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Miyakoshi M, Archer JA, Wu CY, Nakai T, Chen SHA. Age-Related Changes in Episodic Processing of Scenes: A Functional Activation and Connectivity Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4107. [PMID: 37112449 PMCID: PMC10141112 DOI: 10.3390/s23084107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The posterior-to-anterior shift in aging (PASA) effect is seen as a compensatory model that enables older adults to meet increased cognitive demands to perform comparably as their young counterparts. However, empirical support for the PASA effect investigating age-related changes in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), hippocampus, and parahippocampus has yet to be established. 33 older adults and 48 young adults were administered tasks sensitive to novelty and relational processing of indoor/outdoor scenes in a 3-Tesla MRI scanner. Functional activation and connectivity analyses were applied to examine the age-related changes on the IFG, hippocampus, and parahippocampus among low/high-performing older adults and young adults. Significant parahippocampal activation was generally found in both older (high-performing) and young adults for novelty and relational processing of scenes. Younger adults had significantly greater IFG and parahippocampal activation than older adults, and greater parahippocampal activation compared to low-performing older adults for relational processing-providing partial support for the PASA model. Observations of significant functional connectivity within the medial temporal lobe and greater negative left IFG-right hippocampus/parahippocampus functional connectivity for young compared to low-performing older adults for relational processing also supports the PASA effect partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyakoshi
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Gerontechnology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Ohbu 474-8511, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Chiao-Yi Wu
- Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
| | - Toshiharu Nakai
- Department of Gerontechnology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Ohbu 474-8511, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Dental Radiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
- Institute of NeuroImaging & Informatics, Ohbu 474-8511, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shen-Hsing Annabel Chen
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore;
- Centre for Research and Development in Learning, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637335, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
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Merkin A, Sghirripa S, Graetz L, Smith AE, Hordacre B, Harris R, Pitcher J, Semmler J, Rogasch NC, Goldsworthy M. Do age-related differences in aperiodic neural activity explain differences in resting EEG alpha? Neurobiol Aging 2022; 121:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Don HJ, Davis T, Ray KL, McMahon MC, Cornwall AC, Schnyer DM, Worthy DA. Neural regions associated with gain-loss frequency and average reward in older and younger adults. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 109:247-258. [PMID: 34818618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on the biological basis of reinforcement-learning has focused on how brain regions track expected value based on average reward. However, recent work suggests that humans are more attuned to reward frequency. Furthermore, older adults are less likely to use expected values to guide choice than younger adults. This raises the question of whether brain regions assumed to be sensitive to average reward, like the medial and lateral PFC, also track reward frequency, and whether there are age-based differences. Older (60-81 years) and younger (18-30 years) adults performed the Soochow Gambling task, which separates reward frequency from average reward, while undergoing fMRI. Overall, participants preferred options that provided negative net payoffs, but frequent gains. Older adults improved less over time, were more reactive to recent negative outcomes, and showed greater frequency-related activation in several regions, including DLPFC. We also found broader recruitment of prefrontal and parietal regions associated with frequency value and reward prediction errors in older adults, which may indicate compensation. The results suggest greater reliance on average reward for younger adults than older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Don
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA.
| | - Tyler Davis
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberly L Ray
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Megan C McMahon
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Astin C Cornwall
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David M Schnyer
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Darrell A Worthy
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Previous research has reported reduced efficiency in reactive inhibition, along with reduced brain activations, in older adults. The current study investigated age-related behavioral and neural changes in proactive inhibition, and whether age may influence the relationship between proactive and reactive inhibition. One-hundred-and-forty-nine adults (18 to 72 years) underwent fMRI while performing a stop signal task (SST). Proactive inhibition was defined by the sequential effect, the correlation between the estimated probability of stop signal - p(Stop) - and go trial reaction time (goRT). P(Stop) was estimated trial by trial with a Bayesian belief model; reactive inhibition was defined by the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). Behaviorally the magnitude of sequential effect was not correlated with age, replicating earlier reports of spared proactive control in older adults. Age was associated with greater activations to p(Stop) in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), paracentral lobule, superior parietal lobule, and cerebellum, and activations to goRT in the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG). Granger Causality analysis demonstrated that the PFC Granger caused IOG, with the PFC-IOG connectivity significantly correlated with p(Stop) in older but not younger adults. These findings suggest that the PFC and IOG activations and PFC-IOG connectivity may compensate for proactive control during aging. In contrast, while the activations of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and caudate head to p(Stop) were negatively correlated with SSRT, relating proactive to reactive control, these activities did not vary with age. These findings highlighted distinct neural processes underlying proactive inhibition and limited neural plasticity to support cognitive control in the aging brain.
