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Weber S, Christophel T, Görgen K, Soch J, Haynes J. Working memory signals in early visual cortex are present in weak and strong imagers. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26590. [PMID: 38401134 PMCID: PMC10893972 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that visual images are memorized across brief periods of time by vividly imagining them as if they were still there. In line with this, the contents of both working memory and visual imagery are known to be encoded already in early visual cortex. If these signals in early visual areas were indeed to reflect a combined imagery and memory code, one would predict them to be weaker for individuals with reduced visual imagery vividness. Here, we systematically investigated this question in two groups of participants. Strong and weak imagers were asked to remember images across brief delay periods. We were able to reliably reconstruct the memorized stimuli from early visual cortex during the delay. Importantly, in contrast to the prediction, the quality of reconstruction was equally accurate for both strong and weak imagers. The decodable information also closely reflected behavioral precision in both groups, suggesting it could contribute to behavioral performance, even in the extreme case of completely aphantasic individuals. Our data thus suggest that working memory signals in early visual cortex can be present even in the (near) absence of phenomenal imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Weber
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin and Berlin Center for Advanced NeuroimagingCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Research Training Group “Extrospection” and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Research Cluster of Excellence “Science of Intelligence”Technische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Christophel
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin and Berlin Center for Advanced NeuroimagingCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of PsychologyHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Kai Görgen
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin and Berlin Center for Advanced NeuroimagingCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Research Cluster of Excellence “Science of Intelligence”Technische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Joram Soch
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin and Berlin Center for Advanced NeuroimagingCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Institute of Psychology, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - John‐Dylan Haynes
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin and Berlin Center for Advanced NeuroimagingCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Research Training Group “Extrospection” and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Research Cluster of Excellence “Science of Intelligence”Technische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of PsychologyHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Collaborative Research Center “Volition and Cognitive Control”Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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2
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Watanuki S. Identifying distinctive brain regions related to consumer choice behaviors on branded foods using activation likelihood estimation and machine learning. Front Comput Neurosci 2024; 18:1310013. [PMID: 38374888 PMCID: PMC10875973 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2024.1310013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brand equity plays a crucial role in a brand's commercial success; however, research on the brain regions associated with brand equity has had mixed results. This study aimed to investigate key brain regions associated with the decision-making of branded and unbranded foods using quantitative neuroimaging meta-analysis and machine learning. Methods Quantitative neuroimaging meta-analysis was performed using the activation likelihood method. Activation of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) overlapped between branded and unbranded foods. The lingual and parahippocampal gyri (PHG) were activated in the case of branded foods, whereas no brain regions were characteristically activated in response to unbranded foods. We proposed a novel predictive method based on the reported foci data, referencing the multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) results. This approach is referred to as the multi-coordinate pattern analysis (MCPA). We conducted the MCPA, adopting the sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) to detect unique brain regions associated with branded and unbranded foods based on coordinate data. The sPLS-DA is an extended PLS method that enables the processing of categorical data as outcome variables. Results We found that the lingual gyrus is a distinct brain region in branded foods. Thus, the VMPFC might be a core brain region in food categories in consumer behavior, regardless of whether they are branded foods. Moreover, the connection between the PHG and lingual gyrus might be a unique neural mechanism in branded foods. Discussion As this mechanism engages in imaging the feature-self based on emotionally subjective contextual associative memories, brand managers should create future-oriented relevancies between brands and consumers to build valuable brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanuki
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Commerce, University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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3
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Esposito M, Palermo S, Nahi YC, Tamietto M, Celeghin A. Implicit Selective Attention: The Role of the Mesencephalic-basal Ganglia System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1497-1512. [PMID: 37653629 PMCID: PMC11097991 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230831163052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the brain to recognize and orient attention to relevant stimuli appearing in the visual field is highlighted by a tuning process, which involves modulating the early visual system by both cortical and subcortical brain areas. Selective attention is coordinated not only by the output of stimulus-based saliency maps but is also influenced by top-down cognitive factors, such as internal states, goals, or previous experiences. The basal ganglia system plays a key role in implicitly modulating the underlying mechanisms of selective attention, favouring the formation and maintenance of implicit sensory-motor memories that are capable of automatically modifying the output of priority maps in sensory-motor structures of the midbrain, such as the superior colliculus. The article presents an overview of the recent literature outlining the crucial contribution of several subcortical structures to the processing of different sources of salient stimuli. In detail, we will focus on how the mesencephalic- basal ganglia closed loops contribute to implicitly addressing and modulating selective attention to prioritized stimuli. We conclude by discussing implicit behavioural responses observed in clinical populations in which awareness is compromised at some level. Implicit (emergent) awareness in clinical conditions that can be accompanied by manifest anosognosic symptomatology (i.e., hemiplegia) or involving abnormal conscious processing of visual information (i.e., unilateral spatial neglect and blindsight) represents interesting neurocognitive "test cases" for inferences about mesencephalicbasal ganglia closed-loops involvement in the formation of implicit sensory-motor memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Esposito
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
| | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Alessia Celeghin
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
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4
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Sulfaro AA, Robinson AK, Carlson TA. Properties of imagined experience across visual, auditory, and other sensory modalities. Conscious Cogn 2024; 117:103598. [PMID: 38086154 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the perceptual characteristics of mental images nor how they vary across sensory modalities. We conducted an exhaustive survey into how mental images are experienced across modalities, mainly targeting visual and auditory imagery of a single stimulus, the letter "O", to facilitate direct comparisons. We investigated temporal properties of mental images (e.g. onset latency, duration), spatial properties (e.g. apparent location), effort (e.g. ease, spontaneity, control), movement requirements (e.g. eye movements), real-imagined interactions (e.g. inner speech while reading), beliefs about imagery norms and terminologies, as well as respondent confidence. Participants also reported on the five traditional senses and their prominence during thinking, imagining, and dreaming. Overall, visual and auditory experiences dominated mental events, although auditory mental images were superior to visual mental images on almost every metric tested except regarding spatial properties. Our findings suggest that modality-specific differences in mental imagery may parallel those of other sensory neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Sulfaro
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Amanda K Robinson
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, New South Wales, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Thomas A Carlson
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, New South Wales, Australia.
