1
|
Xu T, Evans MB, Benson AJ. The nature of status: Navigating the varied approaches to conceptualizing and measuring status. ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 14:204-237. [PMID: 38855652 PMCID: PMC11161331 DOI: 10.1177/20413866231220505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Members of small groups fundamentally desire status as status underpins members' self-concept and dictates behavior in groups. Moreover, group members readily orient and update status perceptions that index the social standing of themselves and other members. Yet, our understanding is obscured by variability in how researchers study status. In the current review, we crystallize knowledge regarding the nature of status by characterizing variability in definitions, measures, and analytic frameworks. We advocate a definition of status that draws together attributes of respect, admiration, and voluntary deference. We also distinguish reputational and relational status operationalizations and address implications pertaining to measurement along with downstream decisions involving data management and analysis. We encourage a deliberate approach to ensure congruency in how status is defined, measured, and analyzed within a research program. This review also guides theory and hypothesis generation regarding how status-related processes may vary based on different forms of status or differing contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Xu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - M. Blair Evans
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alex J. Benson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou H, Daud DMBA. Ensuring athlete physical fitness using Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in training environments. Technol Health Care 2024; 32:2599-2618. [PMID: 38578908 DOI: 10.3233/thc-231435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports have been a fundamental component of any culture and legacy for centuries. Athletes are widely regarded as a source of national pride, and their physical well-being is deemed to be of paramount significance. The attainment of optimal performance and injury prevention in athletes is contingent upon physical fitness. Technology integration has implemented Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) to augment the athletic training milieu. OBJECTIVE The present study introduces an approach for assessing athlete physical fitness in training environments: the Internet of Things (IoT) and CPS-based Physical Fitness Evaluation Method (IoT-CPS-PFEM). METHODS The IoT-CPS-PFEM employs a range of IoT-connected sensors and devices to observe and assess the physical fitness of athletes. The proposed methodology gathers information on diverse fitness parameters, including heart rate, body temperature, and oxygen saturation. It employs machine learning algorithms to scrutinize and furnish feedback on the athlete's physical fitness status. RESULTS The simulation findings illustrate the efficacy of the proposed IoT-CPS-PFEM in identifying the physical fitness levels of athletes, with an average precision of 93%. The method under consideration aims to tackle the existing obstacles of conventional physical fitness assessment techniques, including imprecisions, time lags, and manual data-gathering requirements. The approach of IoT-CPS-PFEM provides the benefits of real-time monitoring, precision, and automation, thereby enhancing an athlete's physical fitness and overall performance to a considerable extent. CONCLUSION The research findings suggest that the implementation of IoT-CPS-PFEM can significantly impact the physical fitness of athletes and enhance the performance of the Indian sports industry in global competitions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cabral JC, Garcia CM, Solano M, de Almeida RMM. More than a feeling: Effects of competitive asymmetry on human emotions. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 150:485-511. [PMID: 36579926 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2022.2160427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Competitive interactions have important effects on human emotions. Both victory and defeat can evoke a wide range of emotional reactions, including joy, pride, anger, fear, sadness and shame. However, little is known about what determines this variety of contestants' affective responses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of competitive asymmetry, a common and ecologically relevant feature of animal conflicts, on human emotional responses to winning or losing a contest. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments, the first with high school students (n = 331) and the second with young athletes (n = 73), in which we manipulated the outcomes of successive matches in a non-athletic competition. Thus, by inducing the competitors' scores, ranging from closer to more decisive outcomes, we were able to define the degree of competitive asymmetry in victory and defeat conditions. We then assessed participants' emotional responses to a set of affective stimuli. In the defeat condition, we found in both studies an increase in the occurrence of anger and fear due to more symmetric contests. There were also more frequent reports of shame following more decisive defeats (Experiment 1) and of pride following closer victories (Experiment 2), which were seen neither for sadness nor joy in any of the studies. Supporting our hypothesis, emotional reactions triggered by asymmetries among contestants were consistent with the behavioral patterns commonly seen in symmetric and asymmetric animal conflict, such as dominance/aggressive and defensive/escape behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Centurion Cabral
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
- Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Durkee PK, Lukaszewski AW, Buss DM. Status-impact assessment: is accuracy linked with status motivations? EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2023; 5:e17. [PMID: 37587932 PMCID: PMC10426072 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Status hierarchies are ubiquitous across cultures and have been over deep time. Position in hierarchies shows important links with fitness outcomes. Consequently, humans should possess psychological adaptations for navigating the adaptive challenges posed by living in hierarchically organised groups. One hypothesised adaptation functions to assess, track, and store the status impacts of different acts, characteristics and events in order to guide hierarchy navigation. Although this status-impact assessment system is expected to be universal, there are several ways in which differences in assessment accuracy could arise. This variation may link to broader individual difference constructs. In a preregistered study with samples from India (N = 815) and the USA (N = 822), we sought to examine how individual differences in the accuracy of status-impact assessments covary with status motivations and personality. In both countries, greater overall status-impact assessment accuracy was associated with higher status motivations, as well as higher standing on two broad personality constructs: Honesty-Humility and Conscientiousness. These findings help map broad personality constructs onto variation in the functioning of specific cognitive mechanisms and contribute to an evolutionary understanding of individual differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K. Durkee
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fresno, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Aaron W. Lukaszewski
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - David M. Buss
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Socially aversive dark traits and the drive for social connectedness. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
