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Meijerink-Bosman M, Back M, Geukes K, Leenders R, Mulder J. Discovering trends of social interaction behavior over time: An introduction to relational event modeling : Trends of social interaction. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:997-1023. [PMID: 35538294 PMCID: PMC10126021 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Real-life social interactions occur in continuous time and are driven by complex mechanisms. Each interaction is not only affected by the characteristics of individuals or the environmental context but also by the history of interactions. The relational event framework provides a flexible approach to studying the mechanisms that drive how a sequence of social interactions evolves over time. This paper presents an introduction of this new statistical framework and two of its extensions for psychological researchers. The relational event framework is illustrated with an exemplary study on social interactions between freshmen students at the start of their new studies. We show how the framework can be used to study: (a) which predictors are important drivers of social interactions between freshmen students who start interacting at zero acquaintance; (b) how the effects of predictors change over time as acquaintance increases; and (c) the dynamics between the different settings in which students interact. Findings show that patterns of interaction developed early in the freshmen student network and remained relatively stable over time. Furthermore, clusters of interacting students formed quickly, and predominantly within a specific setting for interaction. Extraversion predicted rates of social interaction, and this effect was particularly pronounced on the weekends. These results illustrate how the relational event framework and its extensions can lead to new insights on social interactions and how they are affected both by the interacting individuals and the dynamic social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlyne Meijerink-Bosman
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037, AB, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Mitja Back
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Geukes
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Roger Leenders
- Department of Organization Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Mulder
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037, AB, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Jheronimus Academy of Data Science, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
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Boytos AS, Costabile KA. Social Influence and Autobiographical Recall: Shared Reality and Epistemic Trust Shape Perceptions of Autobiographical Events. SOCIAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.5.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments studied the evaluative adaptation process at the outset of a communication event to examine how autobiographical memory could be shaped by audience attitude, shared reality, and epistemic trust. Experiment 1 found that audience attitude influenced communicator perceptions of their own autobiographical memories and attitudes toward the memory topic. These effects were more pronounced when communicators experienced a shared reality with their audience. Experiment 2 found that epistemic trust in the audience increased shared reality with the audience, which in turn led to greater audience-congruent memory bias in which communicators had memory perceptions and attitudes that were evaluatively consistent with the attitudes of their audience. This project underscores the prevalence of social influence processes in autobiographical recall and identifies how processes that occur at the initial stages of interpersonal communication (i.e., perceived audience attitude, trust, and shared reality) can influence how individuals construe their own life events.
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Pinelli F, Davachi L, Higgins ET. Shared Reality Effects of Tuning Messages to Multiple Audiences. SOCIAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study explores how communicating with audiences who hold opposite opinions about a target person can lead to a biased recall of the target's behaviors depending on whom a shared reality is created with. By extending the standard “saying-is-believing” paradigm to the case of two audiences with opposite attitudes toward a target person, we found that communicators evaluatively tune their message to the attitude of each audience. Still, their later recall of the target's behavior is biased toward the audience's attitude only for the audience with whom they created a shared reality. Shared reality creation was manipulated by receiving feedback that, based on the communicator's message, an audience was either able (success) or unable (failure) to successfully identify the target person, with the former creating a shared reality. These results highlight the importance of shared reality creation for subsequent recall when communicating with multiple audiences on a topic.
