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Sun Y, Kinsella EL, Igou ER. On Cultural Differences of Heroes: Evidence From Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024; 50:841-856. [PMID: 36727610 PMCID: PMC11080389 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221150238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Building on earlier research that examined the characteristics people associate with heroes, our research examined similarities and differences of the hero stereotype across cultures. Specifically, in Study 1 (N = 209) and Study 2 (N = 298), we investigated lay perceptions of heroes among participants from a collectivistic culture. In Study 3 (N = 586), we examined whether group membership could be determined by participants' centrality ratings of the combined set of hero features. In Study 4 (N = 197), we tested whether the hero features that distinguish American and Chinese participants, when used to describe a target person, influence the impression that the target person is a hero. In Study 5 (N = 158) and Study 6 (N = 591), we investigated cultural differences in perceptions of different types of heroes (e.g., social, martial, civil) and the influence of individualism and collectivism on the perception of those heroes.
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Toner J, Jones L, Fairs L, Mantis C, Barkoukis V, Daroglou G, Perry JL, Micle AV, Theodorou NC, Shakhverdieva S, Stoicescu M, Pompiliu-Nicolae C, Vesic MV, Dikic N, Andjelkovic M, Revilla JMG, García-Grimau E, Martínez MAE, Amigo JA, Schomöller A, Nicholls AR. Qualitative analysis of the factors associated with whistleblowing intentions among athletes from six European countries. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1335258. [PMID: 38774279 PMCID: PMC11106842 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1335258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Although whistleblowing is thought to represent an effective mechanism for detecting and uncovering doping in sport, it has yet to become a widely adopted practice. Understanding the factors that encourage or discourage whistleblowing is of vital importance for the promotion of this practice and the development of pedagogical material to enhance the likelihood of whistleblowing. The current study employed a qualitative methodology to explore the personal and organisational factors that underpin intentions to blow the whistle or that may lead to engagement in whistleblowing behaviours in sport. Thirty-three competitive athletes across a range of sports took part in a semi-structured interview which sought to explore what they would do should they encounter a doping scenario. Content analysis revealed that whistleblowing is a dynamic process characterised by the interaction of a range of personal and organisational factors in determining the intention to report PED use. These factors included moral reasoning, a desire to keep the matter "in-house", perceived personal costs, institutional attitudes to doping, and social support. Analysis revealed a number of "intervening events", including a perceived lack of organisational protection (e.g., ethical leadership) within some sporting sub-cultures, which present an important obstacle to whistleblowing. The intention to report doping was underpinned by a "fairness-loyalty trade-off" which involved athletes choosing to adhere to either fairness norms (which relate to a sense that all people and groups are treated equally) or loyalty norms (which reflect preferential treatment towards an in-group) when deciding whether they would blow the whistle. The promotion of fairness norms that emphasise a group's collective interests might encourage athletes to view whistleblowing as a means of increasing group cohesiveness and effectiveness and thereby increase the likelihood of this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Toner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Jones
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Fairs
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Constantine Mantis
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Barkoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Garyfallia Daroglou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John L. Perry
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Marius Stoicescu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Pompiliu-Nicolae
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Nenad Dikic
- Anti-doping Agency of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Sports Medicine Associations of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | - Javier A. Amigo
- Comisión Española para la Lucha Antidopaje en el Deporte (CELAD), Spain
| | - Anne Schomöller
- International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam Robert Nicholls
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Budak O, Filiz M. The moderating role of work experience in the effect of ethical culture on whistleblowing in healthcare professionals and the effect of organizational trust on whistleblowing. ENFERMERIA CLINICA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2024:S2445-1479(24)00027-4. [PMID: 38642839 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcle.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the moderator role of work experience in the impact of ethical culture perceptions of healthcare professionals on their whistleblowing tendencies. It is also to reveal the effect of organizational trust on whistleblowing. METHODS The population of the study consists of health personnel working in the public or private sector in Turkey. The sample of the study consists of 481 health workers who voluntarily participated in the survey. Data were collected using the convenience sampling technique. In collecting data, whistleblowing, organizational trust, and ethical culture scales were used. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, correlation analysis, and path analysis in the structural equation model were performed. RESULTS The findings reveal that organizational trust has an impact on ethical culture and that some sub-components of organizational trust and ethical culture have an impact on whistleblowing. In addition, it has been determined that the group of health professionals with low work experience has a moderating role in the effect of applicability on internal whistleblowing. CONCLUSION To handle the whistleblowing mechanism internally in health institutions, it is important to clearly show the ethical rules to the employees. On the other hand, it has been seen that the professional experiences of the employees can be used as a tool for whistleblowing to work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olkan Budak
- Istanbul Atlas University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Filiz
- Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Health Institutions Management and Organization, Artvin, Turkey
