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Zhao FZ, Gu WJ, Li LZ, Qu ZK, Xu MY, Liu K, Zhang F, Liu H, Xu J, Yin HY. Cannabinoid receptor 2 alleviates sepsis-associated acute lung injury by modulating maturation of dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110771. [PMID: 37582314 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in a variety of inflammatory lung diseases, but their role in sepsis-associated acute lung injury (SA-ALI) is currently not been illuminated. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2) has been reported to regulate the DCs maturation. However, whether the CNR2 in DCs contributes to therapeutic therapy for SA-ALI remain unclear. In current study, the role of CNR2 on DCs maturation and inflammatory during SA-ALI is to explored. METHODS First, the CNR2 level was analyzed in isolated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) from patient with SA-ALI by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Subsequently, HU308, a specific agonist of CNR2, and SR144528, a specific antagonist of CNR2, were introduced to explore the function of CNR2 on DCs maturation and inflammatory during SA-ALI. Finally, CNR2 conditional knockout mice were generated to further confirm the function of DCs maturation and Inflammation during SA-ALI. RESULTS First, we found that the expression of CNR2 on DCs was decreased in patient with SA-ALI. Besides, the result showed HU308 could decrease the maturation of DCs and the level of inflammatory cytokines, simultaneously reduce pulmonary pathological injury after LPS-induced sepsis in mice. In contrast of HU308, SR144528 exhibits opposite function of DCs maturate, inflammatory cytokines and lung pathological injury. Furthermore, comparing with SR144528 treatment, similar results were obtained in DCs specific CNR2 knockout mice after LPS treatment. CONCLUSION CNR2 could alleviate SA-ALI by modulating maturation of DCs and inflammatory factors levels. Targeting CNR2 signaling specifically in DCs has therapeutic potential for the treatment of SA-ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Zhi Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wan-Jie Gu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Long-Zhu Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Qu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Yin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Brierley SM, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Sarnelli G, Sharkey KA, Storr M, Tack J. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:5-25. [PMID: 36168049 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The management of visceral pain in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction, notably irritable bowel syndrome, presents a considerable clinical challenge, with few available treatment options. Patients are increasingly using cannabis and cannabinoids to control abdominal pain. Cannabis acts on receptors of the endocannabinoid system, an endogenous system of lipid mediators that regulates gastrointestinal function and pain processing pathways in health and disease. The endocannabinoid system represents a logical molecular therapeutic target for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Here, we review the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system with a focus on the peripheral and central regulation of gastrointestinal function and visceral nociception. We address the use of cannabinoids in pain management, comparing them to other treatment modalities, including opioids and neuromodulators. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic candidates targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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The Use of Palmitoylethanolamide in the Treatment of Long COVID: A Real-Life Retrospective Cohort Study. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:medsci10030037. [PMID: 35893119 PMCID: PMC9326613 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 can cause symptoms that last weeks or months after the infection has gone, with a significant impairment of quality of life. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a naturally occurring lipid mediator that has an entourage effect on the endocannabinoid system mitigating the cytokine storm. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the potential efficacy of PEA in the treatment of long COVID. Patients attending the Neurological Out Clinic of the IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo (Messina, Italy) from August 2020 to September 2021 were screened for potential inclusion in the study. We included only long COVID patients who were treated with PEA 600 mg two times daily for about 3 months. All patients performed the post-COVID-19 Functional Status (PCFS) scale. Thirty-three patients (10 males, 43.5%, mean age 47.8 ± 12.4) were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups based on hospitalization or home care observation. A substantial difference in the PCFS score between the two groups at baseline and after treatment with PEA were found. We found that smoking was a risk factor with an odds ratio of 8.13 CI 95% [0.233, 1.167]. Our findings encourage the use of PEA as a potentially effective therapy in patients with long COVID.
