1
|
Jan D, Kim KY. End-of-Life Care of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2024:10499091241253838. [PMID: 38714329 DOI: 10.1177/10499091241253838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
End-of-life (EOL) care has been a common option for patients with terminal medical conditions such as cancers. However, the utilization of EOL care in Alzheimer disease and other dementing conditions have become available relatively recently. As the end-stage dementia approaches, the clinicians and caregivers become faced with numerous clinical challenges-delirium, neuropbehavioral symptoms, the patient's inability to communicate pain and associated discomfort, food refusal, and so on. In addition to providing quality clinical care to the EOL patients, clinicians should pay special attention to their families, assuring that their loved ones will receive supportive measures to improve quality of life (QOL).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darlon Jan
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Kye Y Kim
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G, Morrone LA, Tonin P, Hamamura K, Hayashi T, Guida F, Maione S, Scuteri D. Efficacy of Essential Oils in Relieving Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087085. [PMID: 37108246 PMCID: PMC10138439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 80% of patients affected by cancer develops cancer-related pain, one of the most feared consequences because of its intractable nature, particularly in the terminal stage of the disease. Recent evidence-based recommendations on integrative medicine for the management of cancer pain underline the role of natural products. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims at appraising for the first time the efficacy of aromatherapy in cancer pain in clinical studies with different design according to the most updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 recommendations. The search retrieves 1002 total records. Twelve studies are included and six are eligible for meta-analysis. The present study demonstrates significant efficacy of the use of essential oils in the reduction of the intensity of pain associated with cancer (p < 0.00001), highlighting the need for earlier, more homogeneous, and appropriately designed clinical trials. Good certainty body of evidence is needed for effective and safe management of cancer-related pain using essential oils by establishment of a step-by-step preclinical-to-clinical pathway to provide a rational basis for clinical use in integrative oncology. PROSPERO registration: CRD42023393182.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation & Transfer Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical & Translational Pharmacology, Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation & Transfer Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical & Translational Pharmacology, Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Paolo Tonin
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy
| | - Kengo Hamamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- IRCSS, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Damiana Scuteri
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation & Transfer Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical & Translational Pharmacology, Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong S, Lei Z, Fei Y. Data-driven based four examinations in TCM: a survey. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
|
4
|
Shivanekar S, Gopalan P, Pizon A, Spotts C, Cruz N, Lightfoot M, Rohac R, Baumeister A, Griffo A, Panny B, Kucherer S, Israel A, Rengasamy M, Price R. A Pilot Study of Ketamine Infusion after Suicide Attempt: New Frontiers in Treating Acute Suicidality in a Real-World Medical Setting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13792. [PMID: 36360672 PMCID: PMC9656070 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, in research settings, rapidly reduces suicidal thoughts 2-24 h after a single infusion in patients with high suicidal ideation. In this study, the authors investigate ketamine's effects on suicidality in a real-world sample of recent suicide attempters on a tertiary-care Consultation-Liaison (CL) psychiatry service. Using an open-label design, 16 transdiagnostic CL patients were recruited, 18-65 years old, to receive a single dose of intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) in the acute medical setting. All were psychiatrically hospitalized post-infusion. Baseline suicidality and depression measures were compared to ratings taken at 24 h, 5 days, 12 days, and 1, 3 and 6 months post-infusion using paired t-tests. Across all measures, rapid, statistically significant decreases (p's < 0.001) were observed with large to very large effect sizes (Cohen's d's: 1.7-8.8) at acute timepoints (24 h; 5 days). These gains were uniformly maintained to 6 months post-infusion. Open-label ketamine appeared to rapidly and robustly reduced suicidal symptoms in an ultra-high-risk, heterogeneous, real-world sample. Ketamine infusion may therefore be a safe, feasible, viable method to rapidly reduce suicidality among medically hospitalized patients after a suicide attempt, with potentially enduring benefits. The current pilot findings suggest ketamine could be readily integrated into the settings where high-risk CL patients already receive healthcare, with the potential to become an important and novel tool in the treatment of suicidality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharvari Shivanekar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Priya Gopalan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anthony Pizon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, University of Pittsburgh, 3600 Forbes at Meyran Avenue, Forbes Tower, Suite 10028, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Crystal Spotts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nicolas Cruz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Lightfoot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rebecca Rohac