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5
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Sulfaro AA, Robinson AK, Carlson TA. Modelling perception as a hierarchical competition differentiates imagined, veridical, and hallucinated percepts. Neurosci Conscious 2023; 2023:niad018. [PMID: 37621984 PMCID: PMC10445666 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery is a process by which thoughts become experienced with sensory characteristics. Yet, it is not clear why mental images appear diminished compared to veridical images, nor how mental images are phenomenologically distinct from hallucinations, another type of non-veridical sensory experience. Current evidence suggests that imagination and veridical perception share neural resources. If so, we argue that considering how neural representations of externally generated stimuli (i.e. sensory input) and internally generated stimuli (i.e. thoughts) might interfere with one another can sufficiently differentiate between veridical, imaginary, and hallucinatory perception. We here use a simple computational model of a serially connected, hierarchical network with bidirectional information flow to emulate the primate visual system. We show that modelling even first approximations of neural competition can more coherently explain imagery phenomenology than non-competitive models. Our simulations predict that, without competing sensory input, imagined stimuli should ubiquitously dominate hierarchical representations. However, with competition, imagination should dominate high-level representations but largely fail to outcompete sensory inputs at lower processing levels. To interpret our findings, we assume that low-level stimulus information (e.g. in early visual cortices) contributes most to the sensory aspects of perceptual experience, while high-level stimulus information (e.g. towards temporal regions) contributes most to its abstract aspects. Our findings therefore suggest that ongoing bottom-up inputs during waking life may prevent imagination from overriding veridical sensory experience. In contrast, internally generated stimuli may be hallucinated when sensory input is dampened or eradicated. Our approach can explain individual differences in imagery, along with aspects of daydreaming, hallucinations, and non-visual mental imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Sulfaro
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amanda K Robinson
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, QBI Building 79, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Thomas A Carlson
- School of Psychology, Griffith Taylor Building, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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6
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Celeghin A, Borriero A, Orsenigo D, Diano M, Méndez Guerrero CA, Perotti A, Petri G, Tamietto M. Convolutional neural networks for vision neuroscience: significance, developments, and outstanding issues. Front Comput Neurosci 2023; 17:1153572. [PMID: 37485400 PMCID: PMC10359983 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1153572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are a class of machine learning models predominately used in computer vision tasks and can achieve human-like performance through learning from experience. Their striking similarities to the structural and functional principles of the primate visual system allow for comparisons between these artificial networks and their biological counterparts, enabling exploration of how visual functions and neural representations may emerge in the real brain from a limited set of computational principles. After considering the basic features of CNNs, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of endorsing CNNs as in silico models of the primate visual system. Specifically, we highlight several emerging notions about the anatomical and physiological properties of the visual system that still need to be systematically integrated into current CNN models. These tenets include the implementation of parallel processing pathways from the early stages of retinal input and the reconsideration of several assumptions concerning the serial progression of information flow. We suggest design choices and architectural constraints that could facilitate a closer alignment with biology provide causal evidence of the predictive link between the artificial and biological visual systems. Adopting this principled perspective could potentially lead to new research questions and applications of CNNs beyond modeling object recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Davide Orsenigo
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Diano
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, and CoRPS–Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases–Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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7
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Zhang Y, Mirman D, Hoffman P. Taxonomic and thematic relations rely on different types of semantic features: Evidence from an fMRI meta-analysis and a semantic priming study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2023; 242:105287. [PMID: 37263104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Taxonomic and thematic relations are major components of semantic representation but their neurocognitive underpinnings are still debated. We hypothesised that taxonomic relations preferentially activate parts of anterior temporal lobe (ATL) because they rely more on colour and shape features, while thematic relations preferentially activate temporoparietal cortex (TPC) because they rely more on action and location knowledge. We first conducted activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis to assess evidence for neural specialisation in the existing fMRI literature (Study 1), then used a primed semantic judgement task to examine if the two relations are primed by different feature types (Study 2). We find that taxonomic relations show minimal feature-based specialisation but preferentially activate the lingual gyrus. Thematic relations are more dependent on action and location features and preferentially engage TPC. The meta-analysis also showed that lateral ATL is preferentially engaged by Thematic relations, which may reflect their greater reliance on verbal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Zhang
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel Mirman
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Hoffman
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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8
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Riley SN, Davies J. Vividness as the similarity between generated imagery and an internal model. Brain Cogn 2023; 169:105988. [PMID: 37150045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Vividness in visual mental imagery has been relatively under-explored compared to imagery's representational format and neural mechanisms. In this paper, we take a deeper look at vividness and suggest that in re-framing it, we can potentially reconcile disparate findings regarding visual cortex activation during imagery. Unlike traditional views of vividness that define the concept in terms of perception, we frame vividness in terms of imagery's relation to an internal model; the closer the generated imagery is to this model, the more vivid it is. This view is considered alongside existing neuroscientific, psychological, and philosophical research, as well as directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean N Riley
- Department of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Canada
| | - Jim Davies
- Department of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Canada.