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Hou F, Liu C, Yu Z, Xu X, Zhang J, Peng CK, Wu C, Yang A. Age-Related Alterations in Electroencephalography Connectivity and Network Topology During n-Back Working Memory Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:484. [PMID: 30574079 PMCID: PMC6291464 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the healthy brain in elders, especially age-associated alterations in cognition, is important to understand the deficits created by Alzheimer's disease (AD), which imposes a tremendous burden on individuals, families, and society. Although, the changes in synaptic connectivity and reorganization of brain networks that accompany aging are gradually becoming understood, little is known about how normal aging affects brain inter-regional synchronization and functional networks when items are held in working memory (WM). According to the classic Sternberg WM paradigm, we recorded multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) from healthy adults (young and senior) in three different conditions, i.e., the resting state, 0-back (control) task, and 2-back task. The phase lag index (PLI) between EEG channels was computed and then weighted and undirected network was constructed based on the PLI matrix. The effects of aging on network topology were examined using a brain connectivity toolbox. The results showed that age-related alteration was more prominent when the 2-back task was engaged, especially in the theta band. For the younger adults, the WM task evoked a significant increase in the clustering coefficient of the beta-band functional connectivity network, which was absent in the older adults. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between the behavioral performance of WM and EEG metrics in the theta and gamma bands, suggesting the potential use of those measures as biomarkers for the evaluation of cognitive training, for instance. Taken together, our findings shed further light on the underlying mechanism of WM in physiological aging and suggest that different EEG frequencies appear to have distinct functional correlates in cognitive aging. Analysis of inter-regional synchronization and topological characteristics based on graph theory is thus an appropriate way to explore natural age-related changes in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhinan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chung-Kang Peng
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Albert Yang
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Niessen E, Fink GR, Hoffmann HEM, Weiss PH, Stahl J. Error detection across the adult lifespan: Electrophysiological evidence for age-related deficits. Neuroimage 2017; 152:517-529. [PMID: 28284803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing age, cognitive control processes steadily decline. Prior research suggests that healthy older adults have a generally intact performance monitoring system, but show specific deficits in error awareness, i.e., the ability to detect committed errors. We examined the neural processing of errors across the adult lifespan (69 participants; age range 20-72 years) by analysing the error (-related) negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe) using an adapted version of the Go/Nogo task. At a stable overall error rate, higher age was associated with a greater proportion of undetected errors. While the Ne/ERN was associated with the processing of errors in general, the Pe amplitude was modulated by detected errors only. Furthermore, the Pe amplitude for detected errors was significantly smaller in older adults, in contrast to the Ne/ERN amplitude which did not show age-related changes. Structural path models suggested that through those age-related changes in Pe amplitude, an indirect effect on the performance was observed. Our results confirm and extend previous extreme-group based findings about specific deficits in error detection associated with higher age using age as a continuous predictor. Age-related reductions in Pe amplitude, associated with more undetected errors, are independent of early error processing, as evidenced by the preserved Ne/ERN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Niessen
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Germany.
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
| | - Heide E M Hoffmann
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Peter H Weiss
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany.