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Abraham J, Mangapul CJ, Amaniputri DN, Manurung RH, Ispurwanto W. Intention to whistleblow: Perception of reporting skill mediates the predicting role of class consciousness and perceived probability of revenge. F1000Res 2023; 12:1566. [PMID: 38434655 PMCID: PMC10904998 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.142265.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A number of corruption cases would never have been revealed without the role of the whistleblower. Whistleblowers - as people who know about corruption incidents in their environment - are social capital in preventing and eradicating corruption. For this reason, it is urgent to know the configuration of psychological predictors of a person's intention to carry out whistleblowing. Methods Predictive correlational design with a mediation analysis was used in this study. The participants of this study were 374 Indonesians (187 males, 187 females; M age = 25.61 years old; SD age = 6.78 years). Results The results showed that perception of reporting skill can mediate the predicting relationship between class consciousness, perceived probability of revenge, and intention to blow the whistle. Conclusions Class consciousness and perceived probability of retaliation might encourage someone to feel competent to blow the whistle - or improve their reporting skill - to carry out whistleblowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juneman Abraham
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
| | - Christian Jeremia Mangapul
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
| | | | - Rudi Hartono Manurung
- Japanese Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
| | - Wing Ispurwanto
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
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Stanley ML, Neck CB, Neck CP. Loyal workers are selectively and ironically targeted for exploitation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dodson SJ, Goodwin RD, Graham J, Diekmann KA. Moral Foundations, Himpathy, and Punishment Following Organizational Sexual Misconduct Allegations. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2022.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
We build on deontic justice and moral foundations theories to shed light on responses to sexual misconduct at work by proposing a model that explains why some third parties punish accusing victims and support alleged perpetrators. We theorize that when third parties are given conflicting he-said, she-said information, they intuitively evaluate organizational injustice based on moral values. We further theorize that binding moral foundations (loyalty, authority, purity) give rise to sympathy toward men accused of sexual misconduct and anger toward female accusers. Across five studies (total n = 5,413) utilizing archival, field, and vignette designs, we examined third-party responses to sexual misconduct accusations ranging in severity across several industries. Third-party endorsement of binding moral foundations was linked to increased perpetrator-directed sympathy and victim-directed anger (Studies 1–4). These emotions jointly mediated the relationship between binding values and credibility perceptions of the accusing victim and the alleged perpetrator (Studies 2 and 3). Moreover, victim credibility was negatively associated with social sanctions and punishment severity levied toward the accusing victim, and perpetrator credibility was negatively associated with the same punishment outcomes for the alleged perpetrator (Studies 3 and 4). In Study 5, we found that managers framing the accusing victim as disloyal exacerbated negative judgments and emotions toward the victim and positive judgments and emotions toward the perpetrator for individuals who highly ascribe to binding moral foundations. We discuss the theoretical contributions and practical implications of moral concerns on third parties’ emotions, judgments, and motivations to punish actors involved in sexual misconduct allegations. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1652 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Dodson
- Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Rachael D. Goodwin
- Martin J. Whitman School of Management, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Jesse Graham
- David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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Effron DA, Helgason BA. Moral inconsistency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Kleinewiese J. Ethnic discrimination in neighborhood ingroup-outgroup encounters: Reducing threat-perception and increasing fairness as possible solutions. FRONTIERS IN HUMAN DYNAMICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fhumd.2022.1038252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Research on discriminating behavior against ethnic minorities in everyday situations is still a rather under-researched field, since most prior research on ethnic discrimination focuses on housing markets, job markets, criminal justice, institutions or discourses. This article contributes toward filling the research-gap on everyday discrimination by bringing together prior research from sociology and social-psychology, including threat and competition theories from integration research, social identity theory, particularism-universalism theory and experimental findings on fairness norms. It conceptually advances the field by combining them into an integrated interdisciplinary approach that can examine discriminating behavior in everyday situations. This approach studies the dynamics of ingroup-outgroup relationships, fairness norms and threat in regard to negative behavior toward others (e.g., a neighbor). In particular, it focusses on the dynamics under which negative behavior is more likely toward an ethnic outgroup-person than an ingroup-person (i.e., discriminating behavior). To scrutinize the expectations derived within this framework, a factorial survey experiment was designed, implemented and analyzed (by means of multilevel mixed-effects linear regressions and average marginal effects). The survey experiment presents a hypothetical scenario between two neighbors in order to measure the effects and dynamics of ingroup-outgroup relationships, fairness norms and threat on behavior. While no significant outgroup-effect can be found in the general analysis of the main effects, more in-depth analyses show an interplay of situational cues: Outgroup-discriminating behavior becomes significantly more likely when the “actor” has low general fairness norms and/or when threat-level in a situation is low. These results foreground the importance of interdisciplinary in-depth analyses of dynamics for understanding the conditions under which discriminating behavior takes place in everyday situations—and for deriving measures that can reduce discrimination.