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4
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Fonnesu R, Thunuguntla VBSC, Veeramachaneni GK, Bondili JS, La Rocca V, Filipponi C, Spezia PG, Sidoti M, Plicanti E, Quaranta P, Freer G, Pistello M, Mathai ML, Lai M. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Interacting with S Protein and ACE-2 Receptor. Viruses 2022; 14:1080. [PMID: 35632821 PMCID: PMC9146540 DOI: 10.3390/v14051080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a crucial role in the entry and egress of viruses, regardless of whether they are naked or enveloped. Recent evidence shows that lipid involvement in viral infection goes much further. During replication, many viruses rearrange internal lipid membranes to create niches where they replicate and assemble. Because of the close connection between lipids and inflammation, the derangement of lipid metabolism also results in the production of inflammatory stimuli. Due to its pivotal function in the viral life cycle, lipid metabolism has become an area of intense research to understand how viruses seize lipids and to design antiviral drugs targeting lipid pathways. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a lipid-derived peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist that also counteracts SARS-CoV-2 entry and its replication. Our work highlights for the first time the antiviral potency of PEA against SARS-CoV-2, exerting its activity by two different mechanisms. First, its binding to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein causes a drop in viral infection of ~70%. We show that this activity is specific for SARS-CoV-2, as it does not prevent infection by VSV or HSV-2, other enveloped viruses that use different glycoproteins and entry receptors to mediate their entry. Second, we show that in infected Huh-7 cells, treatment with PEA dismantles lipid droplets, preventing the usage of these vesicular bodies by SARS-CoV-2 as a source of energy and protection against innate cellular defenses. This is not surprising since PEA activates PPAR-α, a transcription factor that, once activated, generates a cascade of events that leads to the disruption of fatty acid droplets, thereby bringing about lipid droplet degradation through β-oxidation. In conclusion, the present work demonstrates a novel mechanism of action for PEA as a direct and indirect antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2. This evidence reinforces the notion that treatment with this compound might significantly impact the course of COVID-19. Indeed, considering that the protective effects of PEA in COVID-19 are the current objectives of two clinical trials (NCT04619706 and NCT04568876) and given the relative lack of toxicity of PEA in humans, further preclinical and clinical tests will be needed to fully consider PEA as a promising adjuvant therapy in the current COVID-19 pandemic or against emerging RNA viruses that share the same route of replication as coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Fonnesu
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Ganesh Kumar Veeramachaneni
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522502, India; (G.K.V.); (J.S.B.)
| | - Jayakumar Singh Bondili
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram 522502, India; (G.K.V.); (J.S.B.)
| | - Veronica La Rocca
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Carolina Filipponi
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Pietro Giorgio Spezia
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Sidoti
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Erika Plicanti
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Paola Quaranta
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Giulia Freer
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Michael Lee Mathai
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (V.B.S.C.T.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Michele Lai
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.F.); (V.L.R.); (C.F.); (P.G.S.); (M.S.); (E.P.); (P.Q.); (G.F.); (M.P.)
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5
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Pesce M, Seguella L, Del Re A, Lu J, Palenca I, Corpetti C, Rurgo S, Sanseverino W, Sarnelli G, Esposito G. Next-Generation Probiotics for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105466. [PMID: 35628274 PMCID: PMC9141965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered probiotics represent a cutting-edge therapy in intestinal inflammatory disease (IBD). Genetically modified bacteria have provided a new strategy to release therapeutically operative molecules in the intestine and have grown into promising new therapies for IBD. Current IBD treatments, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, are associated with relevant side effects and a significant proportion of patients are dependent on these therapies, thus exposing them to the risk of relevant long-term side effects. Discovering new and effective therapeutic strategies is a worldwide goal in this research field and engineered probiotics could potentially provide a viable solution. This review aims at describing the proceeding of bacterial engineering and how genetically modified probiotics may represent a promising new biotechnological approach in IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (S.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (C.C.); (G.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-2948
| | - Alessandro Del Re
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (C.C.); (G.E.)