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Porto FHG, Tusch ES, Fox AM, Alperin BR, Holcomb PJ, Daffner KR. One of the most well-established age-related changes in neural activity disappears after controlling for visual acuity. Neuroimage 2016; 130:115-122. [PMID: 26825439 PMCID: PMC4808353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies using a variety of imaging techniques have reported age-related differences in neural activity while subjects carry out cognitive tasks. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to the potential impact of age-associated changes in sensory acuity on these findings. Studies in the visual modality frequently report that their subjects had "normal or corrected- to-normal vision." However, in most cases, there is no indication that visual acuity was actually measured, and it is likely that the investigators relied largely on self-reported visual status of subjects, which is often inaccurate. We investigated whether differences in visual acuity influence one of the most commonly observed findings in the event-related potentials literature on cognitive aging, a reduction in posterior P3b amplitude, which is an index of cognitive decision-making/updating. Well-matched young (n=26) and old adults (n=29) participated in a visual oddball task. Measured visual acuity with corrective lenses was worse in old than young adults. Results demonstrated that the robust age-related decline in P3b amplitude to visual targets disappeared after controlling for visual acuity, but was unaffected by accounting for auditory acuity. Path analysis confirmed that the relationship between age and diminished P3b to visual targets was mediated by visual acuity, suggesting that conveyance of suboptimal sensory data due to peripheral, rather than central, deficits may undermine subsequent neural processing. We conclude that until the relationship between age-associated differences in visual acuity and neural activity during experimental tasks is clearly established, investigators should exercise caution attributing results to differences in cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio H G Porto
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Erich S Tusch
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anne M Fox
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Brittany R Alperin
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Phillip J Holcomb
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Kirk R Daffner
- Laboratory of Healthy Cognitive Aging, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Center for Brain/Mind Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Hsieh S, Wu M, Tang CH. Adaptive Strategies for the Elderly in Inhibiting Irrelevant and Conflict No-Go Trials while Performing the Go/No-Go Task. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 7:243. [PMID: 26779012 PMCID: PMC4701916 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to differentiate whether or not older adults are more prone to distraction or conflict, as induced by irrelevant and conflict no-go stimuli (irNOGO and cfNOGO), respectively. This study also aimed to determine whether or not older adults would devote more effort to withholding a no-go trial in the higher-control demand condition (20% no-go trials' probability) as compared to the lower-control demand condition (50 and 80% no-go trials' probability). A total of 96 individuals were recruited, and each of the three no-go trials' probability conditions included 32 participants (16 younger adults and 16 older adults). Both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were measured. The behavioral results showed that the older adults performed more poorly than the younger adults for the go trials, as reflected by slower reaction times (RTs) and higher numbers of omission errors in the go trials. In contrast, in the no-go trials, the older adults counter-intuitively exhibited similar behavioral performance (i.e., equivalent commission errors) as compared to the younger adults. The ERP data further showed that the older adults (but not the younger adults) exhibited larger P3 peak amplitudes for the irNOGO than cfNOGO trials. Yet, on the other hand, the older adults performed more poorly (i.e., had more commission errors) in the cfNOGO than irNOGO trials. These results seem to suggest that the older adults recruited more control processes in order to conquer the commitment of responses in the no-go trials, especially in the irNOGO trials. This age-related compensatory response of recruiting more control processes was specifically seen in the 20% no-go trial probability condition. This study therefore provides a deeper understanding into how older adults adopt strategies for performing the go/no-go task such as devoting more control processes to inhibiting the irNOGO trials compared to the cfNOGO trials in order to cope with their deficient inhibition ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Hsieh
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Mengyao Wu
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and ManagementKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Tang
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