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9
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Zhou Z, Li B, Jiang J, Li H, Cao L, Zhang S, Gao Y, Zhang L, Qiu C, Huang X, Gong Q. Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity of the insula in medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:742. [PMID: 36447147 PMCID: PMC9710058 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of the insula has been increasingly mentioned in neurocircuitry models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) for its role in affective processing and regulating anxiety and its wide interactions with the classic cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit. However, the insular resting-state functional connectivity patterns in OCD remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate characteristic intrinsic connectivity alterations of the insula in OCD and their associations with clinical features. METHODS We obtained resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 85 drug-free OCD patients and 85 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). We performed a general linear model to compare the whole-brain intrinsic functional connectivity maps of the bilateral insula between the OCD and HC groups. In addition, we further explored the relationship between the intrinsic functional connectivity alterations of the insula and clinical features using Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS Compared with HCs, patients with OCD exhibited increased intrinsic connectivity between the bilateral insula and bilateral precuneus gyrus extending to the inferior parietal lobule and supplementary motor area. Decreased intrinsic connectivity was only found between the right insula and bilateral lingual gyrus in OCD patients relative to HC subjects, which was negatively correlated with the severity of depression symptoms in the OCD group. CONCLUSION In the current study, we identified impaired insular intrinsic connectivity in OCD patients and the dysconnectivity of the right insula and bilateral lingual gyrus associated with the depressive severity of OCD patients. These findings provide neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the insula in OCD and suggest its potential role in the depressive symptoms of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Zhou
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Li
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Jiang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailong Li
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxiao Cao
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Suming Zhang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Yingxue Gao
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Lianqing Zhang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Changjian Qiu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, 610041, Chengdu, China. .,Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiyong Gong
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, 610041 Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Li X, Li H, Jiang X, Li J, Cao L, Liu J, Xing H, Huang X, Gong Q. Characterizing multiscale modular structures in medication-free obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with no comorbidity. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:2391-2399. [PMID: 35170143 PMCID: PMC8996347 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain networks exhibit signatures of modular structure, which maintains a fine trade‐off between wiring cost and efficiency of information transmission. Alterations in modular structure have been found in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, previous studies were focused on a single scale (i.e., modularity or intra/intermodular connectivity) for investigation. Here, we recruited 92 OCD patients and 90 healthy controls. A comprehensive analysis was performed on modular architecture alterations in the voxelwise functional connectome at the “global” (modularity), “meso” (modular segregation and within‐ and between‐module connections), and “local” (participation coefficients, PC) scales. We also examined the correlation between modular structure metrics and clinical symptoms. The findings revealed that (1) there was no significant group difference in global modularity; (2) both primary modules (visual network, sensorimotor network) and high‐order modules (dorsal attention network, frontoparietal network) exhibited lower modular segregation in OCD patients, which was mainly driven by increased numbers of between‐module connections; and (3) OCD patients showed higher PC in several connectors including the bilateral middle occipital gyri, left medial orbital frontal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, left posterior cingulate gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus, and lower PC in the right lingual gyrus. Moreover, these alterations in modular structure were associated with clinical symptoms in patients. Our findings provide further insights into the involvement of different modules in functional network dysfunction in OCD from a connectomic perspective and suggest a synergetic mechanism of module interactions that may be related to the pathophysiology of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxiao Cao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyang Xing
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
What are mental images needed for? A variety of everyday situations calls for us to plan ahead; one of the clever ways our mind prepares and strategizes our next move is through mental simulation. A powerful tool in running these simulations is visual mental imagery, which can be conceived as a way to activate and maintain an internal representation of the to-be-imagined object, giving rise to predictions. Therefore, under normal conditions imagination is primarily an endogenous process, and only more rarely can mental images be activated exogenously, for example, by means of intracerebral stimulation. A large debate is still ongoing regarding the neural substrates supporting mental imagery, with the neuropsychological and neuroimaging literature agreeing in some cases, but not others. This chapter reviews the neuroscientific literature on mental imagery, and attempts to reappraise the neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence by drawing a model of mental imagery informed by both structural and functional brain data. Overall, the role of regions in the ventral temporal cortex, especially of the left hemisphere, stands out unequivocally as a key substrate in mental imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States.
