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Fan Q, Tan Z, Su W, Li Q, Jin D, Du Y, Zhang L, Wu S. Efficacy, safety and mechanism of Simiaoyongan decoction in the treatment of carotid atherosclerotic plaque: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial protocol. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:277. [PMID: 39039498 PMCID: PMC11265120 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammation is the major pathological feature of Atherosclerosis(As). Inflammation may accelerate plaque to develop, which is a key factor resulting in the thinning of the fibrous cap and the vulnerable rupture of plaque. Presently, clinical treatments are still lacking. It is necessary to find a safe and effective treatment for As inflammation. Simiaoyongan Decoction (SMYA) has potential anti-inflammatory and plaque protection effects. This protocol aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of SMYA for patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaque. METHODS/DESIGN The assessment of SMYA clinical trial is designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The sample size is 86 cases in total, with 43 participants in the intervention group and the control group respectively. The intervention group takes SMYA, while the control group takes SMYA placebo. The medication lasts for 14 days every 10 weeks, with a total of 50 weeks. We will use carotid artery high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) to measure plaque. The plaque minimum fiber cap thickness (PMFCT) is adopted as the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes include plaque fiber cap volume, volume percentage of fiber cap, lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC) volume, volume percentage of LRNC, internal bleeding volume of plaque, internal bleeding volume percentage of plaque, plaque calcification volume, volume percentage of plaque calcification, lumen stenosis rate, average and a maximum of vessel wall thickness, vessel wall volume, total vessel wall load, carotid atherosclerosis score, hs-CRP, IL-1β and IL-6, the level of lipid profiles and blood glucose, blood pressure, and body weight. DISCUSSION We anticipate that patients with As plaque will be improved from SMYA by inhibiting inflammation to enhance plaque stability. This study analyzes plaque by using HR-MRI to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of SMYA. Moreover, we conduct transcriptome analysis, proteomic analysis, and metagenomic analysis of blood and stool of participants to study the mechanism of SMYA against As plaque. This is the first prospective TCM trial to observe and treat As plaque by inhibiting inflammatory reaction directly. If successful, the finding will be valuable in the treatment of As plaque and drug development, especially in the "statin era". TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This trial is registered on Chinese Clinical Trials.gov with number ChiCTR2000039062 on October 15, 2020 ( http://www.chictr.org.cn ).
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Affiliation(s)
- QinHua Fan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - ZhongJian Tan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - WenQuan Su
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - QingXiao Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dian Jin
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - YaWei Du
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - LiPing Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - ShengXian Wu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Cai Y, Zhong X, Mo L, Huang R, Lin Q, Liu C, Zhang S. Evaluating the causal effect of atherosclerosis on the risk of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1319. [PMID: 38444947 PMCID: PMC10912790 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and atherosclerosis are two common age-related conditions that can cause significant morbidity. While previous studies have suggested an association between the two conditions, the nature of this association remains unclear. Methods We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal relationship between IDD and atherosclerosis. We identified genetic variants associated with IDD using summary statistics from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS). These variants were then used as instrumental variables to infer causal relationships with atherosclerosis in summary statistics from a separate GWAS. Results Our MR analysis provided evidence for a causal relationship between IDD and atherosclerosis. We found that the genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis was associated with a higher risk of IDD (odds ratio [OR] = 3.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-11.74, p = 0.04). The IVW estimates were consistent with the observational findings and other robust MR methods. Sensitivity analyses suggested that our findings were robust to potential sources of bias. Conclusions Our study provides evidence for a causal link between IDD and atherosclerosis, suggesting that interventions targeting atherosclerosis could have potential benefits for reducing the risk of IDD. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms that link these two conditions and to investigate potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang‐Ting Cai
- Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics & Traumatology of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xian‐Xing Zhong
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics & Traumatology of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ling Mo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics & Traumatology of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Rui‐Ze Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Cai‐Jun Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Guangdong Research Institute for Orthopedics & Traumatology of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shun‐Cong Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