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Irene Palenca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (C.C.); (G.E.)
| | - Chiara Corpetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (C.C.); (G.E.)
| | - Sara Rurgo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (S.R.); (G.S.)
| | | | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.P.); (S.R.); (G.S.)
- Nextbiomics S.r.l., 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.R.); (I.P.); (C.C.); (G.E.)
- Nextbiomics S.r.l., 80100 Naples, Italy;
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6
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Rim D, Kaye A, Ranpura A, Verma S. Cannabis Use Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Intestinal Obstruction in Patients Hospitalized With Diverticulitis. Cureus 2021; 13:e16768. [PMID: 34354893 PMCID: PMC8328842 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Diverticulitis is a common cause of hospitalization. The use of substances such as tobacco and alcohol can predispose patients to diverticulitis, and smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diverticulitis complications. Cannabis availability is growing in the United States, but there is a lack of data on the effects of cannabis use on the outcomes of diverticulitis. Thus, we investigated the effects of cannabis use on diverticulitis outcomes. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using 2014 data from the National Inpatient Sample. Patient demographics and outcomes of diverticulitis were compared between the groups with and without a history of cannabis use. The outcomes of interest were inpatient mortality, length of stay, total hospital charge, intestinal obstruction, shock/hypotension, colectomy, intestinal abscess, intestinal fistula, and intestinal perforation. Results Among 48,214 patients with diverticulitis, 447 patients had a history of cannabis use. Patients with a history of cannabis use were younger, more likely to be male, less likely to be White, had a lower Charlson Comorbidity Index, and had shorter hospital stays. There were no significant differences in inpatient mortality and total hospital charge. After adjusting for age, sex, race, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index, cannabis use was an independent risk factor for intestinal obstruction in patients hospitalized with diverticulitis. There were no statistically significant differences in other outcomes. Conclusions This study indicates that patients hospitalized with diverticulitis with a history of cannabis use are more likely to have an intestinal obstruction. Inhibition of gastrointestinal motility by cannabis in the setting of diverticular inflammation may explain this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rim
- Internal Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, USA
| | | | | | - Siddharth Verma
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, USA
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Pesce M, Seguella L, Cassarano S, Aurino L, Sanseverino W, Lu J, Corpetti C, Del Re A, Vincenzi M, Sarnelli G, Esposito G. Phytotherapics in COVID19: Why palmitoylethanolamide? Phytother Res 2021; 35:2514-2522. [PMID: 33296131 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At present, googling the search terms "COVID-19" and "Functional foods" yields nearly 500,000,000 hits, witnessing the growing interest of the scientific community and the general public in the role of nutrition and nutraceuticals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many compounds have been proposed as phytotherapics in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19. The extensive interest of the general public and the enormous social media coverage on this topic urges the scientific community to address the question of whether which nutraceuticals can actually be employed in preventing and treating this newly described coronavirus-related disease. Recently, the Canadian biotech pharma company "FSD Pharma" received the green light from the Food and Drug Administration to design a proof-of-concept study evaluating the effects of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in COVID-19 patients. The story of PEA as a nutraceutical to prevent and treat infectious diseases dates back to the 1970s where the molecule was branded under the name Impulsin and was used for its immunomodulatory properties in influenza virus infection. The present paper aims at analyzing the potential of PEA as a nutraceutical and the previous evidence suggesting its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties in infectious and respiratory diseases and how these could translate to COVID-19 care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cassarano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Aurino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Jie Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
| | - Chiara Corpetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Del Re
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Vincenzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Esposito G, Pesce M, Seguella L, Lu J, Corpetti C, Del Re A, De Palma FDE, Esposito G, Sanseverino W, Sarnelli G. Engineered Lactobacillus paracasei Producing Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) Prevents Colitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062945. [PMID: 33799405 PMCID: PMC7999950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an N-acylethanolamide produced on-demand by the enzyme N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-preferring phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Being a key member of the larger family of bioactive autacoid local injury antagonist amides (ALIAmides), PEA significantly improves the clinical and histopathological stigmata in models of ulcerative colitis (UC). Despite its safety profile, high PEA doses are required in vivo to exert its therapeutic activity; therefore, PEA has been tested only in animals or human biopsy samples, to date. To overcome these limitations, we developed an NAPE-PLD-expressing Lactobacillus paracasei F19 (pNAPE-LP), able to produce PEA under the boost of ultra-low palmitate supply, and investigated its therapeutic potential in a murine model of UC. The coadministration of pNAPE-LP and palmitate led to a time-dependent release of PEA, resulting in a significant amelioration of the clinical and histological damage score, with a significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration, lower expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers, and a markedly improved epithelial barrier integrity. We concluded that pNAPE-LP with ultra-low palmitate supply stands as a new method to increase the in situ intestinal delivery of PEA and as a new therapeutic able of controlling intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.E.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.)