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12
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Watanuki S. Watershed Brain Regions for Characterizing Brand Equity-Related Mental Processes. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121619. [PMID: 34942922 PMCID: PMC8699238 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Brand equity is an important intangible for enterprises. As one advantage, products with brand equity can increase revenue, compared with those without such equity. However, unlike tangibles, it is difficult for enterprises to manage brand equity because it exists within consumers’ minds. Although, over the past two decades, numerous consumer neuroscience studies have revealed the brain regions related to brand equity, the identification of unique brain regions related to such equity is still controversial. Therefore, this study identifies the unique brain regions related to brand equity and assesses the mental processes derived from these regions. For this purpose, three analysis methods (i.e., the quantitative meta-analysis, chi-square tests, and machine learning) were conducted. The data were collected in accordance with the general procedures of a qualitative meta-analysis. In total, 65 studies (1412 foci) investigating branded objects with brand equity and unbranded objects without brand equity were examined, whereas the neural systems involved for these two brain regions were contrasted. According to the results, the parahippocampal gyrus and the lingual gyrus were unique brand equity-related brain regions, whereas automatic mental processes based on emotional associative memories derived from these regions were characteristic mental processes that discriminate branded from unbranded objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Watanuki
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Commerce, University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences, Kobe 651-2188, Japan
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13
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Dong WJ, Su T, Li CQ, Shu YQ, Shi WQ, Min YL, Yuan Q, Zhu PW, Liu KC, Yi JL, Shao Y. Altered brain network centrality in patients with retinal vein occlusion: a resting-state fMRI study. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1741-1747. [PMID: 34804865 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the intrinsic brain activity variations in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) subjects by using the voxel-wise degree centrality (DC) technique. METHODS Twenty-one subjects with RVO and twenty-one healthy controls (HCs) were enlisted and underwent the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) examination. The spontaneous cerebrum activity variations were inspected using the DC technology. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was implemented to distinguish the DC values of RVOs from HCs. The relationships between DC signal of definite regions of interest and the clinical characteristics in RVO group were evaluated by Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS RVOs showed notably higher DC signals in right superior parietal lobule, middle frontal gyrus and left precuneus, but decreased DC signals in left middle temporal gyrus and bilateral anterior cingulated (BAC) when comparing with HCs. The mean DC value of RVOs in the BAC were negatively correlated with the anxiety and depression scale. CONCLUSION RVO is associated aberrant intrinsic brain activity patterns in several brain areas including pain-related as well as visual-related regions, which might assist to reveal the latent neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Dong
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ting Su
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chu-Qi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Shu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - You-Lan Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Kang-Cheng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Lin Yi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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14
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Lee SW, Kim E, Chung Y, Cha H, Song H, Chang Y, Lee SJ. Believing is seeing: an fMRI study of thought-action fusion in healthy male adults. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:300-310. [PMID: 32125617 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thought-action fusion (TAF) is a tendency of individuals to establish causal relations between their own thoughts and external reality. TAF can lead to maladaptive behaviors typically observed in obsessional thoughts. However, neural mechanisms underlying TAF are still unknown. In this study, 38 healthy men were informed that MR signals were able to detect thoughts of the word 'apple' and that this recognition could result in the administration of electrical shocks to a person outside the scanner. During MR acquisition, they were asked to suppress or not suppress the thought of 'apple' while sham electrical shocks were or were not administered to the other person. The main effect of the sham administration of electrical shock to another person was shown in the bilateral lingual gyri, fusiform gyri, and middle occipital cortices (FDR corrected p < 0.05). Also, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, and middle occipital cortex activity correlated with scores of guilty feeling only when participants consciously tried to think of apple as less as possible. Our study demonstrates that visual association areas may play primary roles in TAF. The simple belief and visual imagery that one's thought may lead to someone's injury activated visual areas of the brain where, in turn, brain activity is associated with feelings of guilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Younjae Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyunsil Cha
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Huijin Song
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea. .,Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
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15
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Spagna A, Hajhajate D, Liu J, Bartolomeo P. Visual mental imagery engages the left fusiform gyrus, but not the early visual cortex: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 122:201-217. [PMID: 33422567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dominant neural model of visual mental imagery (VMI) stipulates that memories from the medial temporal lobe acquire sensory features in early visual areas. However, neurological patients with damage restricted to the occipital cortex typically show perfectly vivid VMI, while more anterior damages extending into the temporal lobe, especially in the left hemisphere, often cause VMI impairments. Here we present two major results reconciling neuroimaging findings in neurotypical subjects with the performance of brain-damaged patients: (1) A large-scale meta-analysis of 46 fMRI studies, of which 27 investigated specifically visual mental imagery, revealed that VMI engages fronto-parietal networks and a well-delimited region in the left fusiform gyrus. (2) A Bayesian analysis showed no evidence for imagery-related activity in early visual cortices. We propose a revised neural model of VMI that draws inspiration from recent cytoarchitectonic and lesion studies, whereby fronto-parietal networks initiate, modulate, and maintain activity in a core temporal network centered on the fusiform imagery node, a high-level visual region in the left fusiform gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY, 10027, USA; Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dounia Hajhajate
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jianghao Liu
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France; Dassault Systèmes, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
| | - Paolo Bartolomeo
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.