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Man E, Evran S. Deacetylation of Histones and Non-histone Proteins in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer Therapeutic Potential of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Curr Genomics 2023; 24:136-145. [PMID: 38178983 PMCID: PMC10761333 DOI: 10.2174/0113892029265046231011100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes play an important role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases such as allergic asthma, multiple sclerosis, lung diseases, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and COVID-19. There are three main classes of epigenetic alterations: post-translational modifications of histone proteins, control by non-coding RNA and DNA methylation. Since histone modifications can directly affect chromatin structure and accessibility, they can regulate gene expression levels. Abnormal expression and activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been reported in immune mediated diseases. Increased acetylated levels of lysine residues have been suggested to be related to the overexpression of inflammatory genes. This review focuses on the effect of HDAC modifications on histone and non-histone proteins in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic effect of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) used in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Man
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, İzmir, Türkiye
- EGE SCIENCE PRO Scientific Research Inc., Ege University, IdeEGE Technology Development Zone, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Serap Evran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, İzmir, Türkiye
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Sardar SW, Nam J, Kim TE, Kim H, Park YH. Identification of Novel Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis Using High-Resolution Metabolomics. Metabolites 2023; 13:1160. [PMID: 37999255 PMCID: PMC10673153 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a metabolic disorder and the pre-stage of several cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and angina pectoris. Early detection of AS can provide the opportunity for effective management and better clinical results, along with the prevention of further progression of the disease. In the current study, an untargeted and targeted metabolomic approach was used to identify possible metabolic signatures that have altered levels in AS patients. A total of 200 serum samples from individuals with AS and normal were analyzed via liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Univariate and multivariate analysis approaches were used to identify differential metabolites. A group of metabolites associated with bile acids, amino acids, steroid hormones, and purine metabolism were identified that are capable of distinguishing AS-risk sera from normal. Further, the targeted metabolomics approach confirmed that six metabolites, namely taurocholic acid, cholic acid, cortisol, hypoxanthine, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and isoleucine, were found to be significantly upregulated, while the concentrations of glycoursodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, testosterone, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine were found to be significantly downregulated in the AS-risk sera. The receiver operating characteristic curves of three metabolites, including cortisol, hypoxanthine, and isoleucine, showed high sensitivity and specificity. Taken together, these findings suggest cortisol, hypoxanthine, and isoleucine as novel biomarkers for the early and non-invasive detection of AS. Thus, this study provides new insights for further investigations into the prevention and management of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Wasim Sardar
- Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.W.S.); (T.E.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Jeonghun Nam
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Bio Research Center, Incheon Jaeneung University, Incheon 22573, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae Eun Kim
- Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.W.S.); (T.E.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Hyunil Kim
- Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.W.S.); (T.E.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Youngja H. Park
- Omics Research Center, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.W.S.); (T.E.K.); (H.K.)
- Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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Guo L, Zhang X, Lv N, Wang L, Gan J, Jiang X, Wang Y. Therapeutic Role and Potential Mechanism of Resveratrol in Atherosclerosis: TLR4/NF- κB/HIF-1 α. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:1097706. [PMID: 37292256 PMCID: PMC10247328 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1097706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the main pathological basis of cardiovascular disease, is a chronic inflammatory disease that severely affects the quality of human life. Resveratrol (Res) is a natural polyphenol that is a major component of many herbs and foods. The present study analyzed resveratrol from the perspective of visualization and bibliometric analysis and found that resveratrol is closely related to the inflammatory response in cardiovascular diseases (associated with atherosclerosis). To explore the specific molecular mechanism of resveratrol, network pharmacology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used, in which HIF-1α signaling may be a key pathway in the treatment of AS. Furthermore, we induced the polarization of macrophage RAW264.7 to M1 type to generate inflammatory response by the combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (200 ng/mL) + interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (2.5 ng/mL). LPS and IFN-γ increased the inflammatory factor levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in RAW264.7, and the proportion of M1-type macrophages also increased, but the expression of inflammatory factors decreased after resveratrol administration, which confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol in AS. In addition, we found that resveratrol downregulated the protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB/hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). In conclusion, resveratrol has a significant anti-inflammatory effect, alleviates HIF-1α-mediated angiogenesis, and prevents the progression of AS through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Nuan Lv
