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Salvi E, Wang Z, Rizzi F, Gong Y, McDonough CW, Padmanabhan S, Hiltunen TP, Lanzani C, Zaninello R, Chittani M, Bailey KR, Sarin AP, Barcella M, Melander O, Chapman AB, Manunta P, Kontula KK, Glorioso N, Cusi D, Dominiczak AF, Johnson JA, Barlassina C, Boerwinkle E, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Turner ST. Genome-Wide and Gene-Based Meta-Analyses Identify Novel Loci Influencing Blood Pressure Response to Hydrochlorothiazide. Hypertension 2017; 69:51-59. [PMID: 27802415 PMCID: PMC5145728 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify novel loci influencing the antihypertensive response to hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy. A genome-wide meta-analysis of blood pressure (BP) response to hydrochlorothiazide was performed in 1739 white hypertensives from 6 clinical trials within the International Consortium for Antihypertensive Pharmacogenomics Studies, making it the largest study to date of its kind. No signals reached genome-wide significance (P<5×10-8), and the suggestive regions (P<10-5) were cross-validated in 2 black cohorts treated with hydrochlorothiazide. In addition, a gene-based analysis was performed on candidate genes with previous evidence of involvement in diuretic response, in BP regulation, or in hypertension susceptibility. Using the genome-wide meta-analysis approach, with validation in blacks, we identified 2 suggestive regulatory regions linked to gap junction protein α1 gene (GJA1) and forkhead box A1 gene (FOXA1), relevant for cardiovascular and kidney function. With the gene-based approach, we identified hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 β- and steroid δ-isomerase 1 gene (HSD3B1) as significantly associated with BP response (P<2.28×10-4 ). HSD3B1 encodes the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme and plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of aldosterone and endogenous ouabain. By amassing all of the available pharmacogenomic studies of BP response to hydrochlorothiazide, and using 2 different analytic approaches, we identified 3 novel loci influencing BP response to hydrochlorothiazide. The gene-based analysis, never before applied to pharmacogenomics of antihypertensive drugs to our knowledge, provided a powerful strategy to identify a locus of interest, which was not identified in the genome-wide meta-analysis because of high allelic heterogeneity. These data pave the way for future investigations on new pathways and drug targets to enhance the current understanding of personalized antihypertensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Salvi
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.).
| | - Zhiying Wang
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Federica Rizzi
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Yan Gong
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Caitrin W McDonough
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Timo P Hiltunen
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Chiara Lanzani
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Roberta Zaninello
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Martina Chittani
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Kent R Bailey
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Matteo Barcella
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Olle Melander
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Arlene B Chapman
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Paolo Manunta
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Kimmo K Kontula
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Daniele Cusi
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Julie A Johnson
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Cristina Barlassina
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Rhonda M Cooper-DeHoff
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
| | - Stephen T Turner
- From the Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (E.S., F.R., M.C., M.B., C.B.); Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (Z.W., E.B.); Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy (Y.G., C.W.M., J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.A.J., R.M.C.-D.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (S.P., A.F.D.); Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (T.P.H., K.K.K.); Nephrology and Dialysis and Hypertension Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (C.L., P.M.); Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Italy (R.Z., N.G.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland (A.-P.S); Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (O.M.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois (A.B.C.); Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Centre of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy (D.C.); and Sanipedia srl, Bresso, Italy (D.C.)
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Shahin MH, Gong Y, McDonough CW, Rotroff DM, Beitelshees AL, Garrett TJ, Gums JG, Motsinger-Reif A, Chapman AB, Turner ST, Boerwinkle E, Frye RF, Fiehn O, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Johnson JA. A Genetic Response Score for Hydrochlorothiazide Use: Insights From Genomics and Metabolomics Integration. Hypertension 2016; 68:621-9. [PMID: 27381900 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrochlorothiazide is among the most commonly prescribed antihypertensives; yet, <50% of hydrochlorothiazide-treated patients achieve blood pressure (BP) control. Herein, we integrated metabolomic and genomic profiles of hydrochlorothiazide-treated patients to identify novel genetic markers associated with hydrochlorothiazide BP response. The primary analysis included 228 white hypertensives treated with hydrochlorothiazide from the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) study. Genome-wide analysis was conducted using Illumina Omni 1 mol/L-Quad Chip, and untargeted metabolomics was performed on baseline fasting plasma samples using a gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry platform. We found 13 metabolites significantly associated with hydrochlorothiazide systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) responses (false discovery rate, <0.05). In addition, integrating genomic and metabolomic data revealed 3 polymorphisms (rs2727563 PRKAG2, rs12604940 DCC, and rs13262930 EPHX2) along with arachidonic acid, converging in the netrin signaling pathway (P=1×10(-5)), as potential markers, significantly influencing hydrochlorothiazide BP response. We successfully replicated the 3 genetic signals in 212 white hypertensives treated with hydrochlorothiazide and created a response score by summing their BP-lowering alleles. We found patients carrying 1 response allele had a significantly lower response than carriers of 6 alleles (∆SBP/∆DBP: -1.5/1.2 versus -16.3/-10.4 mm Hg, respectively, SBP score, P=1×10(-8) and DBP score, P=3×10(-9)). This score explained 11.3% and 11.9% of the variability in hydrochlorothiazide SBP and DBP responses, respectively, and was further validated in another independent study of 196 whites treated with hydrochlorothiazide (DBP score, P=0.03; SBP score, P=0.07). This study suggests that PRKAG2, DCC, and EPHX2 might be important determinants of hydrochlorothiazide BP response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Shahin
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Yan Gong
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Caitrin W McDonough
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Daniel M Rotroff
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Amber L Beitelshees
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - John G Gums
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Arlene B Chapman
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Stephen T Turner
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Reginald F Frye
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Rhonda M Cooper-DeHoff
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.)
| | - Julie A Johnson
- From the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics (M.H.S., Y.G., C.W.M., J.G.G., R.F.F., R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.) and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Florida, Gainesville; Department of Statistics, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (D.M.R., A.M.-R.); Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (A.L.B.); Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.B.C.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.T.T.); Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, (E.B.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis (O.F.); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.K.-D.).
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