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16
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Kim JJ, Kent KM, Cunnington R, Gilbert P, Kirby JN. Attachment styles modulate neural markers of threat and imagery when engaging in self-criticism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13776. [PMID: 32792601 PMCID: PMC7426808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment styles hold important downstream consequences for mental health through their contribution to the emergence of self-criticism. To date, no work has extended our understanding of the influence of attachment styles on self-criticism at a neurobiological level. Herein we investigate the relationship between self-reported attachment styles and neural markers of self-criticism using fMRI. A correlation network analysis revealed lingual gyrus activation during self-criticism, a marker of visual mental imagery, correlated with amygdala activity (threat response). It also identified that secure attachment positively correlated with lingual gyrus activation, whilst avoidant attachment was negatively correlated with lingual gyrus activation. Further, at greater levels of amygdala response, more securely attached individuals showed greater lingual gyrus activation, and more avoidantly attached individuals showed less lingual gyrus activation. Our data provide the first evidence that attachment mechanisms may modulate threat responses and mental imagery when engaging in self-criticism, which have important clinical and broader social implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Kim
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Level 3 Building 24a, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,The Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kirsty M Kent
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Level 3 Building 24a, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ross Cunnington
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Level 3 Building 24a, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Gilbert
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Level 3 Building 24a, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Allied Health and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
| | - James N Kirby
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Level 3 Building 24a, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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17
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Pearson J. Reply to: Assessing the causal role of early visual areas in visual mental imagery. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:517-518. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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19
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Fox DM, Goodale MA, Bourne JA. The Age-Dependent Neural Substrates of Blindsight. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:242-252. [PMID: 32209455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some patients who are considered cortically blind due to the loss of their primary visual cortex (V1) show a remarkable ability to act upon or discriminate between visual stimuli presented to their blind field, without any awareness of those stimuli. This phenomenon is often referred to as blindsight. Despite the range of spared visual abilities, the identification of the pathways mediating blindsight remains an active and contentious topic in the field. In this review, we discuss recent findings of the candidate pathways and their relative contributions to different forms of blindsight across the lifespan to illustrate the varied nature of unconscious visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Fox
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melvyn A Goodale
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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20
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Thorudottir S, Sigurdardottir HM, Rice GE, Kerry SJ, Robotham RJ, Leff AP, Starrfelt R. The Architect Who Lost the Ability to Imagine: The Cerebral Basis of Visual Imagery. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E59. [PMID: 31972965 PMCID: PMC7071355 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the loss of mental imagery following brain lesions was first described more than a century ago, the key cerebral areas involved remain elusive. Here we report neuropsychological data from an architect (PL518) who lost his ability for visual imagery following a bilateral posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke. We compare his profile to three other patients with bilateral PCA stroke and another architect with a large PCA lesion confined to the right hemisphere. We also compare structural images of their lesions, aiming to delineate cerebral areas selectively lesioned in acquired aphantasia. When comparing the neuropsychological profile and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the aphantasic architect PL518 to patients with either a comparable background (an architect) or bilateral PCA lesions, we find: (1) there is a large overlap of cognitive deficits between patients, with the very notable exception of aphantasia which only occurs in PL518, and (2) there is large overlap of the patients' lesions. The only areas of selective lesion in PL518 is a small patch in the left fusiform gyrus as well as part of the right lingual gyrus. We suggest that these areas, and perhaps in particular the region in the left fusiform gyrus, play an important role in the cerebral network involved in visual imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thorudottir
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; (S.T.); (H.M.S.)
| | - Heida M. Sigurdardottir
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; (S.T.); (H.M.S.)
| | - Grace E. Rice
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB27EF, UK;
| | - Sheila J. Kerry
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N3AZ, UK; (S.J.K.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Ro J. Robotham
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, 1726 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Alex P. Leff
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N3AZ, UK; (S.J.K.); (A.P.L.)
| | - Randi Starrfelt
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, 1726 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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21
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Andersson P, Ragni F, Lingnau A. Visual imagery during real-time fMRI neurofeedback from occipital and superior parietal cortex. Neuroimage 2019; 200:332-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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22
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Wens V, Bourguignon M, Vander Ghinst M, Mary A, Marty B, Coquelet N, Naeije G, Peigneux P, Goldman S, De Tiège X. Synchrony, metastability, dynamic integration, and competition in the spontaneous functional connectivity of the human brain. Neuroimage 2019; 199:313-324. [PMID: 31170458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is functionally organized into large-scale neural networks that are dynamically interconnected. Multiple short-lived states of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) identified transiently synchronized networks and cross-network integration. However, little is known about the way brain couplings covary as rsFC states wax and wane. In this magnetoencephalography study, we explore the synchronization structure among the spontaneous interactions of well-known resting-state networks (RSNs). To do so, we extracted modes of dynamic coupling that reflect rsFC synchrony and analyzed their spatio-temporal features. These modes identified transient, sporadic rsFC changes characterized by the widespread integration of RSNs across the brain, most prominently in the β band. This is in line with the metastable rsFC state model of resting-state dynamics, wherein our modes fit as state transition processes. Furthermore, the default-mode network (DMN) stood out as being structured into competitive cross-network couplings with widespread DMN-RSN interactions, especially among the β-band modes. These results substantiate the theory that the DMN is a core network enabling dynamic global brain integration in the β band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wens
- LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Magnetoencephalography Unit, Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB - Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mathieu Bourguignon
- LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; BCBL - Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marc Vander Ghinst
- LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alison Mary
- UNICAEN, PSL Research University, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, Caen, France
| | - Brice Marty
- LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Coquelet
- LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilles Naeije
- LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Centre de Recherches Cognition et Neurosciences, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Goldman
- LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Magnetoencephalography Unit, Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB - Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- LCFC - Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Magnetoencephalography Unit, Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB - Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Functional neuroanatomy of blindsight revealed by activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 2019; 128:109-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Neuronal mechanisms of motion detection underlying blindsight assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Neuropsychologia 2019; 128:187-197. [PMID: 30825453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain imaging offers a valuable tool to observe functional brain plasticity by showing how sensory inputs reshape cortical activations after a visual impairment. Following a unilateral post-chiasmatic lesion affecting the visual cortex, patients may suffer a contralateral visual loss referred to homonymous hemianopia. Nevertheless, these patients preserve the ability to unconsciously detect, localize and discriminate visual stimuli presented in their impaired visual field. To investigate this paradox, known as blindsight, we conducted a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate the structural and functional impact of such lesion in a 33-year old patient (ML), who suffers a complete right hemianopia without macular sparing and showing strong evidences of blindsight. We thus performed whole brain and sliced thalamic fMRI scan sequences during an event-related motion detection task. We provided evidence of the neuronal fingerprint of blindsight by acquiring and associating neural correlates, specific structures and functional networks of the midbrain during blindsight performances which may help to better understand this condition. Accurate performance demonstrated the presence of residual vision and the ability to unconsciously perceive motion presented in the blind hemifield, although her reaction time was significantly higher in her blind-field. When the normal hemifield was stimulated, we observed significant contralateral activations in primary and secondary visual areas as well as motion specific areas, such as the supramarginal gyrus and middle temporal area. We also demonstrated sub-thalamic activations within the superior colliculi (SC) and the pulvinar. These results suggest a role of secondary subcortical structures in normal spontaneous motion detection. In a similar way, when the lesioned hemifield was stimulated, we observed contralateral activity in extrastriate areas with no activation of the primary lesioned visual cortex. Moreover, we observed activations within the SC when the blind hemifield was stimulated. However, we observed unexpected ipsilateral activations within the same motion specific areas, as well as bilateral frontal activations. These results highlight the importance of abnormal secondary pathways bypassing the primary visual area (V1) in residual vision. This reorganization in the structure and function of the visual pathways correlates with behavioral changes, thus offering a plausible explanation for the blindsight phenomenon. Our results may potentially impact the development of rehabilitation strategies to target subcortical pathways.