- Nextbiomics S.R.L., 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.E.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning 110122, China;
| | - Chiara Corpetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.E.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Alessandro Del Re
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.E.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.)
| | - Fatima Domenica Elisa De Palma
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a r.l., Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.E.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.)
- Nextbiomics S.R.L., 80100 Naples, Italy;
- UNESCO Chair Staff Member, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80100 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817463488
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9
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Sarnelli G, Pesce M, Seguella L, Lu J, Efficie E, Tack J, Elisa De Palma FD, D’Alessandro A, Esposito G. Impaired Duodenal Palmitoylethanolamide Release Underlies Acid-Induced Mast Cell Activation in Functional Dyspepsia. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:841-855. [PMID: 33065341 PMCID: PMC7858681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acid hypersensitivity is claimed to be a symptomatic trigger in functional dyspepsia (FD); however, the neuroimmune pathway(s) and the mediators involved in this process have not been investigated systematically. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous compound, able to modulate nociception and inflammation, but its role in FD has not been assessed. METHODS Duodenal biopsy specimens from FD and control subjects, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) null mice were cultured at a pH of 3.0 and 7.4. Mast cell (MC) number, the release of their mediators, and the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor (TRPV)1 and TRPV4, were evaluated. All measurements also were performed in the presence of a selective blocker of neuronal action potential (tetradotoxin). FD and control biopsy specimens in acidified medium also were incubated in the presence of different PEA concentrations, alone or combined with a selective PPARα or PPAR-γ antagonist. RESULTS An acid-induced increase in MC density and the release of their mediators were observed in both dyspeptic patients and controls; however, this response was amplified significantly in FD. This effect was mediated by submucosal nerve fibers and up-regulation of TRPV1 and TRPV4 receptors because pretreatment with tetradotoxin significantly reduced MC infiltration. The acid-induced endogenous release of PEA was impaired in FD and its exogenous administration counteracts MC activation and TRPV up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS Duodenal acid exposure initiates a cascade of neuronal-mediated events culminating in MC activation and TRPV overexpression. These phenomena are consequences of an impaired release of endogenous PEA. PEA might be regarded as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Naples, Italy,United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Chair, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Giovanni Sarnelli, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Via Pansini 5 80131, Naples, Italy. fax: (39) 0817463892.
| | - Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatima Domenica Elisa De Palma
- Centro Ingegneria Genetica-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a rl, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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10
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Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides: Prohomeostatic Lipid Compounds for Animal Health and Wellbeing. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020078. [PMID: 32560159 PMCID: PMC7355440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually every cellular process is affected by diet and this represents the foundation of dietary management to a variety of small animal disorders. Special attention is currently being paid to a family of naturally occurring lipid amides acting through the so-called autacoid local injury antagonism, i.e., the ALIA mechanism. The parent molecule of ALIAmides, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), has being known since the 1950s as a nutritional factor with protective properties. Since then, PEA has been isolated from a variety of plant and animal food sources and its proresolving function in the mammalian body has been increasingly investigated. The discovery of the close interconnection between ALIAmides and the endocannabinoid system has greatly stimulated research efforts in this field. The multitarget and highly redundant mechanisms through which PEA exerts prohomeostatic functions fully breaks with the classical pharmacology view of “one drug, one target, one disease”, opening a new era in the management of animals’ health, i.e., an according-to-nature biomodulation of body responses to different stimuli and injury. The present review focuses on the direct and indirect endocannabinoid receptor agonism by PEA and its analogues and also targets the main findings from experimental and clinical studies on ALIAmides in animal health and wellbeing.
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Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Acute Kidney Injury: Crosstalk between Cannabidiol and GILZ. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:6056373. [PMID: 32185239 PMCID: PMC7060850 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6056373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as largely tissue-resident archetypal cells of the immune system. We tested the hypotheses that renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a contributing factor to polarization of ILCs and that glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) and cannabidiol regulate them in this condition. Mice subjected to unilateral renal IRI were treated with the following agents before restoration of renal blood flow: cannabidiol, DMSO, transactivator of transcription- (TAT-) GILZ, or the TAT peptide. Thereafter, kidney cells were prepared for flow cytometry analyses. Sham kidneys treated with either cannabidiol or TAT-GILZ displayed similar frequencies of each subset of ILCs compared to DMSO or TAT, respectively. Renal IRI increased ILC1s and ILC3s but reduced ILC2s compared to the sham group. Cannabidiol or TAT-GILZ treatment of IRI kidneys reversed this pattern as evidenced by reduced ILC1s and ILC3s but increased ILC2s compared to their DMSO- or TAT-treated counterparts. While TAT-GILZ treatment did not significantly affect cells positive for cannabinoid receptors subtype 2 (CB2+), cannabidiol treatment increased frequency of both CB2+ and GILZ-positive (GILZ+) cells of IRI kidneys. Subsequent studies showed that IRI reduced GILZ+ subsets of ILCs, an effect less marked for ILC2s. Treatment with cannabidiol increased frequencies of each subset of GILZ+ ILCs, but the effect was more marked for ILC2s. Indeed, cannabidiol treatment increased CB2+ GILZ+ ILC2s. Collectively, the results indicate that both cannabidiol and GILZ regulate ILC frequency and phenotype, in acute kidney injury, and that the effects of cannabidiol likely relate to modulation of endogenous GILZ.
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12
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Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071613. [PMID: 31315227 PMCID: PMC6682904 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and influences the development of chronic diseases ranging from metabolic disease to gastrointestinal disorders and colorectal cancer. Of increasing prevalence in Western societies, these conditions carry a high burden of care. Dietary patterns and environmental factors have a profound effect on shaping gut microbiota in real time. Diverse populations of intestinal bacteria mediate their beneficial effects through the fermentation of dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids, endogenous signals with important roles in lipid homeostasis and reducing inflammation. Recent progress shows that an individual’s starting microbial profile is a key determinant in predicting their response to intervention with live probiotics. The gut microbiota is complex and challenging to characterize. Enterotypes have been proposed using metrics such as alpha species diversity, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phyla, and the relative abundance of beneficial genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia) versus facultative anaerobes (E. coli), pro-inflammatory Ruminococcus, or nonbacterial microbes. Microbiota composition and relative populations of bacterial species are linked to physiologic health along different axes. We review the role of diet quality, carbohydrate intake, fermentable FODMAPs, and prebiotic fiber in maintaining healthy gut flora. The implications are discussed for various conditions including obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, depression, and cardiovascular disease.
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13
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Galligan JJ. Cannabinoid-induced relief of hypermotility in a rat model of the irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13613. [PMID: 31094052 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid-2 receptor agonists may be useful in treating intestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Galligan
- Neuroscience Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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