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Pacilli MG, Giovannelli I, Spaccatini F, Pagliaro S, Brambilla M, Barreto M, Sacchi S. Heroes or traitors? Perception of whistleblowers depends on the self-relevance of the group being reported. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221123923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Whistleblowing is the action by which members of an organization report misconduct that occurs within their group to other persons inside or outside the organization. In the present research, we examined perception of whistleblowers in terms of global impressions, emotions, and behavioural intentions. Study 1 reveals negative reactions to whistleblowers, while Study 2 shows positive reactions to whistleblowers. To reconcile these findings, Study 3 varies the self-relevance of the context and reveals that whistleblowers are derogated when the context is highly self-relevant (as in Study 1) and positively evaluated when it is not (as in Study 2). Across the studies, we also show that emotions and the subjective importance of loyalty and fairness influence the evaluation of whistleblowers. Our findings help unveiling the conditions in which whistleblowers are alternatively regarded as heroes or traitors, depending on the perceivers’ point of view.
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Lieder F, Prentice M, Corwin‐Renner ER. An interdisciplinary synthesis of research on understanding and promoting well‐doing. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Lieder
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Tübingen Germany
| | - Mike Prentice
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Tübingen Germany
| | - Emily R. Corwin‐Renner
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
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Le BM, Chopik WJ, Shimshock CJ, Chee PX. When the truth helps and when it hurts: How honesty shapes well-being. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 46:101397. [PMID: 35820222 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite honesty being valued in many settings, there is some ambiguity regarding the conditions under which it is beneficial or harmful for individual and relational well-being. We review and evaluate current work linking honesty to well-being. Specifically, we highlight and distinguish associations between honesty and different types of well-being within people, between people, and among broader groups, organizations, and societies. Importantly, we provide additional context that explains why honesty is not universally associated with greater well-being-and how it may even incur costs for individuals. We provide suggestions for future directions for moving toward a more holistic understanding of honesty and the ways in which honesty can be used to understand individual and relational functioning.
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Julián M, Bonavia T. Students' Perceptions of University Corruption in a Spanish Public University: A Path Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:842345. [PMID: 35519633 PMCID: PMC9066151 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.842345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most research on corruption in educational settings has focused on a cross-national and macro-level analysis; however, to our knowledge, few papers have sought to explore individual perceptions that explain corruption in higher education. The present research aimed to disentangle students’ predictors of corrupt intention in a Spanish public university. A total of 933 undergraduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. students filled out an online survey measuring four corruption scenarios: favoritism, bribery, fraud, and embezzlement. Path analysis (PA) revealed that justifiability, risk perception, and perceived prevalence of corruption were significant factors in predicting corrupt intention. Moreover, willingness to report a corrupt act was predicted by corrupt intention, justifiability, and risk perception. Corrupt behavior is a complex phenomenon explained not only by peers’ behavior, but also by their individual justifications and perception of risk. Education is not free of corruption, and universities must address this urgent problem in order to avoid future economic, societal, and ethical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Julián
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tomas Bonavia
- Department of Social Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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The devil his due: Psychohistory and psychosocial studies. PSYCHOANALYSIS, CULTURE & SOCIETY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8330186 DOI: 10.1057/s41282-021-00223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper revisits and reevaluates the Eriksonian branch of psycho-historians, whose academic influence peaked in the early 1970s before falling largely out of sight by the start of the twenty-first century. Why did what I argue was an unwarranted eclipse occur? The foremost figures in this loose grouping were Erikson himself, Robert J. Lifton, Kenneth Keniston, and Robert Coles. What can the comparatively new field of psychosocial studies usefully learn and integrate from these mostly neglected predecessors? I examine how this widespread academic amnesia set in and explain the relevance of the Eriksonian tradition, relate ways in which psycho-historians trailblazed psychosocial studies, address the importance of an intrinsic “activist ingredient” in such ventures, and argue that both psychohistory and psychosocial studies stand to benefit greatly from such an intellectual exchange.