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25
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Dalton MA, Zeidman P, McCormick C, Maguire EA. Differentiable Processing of Objects, Associations, and Scenes within the Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8146-8159. [PMID: 30082418 PMCID: PMC6146500 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0263-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is known to be important for a range of cognitive functions, including episodic memory, spatial navigation, and thinking about the future. However, researchers have found it difficult to agree on the exact nature of this brain structure's contribution to cognition. Some theories emphasize the role of the hippocampus in associative processes. Another theory proposes that scene construction is its primary role. To directly compare these accounts of hippocampal function in human males and females, we devised a novel mental imagery paradigm where different tasks were closely matched for associative processing and mental construction, but either did or did not evoke scene representations, and we combined this with high-resolution functional MRI. The results were striking in showing that different parts of the hippocampus, along with distinct cortical regions, were recruited for scene construction or nonscene-evoking associative processing. The contrasting patterns of neural engagement could not be accounted for by differences in eye movements, mnemonic processing, or the phenomenology of mental imagery. These results inform conceptual debates in the field by showing that the hippocampus does not seem to favor one type of process over another; it is not a story of exclusivity. Rather, there may be different circuits within the hippocampus, each associated with different cortical inputs, which become engaged depending on the nature of the stimuli and the task at hand. Overall, our findings emphasize the importance of considering the hippocampus as a heterogeneous structure, and that a focus on characterizing how specific portions of the hippocampus interact with other brain regions may promote a better understanding of its role in cognition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hippocampus is known to be important for a range of cognitive functions, including episodic memory, spatial navigation, and thinking about the future. However, researchers have found it difficult to agree on the exact nature of this brain structure's contribution to cognition. Here we used a novel mental imagery paradigm and high-resolution functional MRI to compare accounts of hippocampal function that emphasize associative processes with a theory that proposes scene construction as a primary role. The results were striking in showing that different parts of the hippocampus, along with distinct cortical regions, were recruited for scene construction or nonscene-evoking associative processing. We conclude that a greater emphasis on characterizing how specific portions of the hippocampus interact with other brain regions may promote a better understanding of its role in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Dalton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Zeidman
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia McCormick
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
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26
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McKendrick M, Butler SH, Grealy MA. Socio-cognitive load and social anxiety in an emotional anti-saccade task. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197749. [PMID: 29795619 PMCID: PMC5967794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-saccade task has been used to measure attentional control related to general anxiety but less so with social anxiety specifically. Previous research has not been conclusive in suggesting that social anxiety may lead to difficulties in inhibiting faces. It is possible that static face paradigms do not convey a sufficient social threat to elicit an inhibitory response in socially anxious individuals. The aim of the current study was twofold. We investigated the effect of social anxiety on performance in an anti-saccade task with neutral or emotional faces preceded either by a social stressor (Experiment 1), or valenced sentence primes designed to increase the social salience of the task (Experiment 2). Our results indicated that latencies were significantly longer for happy than angry faces. Additionally, and surprisingly, high anxious participants made more erroneous anti-saccades to neutral than angry and happy faces, whilst the low anxious groups exhibited a trend in the opposite direction. Results are consistent with a general approach-avoidance response for positive and threatening social information. However increased socio-cognitive load may alter attentional control with high anxious individuals avoiding emotional faces, but finding it more difficult to inhibit ambiguous faces. The effects of social sentence primes on attention appear to be subtle but suggest that the anti-saccade task will only elicit socially relevant responses where the paradigm is more ecologically valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel McKendrick
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen H. Butler
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine A. Grealy
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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27
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Catani M, Robertsson N, Beyh A, Huynh V, de Santiago Requejo F, Howells H, Barrett RLC, Aiello M, Cavaliere C, Dyrby TB, Krug K, Ptito M, D'Arceuil H, Forkel SJ, Dell'Acqua F. Short parietal lobe connections of the human and monkey brain. Cortex 2017; 97:339-357. [PMID: 29157936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The parietal lobe has a unique place in the human brain. Anatomically, it is at the crossroad between the frontal, occipital, and temporal lobes, thus providing a middle ground for multimodal sensory integration. Functionally, it supports higher cognitive functions that are characteristic of the human species, such as mathematical cognition, semantic and pragmatic aspects of language, and abstract thinking. Despite its importance, a comprehensive comparison of human and simian intraparietal networks is missing. In this study, we used diffusion imaging tractography to reconstruct the major intralobar parietal tracts in twenty-one datasets acquired in vivo from healthy human subjects and eleven ex vivo datasets from five vervet and six macaque monkeys. Three regions of interest (postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule) were used to identify the tracts. Surface projections were reconstructed for both species and results compared to identify similarities or differences in tract anatomy (i.e., trajectories and cortical projections). In addition, post-mortem dissections were performed in a human brain. The largest tract identified in both human and monkey brains is a vertical pathway between the superior and inferior parietal lobules. This tract can be divided into an anterior (supramarginal gyrus) and a posterior (angular gyrus) component in both humans and monkey brains. The second prominent intraparietal tract connects the postcentral gyrus to both supramarginal and angular gyri of the inferior parietal lobule in humans but only to the supramarginal gyrus in the monkey brain. The third tract connects the postcentral gyrus to the anterior region of the superior parietal lobule and is more prominent in monkeys compared to humans. Finally, short U-shaped fibres in the medial and lateral aspects of the parietal lobe were identified in both species. A tract connecting the medial parietal cortex to the lateral inferior parietal cortex was observed in the monkey brain only. Our findings suggest a consistent pattern of intralobar parietal connections between humans and monkeys with some differences for those areas that have cytoarchitectonically distinct features in humans. The overall pattern of intraparietal connectivity supports the special role of the inferior parietal lobule in cognitive functions characteristic of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Catani