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Stone CB, Guan L, LaBarbera G, Ceren M, Garcia B, Huie K, Stump C, Wang Q. Why do people share memories online? An examination of the motives and characteristics of social media users. Memory 2022; 30:1-15. [PMID: 35193451 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTSocial media has become one of the most powerful and ubiquitous means by which individuals curate and share their life stories with the world at large. Not surprisingly then, researchers have started to examine the reasons why individuals post personal memories on social media and said individuals' characteristics. Across two studies, we extended this line of research by further testing the Purposes of Online Memory Sharing Scale (POMSS) and its subscales: self, social, therapeutic and directive. Additionally, we examined which of these motives led college students (Study 1) and adults of a community sample (Study 2) to post personal memories on social media and whether said motives were associated with the individuals' psychological characteristics. Overall, the results revealed that emerging adults and older adults posted personal experiences on social media primarily for social reasons. We also found that extraversion, disclosure and social media usage predicted each of the motives for posting personal experiences on social media. In addition, individuals who were more lonely and who had lower self-esteem were more likely to post personal experiences on social media for therapeutic reasons. We discuss these results in terms of their implications towards understanding the mnemonic consequences associated with social media use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Stone
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Li Guan
- Culture & Cognition Lab, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gabriella LaBarbera
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Ceren
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Brandon Garcia
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Huie
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Carissa Stump
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Culture & Cognition Lab, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Boytos AS, Costabile KA, Logan TR. Describing autobiographical memories: Effects of shared reality and audience attitude valence on perceived authenticity and self-esteem. SELF AND IDENTITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2029553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby S. Boytos
- Department of Psychology, Lowa State University, Ames United States
| | | | - Tessa R. Logan
- Department of Psychology, Lowa State University, Ames United States
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Krisnadewi KA, Soewarno N. Optimism and profit-based incentives in cost stickiness: an experimental study. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00187-020-00309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Epistemic Authority in Communication Effects on Memory: Creating Shared Reality with Experts on the Topic. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Emotions signal flaws in the person’s anticipation systems, or in other words, in aspects of models of how the world works. As these models are essentially shared in society, emotional challenges experienced by any individual are of relevance to the community of others. Emotions emerge at the heart of the individual experience, the only place where collective knowledge can be tested against the world. Once felt, emotions generate a cascade of psychological facts: compelling concern, cognitive work, social sharing, and propagation of the social sharing. The larger the fault detected, the more intense the emotion, the more intensive the cognitive work it generates, and the broader the social sharing of the episodic information. Through the social sharing of emotions, common knowledge is updated and enriched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Rimé
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université de Louvain, Belgium
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Schmalbach B, Hennemuth L, Echterhoff G. A Tool for Assessing the Experience of Shared Reality: Validation of the German SR-T. Front Psychol 2019; 10:832. [PMID: 31057460 PMCID: PMC6478012 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are highly motivated to achieve shared reality - common inner states (i.e., judgments, opinions, attitudes) with others about a target object. Scholarly interest in the phenomenon has been rapidly growing over the last decade, culminating in the development of a five-item self-report scale for Shared Reality about a Target (SR-T; Schmalbach et al., unpublished). The present study aims to validate the German version of the scale. Individuals can establish shared reality either by receiving social verification (i.e., agreement or confirmation from an interaction partner) or by aligning their inner state with that of their partner. To increase the scope of the present validation, we implemented both pathways of shared-reality creation in three studies (N = 522). Study 1 employed a social judgment task, in which participants assessed ambiguous social situations and received confirming (vs. disconfirming) feedback from their partner. Studies 2 and 3 build on the saying-is-believing paradigm, in which participants align their own evaluation of the target with their partner's judgment. Based on an evaluatively ambiguous description, participants communicated about a target person and later recalled information about the target (Study 2). To further generalize the findings, message production was omitted from the paradigm in Study 3. Overall, the five-item model of the SR-T evinced good fit and reliability. In Study 1, the SR-T reflected experimentally induced differences in commonality of judgments- even when controlling for several related state measures, such as Inclusion of Other in the Self and Need Threat. In Studies 2 and 3, the SR-T predicted participants' evaluative recall bias, which is an established, indirect index of communicators' shared-reality creation. This effect was stronger when participants overtly communicated with their study partner, but it still emerged without overt communication. Across all studies, correlations with related constructs support the convergent validity of the SR-T. In sum, we recommend the use of the SR-T in research on interpersonal processes and communication.
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