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Peres MA, Bastos JL, Watt RG, Xavier AJ, Barbato PR, D'Orsi E. Tooth loss is associated with severe cognitive impairment among older people: findings from a population-based study in Brazil. Aging Ment Health 2015; 19:876-84. [PMID: 25407512 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2014.977770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A consistent and low-to-moderate association between markers of oral infection and loss of cognitive function has been demonstrated in the literature. However, such evidence comes from population studies carried out mainly in the USA. OBJECTIVES To assess the association between tooth loss and loss of cognitive function in older people from Southern Brazil, with particular interest on how age may modify such association. In addition, we also test the association between loss of cognition (exposure) and tooth loss (outcome). METHODS Data from a baseline population-based cohort study were cross-sectionally analyzed, including tooth loss, cognitive impairment, sex, income, educational attainment, color/race, smoking status and a range of self-reported chronic diseases. Participants (n = 1705) were 60 years of age and over, from a midsized Southern Brazilian city. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using multivariable logistic and partial ordinal logistic analyses. RESULTS Edentate status was associated (OR 3.3; 95%CI 1.2-9.3) with severe cognitive impairment in the fully adjusted model. Moreover, there was an interaction between number of teeth and age on severe cognitive impairment. A weak association between severe cognitive impairment (exposure) and tooth loss (outcome) was identified after the adjustment for potential covariates. CONCLUSIONS This study lends support to hypothesized association between tooth loss and severe cognitive impairment. Older adults seem to be particularly vulnerable to such effects. However, the bidirectional association between tooth loss and severe cognitive impairment cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Peres
- a Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
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Hakun JG, Zhu Z, Johnson NF, Gold BT. Evidence for reduced efficiency and successful compensation in older adults during task switching. Cortex 2014; 64:352-62. [PMID: 25614233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Older adults often show different functional activation patterns than younger adults in prefrontal cortex (PFC) when performing cognitive control tasks. These differences include age-related increases in PFC activation magnitude and reorganized PFC functional connectivity (fC) patterns. However, it remains unclear whether age-related alterations in brain activation patterns reflect a positive mechanism (e.g., compensatory response) or a sign of brain dysfunction (e.g., reduced efficiency). Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare PFC activation magnitudes and PFC connectivity patterns between younger and older adult groups during performance of a task switching paradigm. Results indicated age-related increases both in PFC activation magnitudes and in PFC fC with inferotemporal (IT) regions. However, these age-related fMRI increases were differentially associated with task performance. Whereas increased PFC activation magnitudes tended to be either unrelated to task RT or associated with poorer task performance, increased PFC-IT connectivity was associated with better task performance in older adults. Our results suggest that age-related reductions in efficiency and successful compensation can co-exist in older adults in the context of the same task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Hakun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zude Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nathan F Johnson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brian T Gold
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Kim EY, Kim KW. A theoretical framework for cognitive and non-cognitive interventions for older adults: stimulation versus compensation. Aging Ment Health 2014; 18:304-15. [PMID: 24354740 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2013.868404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, interest in cognitive training for older adults has grown significantly, reflecting a need for preserving the quality of life into late adulthood. In spite of increasing interest in cognitive rehabilitation, recent meta-analyses have questioned reported training gains and determined that cognitive gain from cognitive training might be no larger than the gain observed from active controls such as unspecific, non-cognitive activities. AIMS This paper presents a theoretical framework for clarifying specificity of cognitive training by exploring mechanisms of current cognitive and non-cognitive interventions for older adults. By differentiating compensatory aspects from the components of specific and non-specific stimulation in current training, two related strategies of interventions for age-related cognitive decline, i.e., stimulation versus compensation, are proposed. OVERVIEW Current interventions for age-related cognitive decline are reviewed in terms of stimulation- and compensation-focused interventions. Stimulation-focused, cognitive and non-cognitive training, with or without specific targets, tend to result in general improvement in attention and sensory or other cognitive functions. Meanwhile, compensation-focused training is likely to be the most effective when the intervention specifically supports the frontally mediating activity in accordance with the direction of indigenous adjustments in the aging brain. CONCLUSIONS It can be inferred that stimulation-focused training is to ameliorate the adverse effects of neurological aging, whereas compensation-focused cognitive training is primarily to facilitate compensatory adaptation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- a Department of Counseling Psychology , Hanyang Cyber University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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12
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Detect AD Patients by Using EEG Coherence Analysis. J Med Eng 2014; 2014:236734. [PMID: 27006929 PMCID: PMC4782614 DOI: 10.1155/2014/236734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to discriminate mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients from the normal aging. The EEG coherence was applied to analyze the data from auditory oddball paradigm to discriminate the differences of corticocortical connections between mild AD patients and healthy subjects. The results showed that the lower values of coherence were performed in mild AD patients than in the normal aging subjects, especially in theta band. The implications and suggestions are shown in this study.