- NatBrainLab, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NatBrainLab, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Naianna Robertsson
- NatBrainLab, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NatBrainLab, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmad Beyh
- NatBrainLab, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NatBrainLab, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Huynh
- NatBrainLab, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NatBrainLab, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Spinal Cord Injury Center, Research, University of Zurich, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francisco de Santiago Requejo
- NatBrainLab, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NatBrainLab, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henrietta Howells
- NatBrainLab, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NatBrainLab, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel L C Barrett
- NatBrainLab, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NatBrainLab, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Aiello
- NAPLab, IRCCS SDN Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavaliere
- NAPLab, IRCCS SDN Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare, Naples, Italy
| | - Tim B Dyrby
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristine Krug
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maurice Ptito
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Ecole d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Helen D'Arceuil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
| | - Stephanie J Forkel
- NatBrainLab, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NatBrainLab, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Flavio Dell'Acqua
- NatBrainLab, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; NatBrainLab, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Viñas-Guasch N, Wu YJ. The role of the putamen in language: a meta-analytic connectivity modeling study. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3991-4004. [PMID: 28585051 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The putamen is a subcortical structure that forms part of the dorsal striatum of basal ganglia, and has traditionally been associated with reinforcement learning and motor control, including speech articulation. However, recent studies have shown involvement of the left putamen in other language functions such as bilingual language processing (Abutalebi et al. 2012) and production, with some authors arguing for functional segregation of anterior and posterior putamen (Oberhuber et al. 2013). A further step in exploring the role of putamen in language would involve identifying the network of coactivations of not only the left, but also the right putamen, given the involvement of right hemisphere in high order language functions (Vigneau et al. 2011). Here, a meta-analytic connectivity modeling technique was used to determine the patterns of coactivation of anterior and bilateral putamen in the language domain. Based on previous evidence, we hypothesized that left putamen coactivations would include brain regions directly associated with language processing, whereas right putamen coactivations would encompass regions involved in broader semantic processes, such as memory and visual imagery. The results showed that left anterior putamen coactivated with clusters predominantly in left hemisphere, encompassing regions directly associated with language processing, a left posterior putamen network spanning both hemispheres, and cerebellum. In right hemisphere, coactivations were in both hemispheres, in regions associated with visual and orthographic processing. These results confirm the differential involvement of right and left putamen in different language components, thus highlighting the need for further research into the role of putamen in language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Viñas-Guasch
- Centre for Brain and Education, Faculty of Education and Human Development, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
| | - Yan Jing Wu
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Brogaard B, Gatzia DE. Unconscious Imagination and the Mental Imagery Debate. Front Psychol 2017; 8:799. [PMID: 28588527 PMCID: PMC5440590 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, philosophers have appealed to the phenomenological similarity between visual experience and visual imagery to support the hypothesis that there is significant overlap between the perceptual and imaginative domains. The current evidence, however, is inconclusive: while evidence from transcranial brain stimulation seems to support this conclusion, neurophysiological evidence from brain lesion studies (e.g., from patients with brain lesions resulting in a loss of mental imagery but not a corresponding loss of perception and vice versa) indicates that there are functional and anatomical dissociations between mental imagery and perception. Assuming that the mental imagery and perception do not overlap, at least, to the extent traditionally assumed, then the question arises as to what exactly mental imagery is and whether it parallels perception by proceeding via several functionally distinct mechanisms. In this review, we argue that even though there may not be a shared mechanism underlying vision for perception and conscious imagery, there is an overlap between the mechanisms underlying vision for action and unconscious visual imagery. On the basis of these findings, we propose a modification of Kosslyn's model of imagery that accommodates unconscious imagination and explore possible explanations of the quasi-pictorial phenomenology of conscious visual imagery in light of the fact that its underlying neural substrates and mechanisms typically are distinct from those of visual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Brogaard
- The Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research, University of Miami, MiamiFL, United States.,Department of Philosophy, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Dimitria Electra Gatzia
- Department of Philosophy, University of Akron Wayne College, AkronOH, United States.,Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
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Visual stimuli modulate frontal oscillatory rhythms in a cortically blind patient: Evidence for top-down visual processing. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:770-779. [PMID: 28319878 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated neuronal correlates of faces versus non-faces processing in a cortically blind patient (TN) and a group of healthy age-matched controls in order to test electrophysiological correlates of the processing of pertinent stimuli in this patient. METHODS An EEG paradigm was used, in which intact and scrambled faces were displayed on a screen. First, time-frequency transforms were conducted on the patients' data alone. These oscillations were then compared to the frontal activity of six control participants. RESULTS Post stimulus oscillatory modulations (synchronisation in theta and alpha frequency bands) of both intact and scrambled faces at frontal scalp sites were observed in TN. These modulations were different for correct and incorrect responses. A more important increase in the theta band for incorrect responses was observed. The oscillatory rhythms highlighted in blindsight and in frontal regions differ from the ones observed in control participants. CONCLUSION Despite the destruction of the visual cortex, oscillatory rhythms are not cancelled out but are shifted to anterior regions, revealing the activity of an alternate pathway for residual visual function. SIGNIFICANCE The results provide evidence for a top-down cognitive control process in blindsight.