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Luming Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- School of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District Tianjin 301617, China
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Cimmino G, Muscoli S, De Rosa S, Cesaro A, Perrone MA, Selvaggio S, Selvaggio G, Aimo A, Pedrinelli R, Mercuro G, Romeo F, Perrone Filardi P, Indolfi C, Coronelli M. Evolving concepts in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: from endothelial dysfunction to thrombus formation through multiple shades of inflammation. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2023; 24:e156-e167. [PMID: 37186566 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the anatomo-pathological substrate of most cardio, cerebro and vascular diseases such as acute and chronic coronary syndromes, stroke and peripheral artery diseases. The pathophysiology of atherosclerotic plaque and its complications are under continuous investigation. In the last 2 decades our understanding on the formation, progression and complication of the atherosclerotic lesion has greatly improved and the role of immunity and inflammation is now well documented and accepted. The conventional risk factors modulate endothelial function determining the switch to a proatherosclerotic phenotype. From this point, lipid accumulation with an imbalance from cholesterol influx and efflux, foam cells formation, T-cell activation, cytokines release and matrix-degrading enzymes production occur. Lesions with high inflammatory rate become vulnerable and prone to rupture. Once complicated, the intraplaque thrombogenic material, such as the tissue factor, is exposed to the flowing blood, thus inducing coagulation cascade activation, platelets aggregation and finally intravascular thrombus formation that leads to clinical manifestations of this disease. Nonconventional risk factors, such as gut microbiome, are emerging novel markers of atherosclerosis. Several data indicate that gut microbiota may play a causative role in formation, progression and complication of atherosclerotic lesions. The gut dysbiosis-related inflammation and gut microbiota-derived metabolites have been proposed as the main working hypothesis in contributing to disease formation and progression. The current evidence suggest that the conventional and nonconventional risk factors may modulate the degree of inflammation of the atherosclerotic lesion, thus influencing its final fate. Based on this hypothesis, targeting inflammation seems to be a promising approach to further improve our management of atherosclerotic-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
| | | | - Salvatore De Rosa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro
| | - Arturo Cesaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. 'Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano', Caserta
| | - Marco A Perrone
- Department of Cardiology and CardioLab, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome
| | | | | | - Alberto Aimo
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna
| | - Roberto Pedrinelli
- Critical Care Medicine-Cardiology Division, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa
| | - Giuseppe Mercuro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi, Cagliari
| | | | - Pasquale Perrone Filardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro
| | - Maurizio Coronelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Huang P. Proanthocyanidins may be potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of carotid atherosclerosis: A review. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231167314. [PMID: 37096349 PMCID: PMC10134127 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231167314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease is one of the major causes of death in China, with associated serious risk of disability and burden on society and families. Therefore, the development of active and effective therapeutic drugs for this disease is of great significance. Proanthocyanidins are a class of naturally occurring active substances, rich in hydroxyl groups and from a wide range of sources. Studies have suggested that they have a strong potential for anti-atherosclerosis activity. In this paper, we review published evidence regarding anti-atherosclerotic effects of proanthocyanidins in different atherosclerotic research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Huang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, No. 173 TaiShan North Road, DeYang, Sichuan 618000, China
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8
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Yang XF, Liu X, Yan XY, Shang DJ. Effects of frog skin peptide temporin-1CEa and its analogs on ox-LDL induced macrophage-derived foam cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1139532. [PMID: 37021059 PMCID: PMC10067733 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1139532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Atherosclerosis is one of the most important pathological foundations of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Studies have shown that macrophages play important roles in lipid accumulation in the vascular wall and thrombosis formation in atherosclerotic plaques. This study aimed to explore the effect of frog skin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) temporin-1CEa and its analogs on ox-LDL induced macrophage-derived foam cells.Methods: CCK-8, ORO staining, and intracellular cholesterol measurements were used to study cellular activity, lipid droplet formation and cholesterol levels, respectively. ELISA, real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting and flow cytometry analysis were used to study the expression of inflammatory