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andrew Baumeister
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Angela Griffo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Benjamin Panny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shelly Kucherer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alex Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Manivel Rengasamy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rebecca Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vuic B, Konjevod M, Tudor L, Milos T, Nikolac Perkovic M, Nedic Erjavec G, Pivac N, Uzun S, Mimica N, Svob Strac D. Tailoring the therapeutic interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:707-720. [PMID: 35950234 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are symptoms of non-cognitive nature, which frequently develop during the course and different stages of dementia. The diagnosis of BPSD is complex due to symptom variety, and relies on detailed clinical evaluation and medical history. Accurate assessment of BPSD is crucial in order to tailor therapeutic intervention (non-pharmacological and pharmacological) for each individual and monitor patient response to therapy. AREAS COVERED This review encompasses the epidemiology, classification, assessment and etiology of BPSD, as well as their impact on caregiver distress, and gives an overview of current and emerging non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapeutic options, as well as potential BPSD biomarkers, in order to provide a framework for improving BPSD diagnosis and developing novel, targeted and specific therapeutic strategies for BPSD. EXPERT OPINION Due to the large heterogeneity of BPSD and of the fact that drugs available only alleviate symptoms, finding an adequate treatment is very challenging and often involves a polytherapeutic approach. Non-pharmacologic interventions have shown promising results in improving BPSD, however further research is needed to confirm their beneficial effects. Thus, the modification of pre-existancing as well as the development of novel pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic solutions should be considered for BPSD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vuic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tina Milos
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Uzun
- Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatry, University Hospital Vrapce, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ninoslav Mimica
- Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatry, University Hospital Vrapce, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Analgesic Characteristics of NanoBEO Released by an Airless Dispenser for the Control of Agitation in Severe Dementia. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154987. [PMID: 35956935 PMCID: PMC9370288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is one of the most common causes of the need for clinical evaluation, acquiring more importance in the elderly with cognitive impairment. Reduced self-reporting capabilities cause unrelieved pain contributing to the development of agitation. Safe and effective pain treatment can afford the management of agitation without the serious increase in death risk associated with neuroleptics. To this aim, the essential oil of bergamot (BEO), proven by rigorous evidence to have strong preclinical anti-nociceptive and anti-allodynic properties, has been engineered (NanoBEO, patent EP 4003294) to allow randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (BRAINAID, NCT04321889). The present study: (1) assesses the analgesic effects of a single therapeutic dose of NanoBEO, as supplied by an airless dispenser for clinical translation, in models of inflammatory, neuropathic, and sensitization types of pain relevant to clinic; (2) provides a dose-response analysis of the efficacy of NanoBEO on scratching behavior, a typical behavioral disturbance occurring in dementia. A single therapeutic dose of NanoBEO confirms efficacy following thirty minutes pre-treatment with capsaicin and on the central sensitization phase induced by formalin. Moreover, it has an ID50 of 0.6312 mg and it is efficacious on static and dynamic mechanical allodynia. Altogether, the gathered results strengthen the potential of NanoBEO for clinical management of pain and agitation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Translational Value of the Transdermal Administration of Bergamot Essential Oil and of Its Fractions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051006. [PMID: 35631592 PMCID: PMC9143031 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil of bergamot (BEO) has consistently proven antinociceptive and antiallodynic properties. Accordingly, the analgesic efficacy of the decolored essential oil (DEC), with higher levels of limonene, and the deterpenated (DET) fraction, with higher levels of linalool and linalyl acetate, was investigated using a formalin test after inhalation. The present study was aimed at characterizing the effects of BEO, its components with the highest pharmacological activity (represented by linalool, limonene, and linalyl acetate), and its DEC and DET fractions on the formalin test after transdermal administration relevant to clinical translation through topical application. To this aim, the schedule of intervention involved administration immediately after formalin injection or as a 5 min pretreatment followed by washout in ddY-strain mice. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the significant analgesic effect of all three constituents in the first and second phases, accounting for the efficacy of the essential oil in the formalin test. While all fractions revealed equal activity toward the phytocomplex in the early phase, the reduction in time of licking/biting during the late phase was more markedly induced by DEC. Moreover, pretreatment with BEO and its fractions followed by washout did not produce a significant reduction in licking/biting time in both phases of formalin-induced nociceptive response.