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Ajina S, Bridge H. Blindsight and Unconscious Vision: What They Teach Us about the Human Visual System. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:529-541. [PMID: 27777337 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416673817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the primary visual cortex removes the major input from the eyes to the brain, causing significant visual loss as patients are unable to perceive the side of the world contralateral to the damage. Some patients, however, retain the ability to detect visual information within this blind region; this is known as blindsight. By studying the visual pathways that underlie this residual vision in patients, we can uncover additional aspects of the human visual system that likely contribute to normal visual function but cannot be revealed under physiological conditions. In this review, we discuss the residual abilities and neural activity that have been described in blindsight and the implications of these findings for understanding the intact system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ajina
- 1 Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Holly Bridge
- 1 Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Roseman L, Sereno MI, Leech R, Kaelen M, Orban C, McGonigle J, Feilding A, Nutt DJ, Carhart‐Harris RL. LSD alters eyes-closed functional connectivity within the early visual cortex in a retinotopic fashion. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3031-40. [PMID: 27125770 PMCID: PMC6867480 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of how spatially organized activity in the visual cortex behaves during eyes-closed, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-induced "psychedelic imagery" (e.g., visions of geometric patterns and more complex phenomena) has never been empirically addressed, although it has been proposed that under psychedelics, with eyes-closed, the brain may function "as if" there is visual input when there is none. In this work, resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) data was analyzed from 10 healthy subjects under the influence of LSD and, separately, placebo. It was suspected that eyes-closed psychedelic imagery might involve transient local retinotopic activation, of the sort typically associated with visual stimulation. To test this, it was hypothesized that, under LSD, patches of the visual cortex with congruent retinotopic representations would show greater RSFC than incongruent patches. Using a retinotopic localizer performed during a nondrug baseline condition, nonadjacent patches of V1 and V3 that represent the vertical or the horizontal meridians of the visual field were identified. Subsequently, RSFC between V1 and V3 was measured with respect to these a priori identified patches. Consistent with our prior hypothesis, the difference between RSFC of patches with congruent retinotopic specificity (horizontal-horizontal and vertical-vertical) and those with incongruent specificity (horizontal-vertical and vertical-horizontal) increased significantly under LSD relative to placebo, suggesting that activity within the visual cortex becomes more dependent on its intrinsic retinotopic organization in the drug condition. This result may indicate that under LSD, with eyes-closed, the early visual system behaves as if it were seeing spatially localized visual inputs. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3031-3040, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor Roseman
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonW12 0NNUnited Kingdom
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonW12 0NNUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin I. Sereno
- Birkbeck‐UCL Centre for Neuroimaging (BUCNI)LondonWC1H 0APUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert Leech
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonW12 0NNUnited Kingdom
| | - Mendel Kaelen
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonW12 0NNUnited Kingdom
| | - Csaba Orban
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonW12 0NNUnited Kingdom
| | - John McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonW12 0NNUnited Kingdom
| | - Amanda Feilding
- The Beckley FoundationBeckley ParkOxfordOX3 9SYUnited Kingdom
| | - David J. Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonW12 0NNUnited Kingdom
| | - Robin L. Carhart‐Harris
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonW12 0NNUnited Kingdom
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Bartolomeo P, Vuilleumier P, Behrmann M. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts: Distributed circuits in visual cognition. Cortex 2015; 72:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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de Valk JM, Wijnen JG, Kret ME. Anger fosters action. Fast responses in a motor task involving approach movements toward angry faces and bodies. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1240. [PMID: 26388793 PMCID: PMC4558974 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficiently responding to others’ emotions, especially threatening expressions such as anger and fear, can have great survival value. Previous research has shown that humans have a bias toward threatening stimuli. Most of these studies focused on facial expressions, yet emotions are expressed by the whole body, and not just by the face. Body language contains a direct action component, and activates action preparation areas in the brain more than facial expressions. Hence, biases toward threat may be larger following threatening bodily expressions as compared to facial expressions. The current study investigated reaction times of movements directed toward emotional bodies and faces. For this purpose, a new task was developed where participants were standing in front of a computer screen on which angry, fearful, and neutral faces and bodies were presented which they had to touch as quickly as possible. Results show that participants responded faster to angry than to neutral stimuli, regardless of the source (face or body). No significant difference was observed between fearful and neutral stimuli, demonstrating that the threat bias was not related to the negativity of the stimulus, but likely to the directness of the threat in relation to the observer. Whereas fearful stimuli might signal an environmental threat that requires further exploration before action, angry expressions signal a direct threat to the observer, asking for immediate action. This study provides a novel and implicit method to directly test the speed of actions toward emotions from the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josje M de Valk
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasper G Wijnen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariska E Kret
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, The Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University , Leiden, Netherlands ; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition , Leiden, Netherlands
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