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Xu X, Liu R, Li Y, Zhang C, Guo C, Zhu J, Dong J, Ouyang L, Momeni MR. Spinal Cord Injury: From MicroRNAs to Exosomal MicroRNAs. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5974-5991. [PMID: 38261255 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an unfortunate experience that may generate extensive sensory and motor disabilities due to the destruction and passing of nerve cells. MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that do not code for proteins but instead serve to regulate protein synthesis by targeting messenger RNA's expression. After SCI, secondary damage like apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy occurs, and differentially expressed microRNAs show a function in these procedures. Almost all animal and plant cells release exosomes, which are sophisticated formations of lipid membranes. These exosomes have the capacity to deliver significant materials, such as proteins, RNAs and lipids, to cells in need, regulating their functions and serving as a way of communication. This new method offers a fresh approach to treating spinal cord injury. Obviously, the exosome has the benefit of conveying the transported material across performing regulatory activities and the blood-brain barrier. Among the exosome cargoes, microRNAs, which modulate their mRNA targets, show considerable promise in the pathogenic diagnosis, process, and therapy of SCI. Herein, we describe the roles of microRNAs in SCI. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of exosomal microRNAs in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xu
- Spinal Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Ruyin Liu
- Spinal Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Spinal Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Chuanghao Guo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jiong Zhu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jiaan Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Liyun Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11700, Malaysia.
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Hu Q, Li Y, Lin Z, Zhang H, Chen H, Chao C, Zhao C. The Molecular Biological Mechanism of Hydrogen Therapy and Its Application in Spinal Cord Injury. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:1399-1414. [PMID: 38707612 PMCID: PMC11068043 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s463177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen, which is a novel biomedical molecule, is currently the subject of extensive research involving animal experiments and in vitro cell experiments, and it is gradually being applied in clinical settings. Hydrogen has been proven to possess anti-inflammatory, selective antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects, thus exhibiting considerable protective effects in various diseases. In recent years, several studies have provided preliminary evidence for the protective effects of hydrogen on spinal cord injury (SCI). This paper provides a comprehensive review of the potential molecular biology mechanisms of hydrogen therapy and its application in treating SCI, with an aim to better explore the medical value of hydrogen and provide new avenues for the adjuvant treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an City, Shandong, 271000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingxiao Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an City, Shandong, 271000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaochen Lin
- Hydrogen Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an City, Shandong, 271000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medical Center, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an City, Shandong, 271000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyue Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medical Center, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an City, Shandong, 271000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cui Chao
- Hydrogen Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an City, Shandong, 271000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanliang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai’an City, Shandong, 271000, People’s Republic of China
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Gómez-Lahoz AM, Girón SH, Sanz JM, Fraile-Martínez O, Garcia-Montero C, Jiménez DJ, de Leon-Oliva D, Ortega MA, Atienza-Perez M, Diaz D, Lopez-Dolado E, Álvarez-Mon M. Abnormal Characterization and Distribution of Circulating Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury According to the Period of Evolution. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040617. [PMID: 37106817 PMCID: PMC10135522 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a progressive and complex neurological disorder accompanied by multiple systemic challenges. Peripheral immune dysfunction is a major event occurring after SCI, especially in its chronic phase. Previous works have demonstrated significant changes in different circulating immune compartments, including in T cells. However, the precise characterization of these cells remains to be fully unraveled, particularly when considering important variants such as the time since the initial injury. In the present work, we aimed to study the level of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) in SCI patients depending on the duration of evolution. For this purpose, we studied and characterized peripheral Tregs from 105 patients with chronic SCI using flow cytometry, with patients classified into three major groups depending on the time since initial injury: short period chronic (SCI-SP, <5 years since initial injury); early chronic (SCI-ECP, from 5-15 years post-injury) and late chronic SCI (SCI-LCP, more than 15 years post-injury. Our results show that both the SCI-ECP and SCI-LCP groups appeared to present increased proportions of CD4+ CD25+/low Foxp3+ Tregs in comparison to healthy subjects, whereas a decreased number of these cells expressing CCR5 was observed in SCI-SP, SCI-ECP, and SCI-LCP patients. Furthermore, an increased number of CD4+ CD25+/high/low Foxp3 with negative expression of CD45RA and CCR7 was observed in SCI-LCP patients when compared to the SCI-ECP group. Taken together, these results deepen our understanding of the immune dysfunction reported in chronic SCI patients and how the time since initial injury may drive this dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Gómez-Lahoz
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Haro Girón
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Monserrat Sanz
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cielo Garcia-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego J Jiménez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego de Leon-Oliva
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Atienza-Perez
- Service of Rehabilitation, National Hospital for Paraplegic Patients, Carr. de la Peraleda, S/N, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - David Diaz
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Lopez-Dolado
- Service of Rehabilitation, National Hospital for Paraplegic Patients, Carr. de la Peraleda, S/N, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Service of Internal Medicine and Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, (CIBEREHD), 28806 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Reber L, Tan NSW, Meade MA, Forchheimer M, Tate DG, Clarke P. Arbiters of Time: The Experience of Adults Aging with Spinal Cord Injury. JOURNAL OF AGEING AND LONGEVITY 2023; 3:10.3390/jal3010005. [PMID: 38529020 PMCID: PMC10961950 DOI: 10.3390/jal3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Time is a fundamental component of our lives. It is both objective, a structure outside of ourselves, and subjective, an element that is relative to the life we live and how we experience it. The disabled body must come to terms with time to understand the future impact of the injury and its progression, as well as how the injury will impose a new more accelerated aging process in the body, resulting in a compressed lifespan. The body also challenges time's control of the body. This paper extends the literature on the study of time to the experience of adults aging with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Drawing from interviews conducted with adults with long-term SCI, it examines how their narratives about aging and the proactive management of their lives reflect their orientation toward and anticipation of the future. Recognizing that the spoken word often carries a multiplicity of meanings, it considers what participants' words might imply about their engagement with time. The results of this study show that the process of aging is characterized by uncertainty and the expectations of functional and health decline, requiring a sense of urgency and vigilance in the face of the uncertain course of aging with SCI. Participants understood that their lifespan was compressed due to the physiological impact of accelerated aging. Knowledge of this compression made time a scarce resource. Yet, despite it being the arbiters of their futures, so too were they the arbiters of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Reber
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Nasya S. W. Tan
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michelle A. Meade
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Martin Forchheimer
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Denise G. Tate
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Philippa Clarke
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
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