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14
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A multidimensional approach to impulsivity changes in mild Alzheimer’s disease and control participants: Cognitive correlates. Cortex 2013; 49:90-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Applying the Bispectral Analysis on Widespread Diffuse Cross-Frequency Interactive Effects. J Med Eng 2013; 2013:412802. [PMID: 27006913 PMCID: PMC4782632 DOI: 10.1155/2013/412802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is applying the bispectral analysis on widespread diffuse cross-frequency interactive effects. The event-related potentials (ERPs) research method was used in this study and it could collect the widespread diffuse cross-frequency from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients' brain wave. In this study, the brain wave data were collected from 12 MCI subjects, 12 healthy elderly, and 12 healthy young. The findings showed that the decreased interhemispheric coherence of 8.8 Hz for MCI compared with healthy elderly in the central-parietal cortex to respective surrounding sites and each MCI subject showed significantly widespread diffuse pattern of cross-frequency interactions in comparison with the healthy controls in the left central-parietal and right frontal. This study provides some explanation and suggestions for these findings.
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Liu CJ, Huang CF, Chou CY, Kuo WJ, Lin YT, Hung CM, Chen TC, Ho MC. Age- and disease-related features of task-related brain oscillations by using mutual information. Brain Behav 2012; 2:754-62. [PMID: 23170238 PMCID: PMC3500462 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in task-related brain oscillations and corticocortical connections in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and those with normal aging using cross-mutual information (CMI) analysis. We hypothesized that task-related brain oscillations and corticocortical connections were affected by age- and disease-related changes, which could be reflected in the CMI analysis. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were measured in 16 MCI patients, 15 healthy age-matched controls, and 16 healthy younger individuals. The frequencies and interhemispheric CMI data were estimated in all groups. The specific EEG rhythms measured were delta (δ), theta (θ), alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) bands. Significant differences in δ, θ, α, and β bands were observed between the younger and elderly groups. However, only the θ band was significantly different between the elderly and MCI groups. Moreover, this study used EEG recordings to investigate age- and disease-related changes in the corticocortical connections of the brain. This study proves that the θ-band frequency of the connection between the parietal and occipital lobes for the age- and disease-related changes can be depicted using the CMI analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ju Liu
- Graduate Institute of Science Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Kraft E. Cognitive function, physical activity, and aging: possible biological links and implications for multimodal interventions. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2012; 19:248-63. [PMID: 22313174 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2011.645010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows the positive effect of physical activity (PA) on maintaining cognitive function. Both processes seem intrinsically linked to each other. The most likely mechanism is a reciprocal stimulation of neuroplasticity. Based on extensive experimental work on animals and humans, the concept of an enriched environment, including PA and challenging cognitive tasks, has provided the basis to systematically assess possible interventions for successful aging. I will use recent findings on brain mechanisms associated with PA and its effects on higher cognitive function at a systems and molecular level to demonstrate the need to design effective interventions. Such interventions should be designed to take advantage of the presumed compensatory mechanisms of elderly individuals, thereby limiting functional decline in higher cognitive performance in aging people. My review of the most recent relevant publications concerning this topic supports the notion that it is a promising approach to provide cognitive training and PA in conjunction, since the combination may generate synergistic beneficial changes than either one individually. Multimodal training programs should therefore be tested. However, at present there is insufficient evidence to conclude that multimodal interventions are superior to isolated cognitive or physical exercise interventions, since major studies addressing this topic are lacking. These studies are needed to conclusively prove that both strategies will positively interact when used in combined interventions. Finally the use of modern technology for these interventions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Kraft