factors, mRNA and proteins associated with ox-LDL uptake and cholesterol efflux in macrophage-derived foam cells, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of AMPs on inflammation signaling pathways were studied.Results: Frog skin AMPs could significantly increase the cell viability of the ox-LDL-induced foaming macrophages and decrease the formation of intracellular lipid droplets and the levels of total cholesterol and cholesterol ester (CE). Frog skin AMPs inhibited foaming formation by reducing the protein expression of CD36, which regulates ox-LDL uptake but had no effect on the expression of efflux proteins ATP binding cassette subfamily A/G member 1 (ABCA1/ABCG1). Then, decreased mRNA expression of NF-κB and protein expression of p-NF-κB p65, p-IκB, p-JNK, p-ERK, p-p38 and the release of TNF-α and IL-6 occurred after exposure to the three frog skin AMPs.Conclusion: Frog skin peptide temporin-1CEa and its analogs can improve the ox-LDL induced formation of macrophage-derived foam cells, in addition, inhibit inflammatory cytokine release through inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Yang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yan
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - De-Jing Shang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: De-Jing Shang,
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Millar B, de Gaetano M. Posing the rationale for synthetic lipoxin mimetics as an adjuvant treatment to gold standard atherosclerosis therapies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125858. [PMID: 36865918 PMCID: PMC9971729 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive, multifactorial inflammatory, and dyslipidaemic disease, responsible for the majority of cardiovascular diseases globally. The chronic inflammation is the main driver of the initiation and progression of such disease, as a result of an imbalanced lipid metabolism and an ineffective immune response to attenuate the inflammatory component. The importance of inflammation resolution is being increasingly recognised in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. It has a complex mechanism consisting of multiple stages, including restoring an effective removal of apoptotic bodies (efferocytosis) and their degradation (effero-metabolism), a macrophage phenotype switching towards resolving phenotypes, and the promotion of tissue healing and regeneration. The low-grade inflammation associated with atherosclerosis development is a driving force in disease exacerbation, and hence inflammation resolution is a key area of research. In this review, we explore the complex disease pathogenesis and its many contributing factors to gain a greater understanding of the disease and identify the current and potential therapeutic targets. First-line treatments and their efficacy will also be discussed in detail, to highlight the emerging field of resolution pharmacology. Despite the great efforts made by current gold-standard treatments, such as lipid-lowering and glucose-lowering drugs, they remain ineffective at tackling residual inflammatory risk and residual cholesterol risk. Resolution pharmacology represents a new era of atherosclerosis therapy, as endogenous ligands associated with inflammation resolution are exploited for their pharmacological benefits in a more potent and longer-acting manner. Novel FPR2-agonists, such as synthetic lipoxin analogues, provide an exciting new approach to enhance the pro-resolving response of the immune system and subsequently end the pro-inflammatory response to allow for an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving environment for tissue healing, regeneration, and return to homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden Millar
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Wu Q, Lv Q, Liu X, Ye X, Cao L, Wang M, Li J, Yang Y, Li L, Wang S. Natural compounds from botanical drugs targeting mTOR signaling pathway as promising therapeutics for atherosclerosis: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1083875. [PMID: 36744254 PMCID: PMC9894899 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1083875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Hence, the mechanisms of AS are still being explored. A growing compendium of evidence supports that the activity of the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is highly correlated with the risk of AS. The mTOR signaling pathway contributes to AS progression by regulating autophagy, cell senescence, immune response, and lipid metabolism. Various botanical drugs and their functional compounds have been found to exert anti- AS effects by modulating the activity of the mTOR signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of AS based on the mTOR signaling pathway from the aspects of immune response, autophagy, cell senescence, and lipid metabolism, and comb the recent advances in natural compounds from botanical drugs to inhibit the mTOR signaling pathway and delay AS development. This review will provide a new perspective on the mechanisms and precision treatments of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyu Lv
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao’an Liu
- Capital University of Medical, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Ye
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Cao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manshi Wang
- Beijing Xicheng District Guangwai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junjia Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingtian Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shihan Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Shihan Wang,
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Norling LV, Halade GV. Helpful inflammation turned harmful in non-communicable diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 67:102317. [PMID: 36368209 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy V Norling
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London, UK.
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL, USA
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