Pride is a self-conscious emotion, comprised of two distinct facets known as authentic and hubristic pride, and associated with a cross-culturally recognized nonverbal expression. Authentic pride involves feelings of accomplishment and confidence and promotes prosocial behaviors, whereas hubristic pride involves feelings of arrogance and conceit and promotes antisociality. Each facet of pride, we argue, contributes to a distinct means of attaining social rank: Authentic pride seems to promote prestige-a rank based on earned respect-whereas hubristic pride seems to promote dominance-a rank based on aggression and coercion. Both prestige and dominance are effective routes to power and influence in human groups, so both facets of pride are likely to be functional adaptations. Overall, the reviewed research suggests that pride is likely to be a human universal, critical for social relationships and rank attainment across human societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Eric Mercadante
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Ian Hohm
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Landers M, Sznycer D. The evolution of shame and its display. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2022; 4:e45. [PMID: 37588893 PMCID: PMC10426012 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2022.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The shame system appears to be natural selection's solution to the adaptive problem of information-triggered reputational damage. Over evolutionary time, this problem would have led to a coordinated set of adaptations - the shame system - designed to minimise the spread of negative information about the self and the likelihood and costs of being socially devalued by others. This information threat theory of shame can account for much of what we know about shame and generate precise predictions. Here, we analyse the behavioural configuration that people adopt stereotypically when ashamed - slumped posture, downward head tilt, gaze avoidance, inhibition of speech - in light of shame's hypothesised function. This behavioural configuration may have differentially favoured its own replication by (a) hampering the transfer of information (e.g. diminishing audiences' tendency to attend to or encode identifying information - shame camouflage) and/or (b) evoking less severe devaluative responses from audiences (shame display). The shame display hypothesis has received considerable attention and empirical support, whereas the shame camouflage hypothesis has to our knowledge not been advanced or tested. We elaborate on this hypothesis and suggest directions for future research on the shame pose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Landers
- Center for Early Childhood Research, Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Sznycer
- Oklahoma Center for Evolutionary Analysis, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shirai M, Soshi T. Hierarchical memory representation of verbal and nonverbal features for emotion. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Witkower Z, Mercadante E, Tracy JL. The Chicken and Egg of Pride and Social Rank. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022; 13:382-389. [PMID: 35251489 PMCID: PMC8892063 DOI: 10.1177/19485506211023619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has found an association between pride experiences and social rank outcomes. However, the causal direction of this relationship remains unclear. The current research used a longitudinal design (N = 1,653) to investigate whether pride experiences are likely to be a cause, consequence, or both, of social rank outcomes, by tracking changes in individuals' pride and social rank over time. Prior research also has uncovered distinct correlational relationships between the two facets of pride, authentic and hubristic, and two forms of social rank, prestige and dominance, respectively. We therefore separately examined longitudinal relationships between each pride facet and each form of social rank. Results reveal distinct bidirectional relationships between authentic pride and prestige and hubristic pride and dominance, suggesting that specific kinds of pride experiences and specific forms of social rank are both an antecedent and a consequence of one another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Witkower
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Mercadante
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica L. Tracy
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Status conflict in family firms: a multilevel conceptual model. JOURNAL OF FAMILY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jfbm-05-2021-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to integrate status conflict, as a relatively recent and unexplored phenomenon, to the family business literature.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors follow multilevel theory building to develop a multilevel conceptual model of status conflict in family firms (FFs).
Findings
The authors identify the main antecedents, processes and consequences of status conflict at three levels of analysis (individual, family and firm) unique to FFs. Seventeen theoretical propositions at three levels of analysis are presented.
Originality/value
The authors address the need for multilevel research for organisations and multilevel status research, contribute to the under-researched theory of conflicts in FFs and show that the conflict literature, which has predominantly focussed on the individual- and group-level factors, can borrow from the family business literature, which has primarily been oriented to the group- and firm-level factors.
Collapse
|
11
|
Van Cappellen P, Edwards M. Emotion Expression in Context: Full Body Postures of Christian Prayer Orientations Compared to Specific Emotions. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-021-00370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Impact of Spectators’ Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility on Regional Attachment in Sports: Three-Wave Indirect Effects of Spectators’ Pride and Team Identification. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The professional sports events industry is becoming immensely popular due to a global social shift toward larger numbers of spectators at sports events and an ever-increasing variety of such events. This study aimed to investigate the impact of spectators’ perception of corporate social responsibility on regional attachment by applying social identity theory. The present study introduces two mediators, namely, spectators’ pride and team identification, to enlighten the relationship between spectators’ perception of corporate social responsibility and regional attachment, thus contributing to the literature on corporate social responsibility in sports. This quantitative study used a time-lagged approach to collect data in three waves at a time interval of one week and the final sample consisted of 511 respondents (i.e., spectators). Hierarchical regression analysis bootstrapping approach was utilized to analyze the hypothesis. We found that the spectators’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility positively influenced their team identification, and this relationship was mediated by spectators’ pride. In addition, spectators’ pride positively influences regional attachment, and this relationship is mediated by team identification. These findings provide new directions for understanding corporate social responsibility, team identification, spectators’ pride, and regional attachment in sports contexts. The practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
How hierarchy shapes our emotional lives: effects of power and status on emotional experience, expression, and responsiveness. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 33:148-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|