the phenotypic correlations between the phenotypes in current study (0.07 < r < 0.27) were mostly driven by genetic factors. It is concluded that genetic factors contribute significantly to the variance in muscle strength, flexibility and balance; factors that may play a key role in the individual differences in adolescent exercise ability and sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke M Schutte
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ineke Nederend
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James J Hudziak
- Department of Psychiatry, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, 1 South Prospect, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pescatello LS, Devaney JM, Hubal MJ, Thompson PD, Hoffman EP. Highlights from the functional single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with human muscle size and strength or FAMuSS study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:643575. [PMID: 24455711 PMCID: PMC3885233 DOI: 10.1155/2013/643575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Human Muscle Size and Strength study or FAMuSS was to identify genetic factors that dictated the response of health-related fitness phenotypes to resistance exercise training (RT). The phenotypes examined were baseline muscle strength and muscle, fat, and bone volume and their response to RT. FAMuSS participants were 1300 young (24 years), healthy men (42%) and women (58%) that were primarily of European-American descent. They were genotyped for ~500 polymorphisms and completed the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess energy expenditure and time spent in light, moderate, and vigorous intensity habitual physical activity and sitting. Subjects then performed a 12-week progressive, unilateral RT program of the nondominant arm with the dominant arm used as a comparison. Before and after RT, muscle strength was measured with the maximum voluntary contraction and one repetition maximum, while MRI measured muscle, fat, and bone volume. We will discuss the history of how FAMuSS originated, provide a brief overview of the FAMuSS methods, and summarize our major findings regarding genotype associations with muscle strength and size, body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S. Pescatello
- Department of Kinesiology and Human Performance Laboratory, Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut, Gampel Pavilion Room 206, 2095 Hillside Road, U-1110, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA
| | - Joseph M. Devaney
- Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Monica J. Hubal
- Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Paul D. Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 85 Jefferson Street, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Eric P. Hoffman
- Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
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Karasik D, Cohen-Zinder M. The genetic pleiotropy of musculoskeletal aging. Front Physiol 2012; 3:303. [PMID: 22934054 PMCID: PMC3429074 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal aging is detrimental to multiple bodily functions and starts early, probably in the fourth decade of an individual's life. Sarcopenia is a health problem that is expected to only increase as a greater portion of the population lives longer; prevalence of the related musculoskeletal diseases is similarly expected to increase. Unraveling the biological and biomechanical associations and molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases represents a formidable challenge. There are two major problems making disentangling the biological complexity of musculoskeletal aging difficult: (a) it is a systemic, rather than "compartmental," problem, which should be approached accordingly, and (b) the aging per se is neither well defined nor reliably measurable. A unique challenge of studying any age-related condition is a need of distinguishing between the "norm" and "pathology," which are interwoven throughout the aging organism. We argue that detecting genes with pleiotropic functions in musculoskeletal aging is needed to provide insights into the potential biological mechanisms underlying inter-individual differences insusceptibility to the musculoskeletal diseases. However, exploring pleiotropic relationships among the system's components is challenging both methodologically and conceptually. We aimed to focus on genetic aspects of the cross-talk between muscle and its "neighboring" tissues and organs (tendon, bone, and cartilage), and to explore the role of genetics to find the new molecular links between skeletal muscle and other parts of the "musculoskeleton." Identification of significant genetic variants underlying the musculoskeletal system's aging is now possible more than ever due to the currently available advanced genomic technologies. In summary, a "holistic" genetic approach is needed to study the systems's normal functioning and the disease predisposition in order to improve musculoskeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Karasik
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University Safed, Israel
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Hohenegger M. Get the signal to reduce the noise of pharmacological ‘toys’. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:323-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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