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Do age-related changes contribute to the flanker effect? Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:960-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hsieh S, Fang W. Elderly adults through compensatory responses can be just as capable as young adults in inhibiting the flanker influence. Biol Psychol 2012; 90:113-26. [PMID: 22445781 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Load-dependent posterior–anterior shift in aging in complex visual selective attention situations. Brain Res 2012; 1454:14-22. [PMID: 22483790 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Schuett S, Zihl J. Does age matter? Age and rehabilitation of visual field disorders after brain injury. Cortex 2012; 49:1001-12. [PMID: 22622434 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Homonymous visual field disorders (HVFD) are frequent and disabling consequences of acquired brain injury, particularly in older age. Their rehabilitation is therefore of great importance. Compensatory oculomotor therapy has been found to be effective in improving the associated functional impairments in reading and visual exploration. But older age is commonly considered to adversely affect practice-dependent functional plasticity and, thus, functional and rehabilitation outcome after acquired brain injury. The effect of age in the compensatory treatment of HVFD, however, has never been investigated hitherto. It remains unknown whether age determines not only patients' functional impairments but also the rehabilitation outcome and the required amount of treatment. We therefore present the first study to determine the effect of age in 38 patients with HVFD receiving compensatory oculomotor treatment for their reading and visual exploration impairments. We investigated whether older patients with HVFD (1) show more pronounced impairments and less spontaneous adaptation, (2) show lesser compensatory treatment-related improvement in reading and visual exploration, and (3) require a higher amount of treatment than younger patients. Our main finding is that older patients achieve the same treatment-induced improvements in reading and visual exploration with the same amount of treatment as younger patients; severity of functional impairment also did not differ between older and younger patients, at least in reading. Age does not seem to be a critical factor determining the functional and rehabilitation outcome in the compensatory treatment of HVFD. Older age per se is not necessarily associated with a decline in practice-dependent functional plasticity and adaptation. To the contrary, the effectiveness of compensatory treatment to reduce the functional impairments to a similar extent in younger and older patients with HVFD adds to the growing evidence for a life-long potential for adaptation to the adverse effects of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schuett
- Institute of Applied Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Ho MC, Huang CF, Chou CY, Lin YT, Shih CS, Wu MT, Hung CM, Liu CJ. Task-related brain oscillations in normal aging. Health (London) 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2012.429118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The literature on the neuroanatomical changes that occur during normal, non-demented aging is reviewed here with an emphasis on the improved accuracy of studies that use stereological techniques. Loss of neural tissue involved in cognition occurs during aging of humans as well as the other mammals that have been examined. There is considerable regional specificity within the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in both the degree and cellular basis for loss. The anatomy of the prefrontal cortex is especially vulnerable to the effects of aging while the major subfields of the hippocampus are not. A loss of neurons, dendrites and synapses has been documented, as well as changes in neurotransmitter systems, in some regions of the cortex and hippocampus but not others. Species differences are also apparent in the cortical white matter and the corpus callosum where there are indications of loss of myelin in humans, but most evidence favors preservation in rats. The examination of whether the course of neuroanatomical aging is altered by hormone replacement in females is just beginning. When hormone replacement is started close to the time of cycle cessation, there are indications in humans and rats that replacement can preserve neural tissue but there is some variability due to the type of hormones and regimen of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Juraska
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois, 603 E Daniel, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA,
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Age-related changes of task-specific brain activity in normal aging. Neurosci Lett 2012; 507:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Worthy DA, Gorlick MA, Pacheco JL, Schnyer DM, Maddox WT. With age comes wisdom: decision making in younger and older adults. Psychol Sci 2011; 22:1375-80. [PMID: 21960248 DOI: 10.1177/0956797611420301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In two experiments, younger and older adults performed decision-making tasks in which reward values available were either independent of or dependent on the previous sequence of choices made. The choice-independent task involved learning and exploiting the options that gave the highest rewards on each trial. In this task, the stability of the expected reward for each option was not influenced by the previous choices participants made. The choice-dependent task involved learning how each choice influenced future rewards for two options and making the best decisions based on that knowledge. Younger adults performed better when rewards were independent of choice, whereas older adults performed better when rewards were dependent on choice. These findings suggest a fundamental difference in the way in which younger adults and older adults approach decision-making situations. We discuss the results in the context of prominent decision-making theories and offer possible explanations based on neurobiological and behavioral changes associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell A Worthy
- Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
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