Collapse
|
8
|
Scuteri D, Contrada M, Loria T, Tonin P, Sandrini G, Tamburin S, Nicotera P, Bagetta G, Corasaniti MT. Pharmacological Treatment of Pain and Agitation in Severe Dementia and Responsiveness to Change of the Italian Mobilization–Observation–Behavior–Intensity–Dementia (I-MOBID2) Pain Scale: Study Protocol. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050573. [PMID: 35624960 PMCID: PMC9139373 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 80% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients in nursing homes experiences chronic pain and 97% develops fluctuant neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). Agitation, associated with unrelieved pain, is managed through antipsychotics and may increase the risk of death. Evidence is accumulating in favor of analgesia for a safer, effective therapy of agitation. The Italian version of Mobilization–Observation–Behavior–Intensity–Dementia, I-MOBID2, recently validated in the Italian setting, shows: good scale content validity index (0.89), high construct validity (Spearman rank-order correlation Rho = 0.748), reliable internal consistency (Cronbach’s α coefficient = 0.751), good-excellent inter-rater (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.778) and test-retest (ICC = 0.902) reliability, and good inter-rater and test-retest agreement (Cohen’s K = 0.744) with 5.8 min completion time. This study intends to identify the responsiveness of the I-MOBID2 based on COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) recommendations, assessing the a priori hypotheses of (1) the efficacy of painkillers administered to severe AD patients after proper pain assessment and (2) the effect of reduction of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) score and of agitation rescue medications. This protocol is approved by Calabria Region Ethics Committee protocol No. 31/2017 and follows the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Scuteri
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy; (M.C.); (P.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marianna Contrada
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy; (M.C.); (P.T.)
| | | | - Paolo Tonin
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy; (M.C.); (P.T.)
| | - Giorgio Sandrini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation Neurologic Institute, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Nicotera
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53111 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Scuteri D, Rombolà L, Crudo M, Watanabe C, Mizoguchi H, Sakurada S, Hamamura K, Sakurada T, Tonin P, Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G. Preclinical Characterization of Antinociceptive Effect of Bergamot Essential Oil and of Its Fractions for Rational Translation in Complementary Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020312. [PMID: 35214045 PMCID: PMC8876141 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is endowed with consistent and reproducible antinociceptive and anti-allodynic properties when administered via an inhalation route. However, the effects of its main constituents and of its decolored (DEC) and deterpenated (DET) fractions, which are enriched in limonene or in linalool and linalyl acetate, respectively, on spontaneous motor activity related to anxiety and on formalin-induced licking/biting biphasic behavior have never been investigated before. Therefore, the present research aims to characterize the role of BEO components on an experimental pain model that is relevant to clinical translation. Under our present experimental conditions, a paper filter disc soaked with different volumes of the phytocomplex and of its fractions that was applied at the edge of the observation chamber allowed the effects on the spontaneous motor activity and on the formalin-induced nocifensive response in ddY-strain mice to be studied. The present research demonstrated the effects of the DEC fraction of BEO on motor activity and on formalin-induced licking/biting behavior for the first time, proving that limonene is implicated in reduced motor activity and that it is important for the analgesic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Scuteri
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (G.B.); Tel./Fax: +390984/493462 (G.B.)
| | - Laura Rombolà
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Crudo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Chizuko Watanabe
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan; (C.W.); (H.M.)
| | - Hirokazu Mizoguchi
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan; (C.W.); (H.M.)
| | - Shinobu Sakurada
- First Department of Pharmacology Fukuoka, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan; (S.S.); (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Kengo Hamamura
- First Department of Pharmacology Fukuoka, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan; (S.S.); (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Tsukasa Sakurada
- First Department of Pharmacology Fukuoka, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan; (S.S.); (K.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Paolo Tonin
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, 88900 Crotone, Italy;
| | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (G.B.); Tel./Fax: +390984/493462 (G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|