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Lazuras L, Barkoukis V, Bondarev D, Ntovolis Y, Bochaver K, Theodorou N, Bingham K. Whistleblowing Against Doping Misconduct in Sport: A Reasoned Action Perspective With a Focus on Affective and Normative Processes. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 43:285-297. [PMID: 34010806 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Whistleblowing against doping misconduct represents an effective deterrent of doping use in elite competitive sport. The present study assessed the effects of social cognitive variables on competitive athletes' intentions to report doping misconduct. A second objective was to assess whether the effects of social norms on whistleblowing intentions were mediated by actor prototype evaluations and group identification and orientation. In total, 1,163 competitive athletes from Greece, Russia, and the United Kingdom completed a questionnaire on demographics, past behavior, social cognitive variables, and intentions toward whistleblowing. Regression analyses showed that whistleblowing intentions were associated with different social cognitive variables in each country. Multiple mediation modeling showed that attitudes and subjective norms were associated with whistleblowing intentions indirectly, via the effects of anticipated negative affect and group identification and orientation, respectively. The findings of this study are novel and have important implications about the social, cognitive, and normative processes underlying decision making toward reporting doping misconduct.
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Does whistleblowing framework influence earnings management? An empirical investigation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISCLOSURE AND GOVERNANCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1057/s41310-020-00078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marshall J, Mermin-Bunnell K, Bloom P. Developing judgments about peers' obligation to intervene. Cognition 2020; 201:104215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yan J, Erasmus SW, Aguilera Toro M, Huang H, van Ruth SM. Food fraud: Assessing fraud vulnerability in the extra virgin olive oil supply chain. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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The power of moral concerns in predicting whistleblowing decisions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Anvari F, Wenzel M, Woodyatt L, Haslam SA. The social psychology of whistleblowing: An integrated model. ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2041386619849085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Whistleblowing is the disclosure of ingroup wrongdoing to an external agency and can have important functions for the regulation of moral and legal conduct. Organizational research has focused largely on the impact of individual and organizational factors, while overlooking the role of group memberships and associated social identities. Further, social psychologists have so far paid little attention to this phenomenon, or else have tended to subsume it within analysis of dissent. To address these lacunae, we present a psychological model of whistleblowing that draws on social identity theorizing (after Tajfel & Turner, 1979). This model describes when and how social identities and different forms of power motivate group members to respond to ingroup wrongdoing by engaging in whistleblowing. Our review of the literature points to the model’s ability to integrate existing evidence while providing direction for future research. We also discuss the model’s capacity to inform whistleblowing policy and procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Anvari
- Flinders University, Australia
- University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Moore AK, Munguia Gomez DM, Levine EE. Everyday dilemmas: New directions on the judgment and resolution of benevolence–integrity dilemmas. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma E. Levine
- The University of Chicago Booth School of Business United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review critically evaluates recent claims that infants have innate knowledge of morality and examines the sources of moral norms. RECENT FINDINGS Many studies show that toddlers readily help adults with daily tasks. A more contentious set of studies suggests that young infants prefer actors who help others to those who hinder them. Some researchers have interpreted these findings as indicating that morality is innately present in humans. Others look to alternative explanations in developmental systems theory. SUMMARY Explaining the emergence of morality as innate, or wholly socialized, is problematic; instead morality could emerge in a developmental system in which children's early capacities are shaped by interpersonal engagement. Children's improving ability to coordinate with others at a practical level is later transformed through language and reflective thought, as children gain the ability to talk about what was previously implicit in interaction. Throughout, parents and caregivers have many opportunities to foster children's moral development in daily interactions.
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