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Zheng X, Li Y, Liu Y. Plant Immunity against Tobamoviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:530. [PMID: 38675873 PMCID: PMC11054417 DOI: 10.3390/v16040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobamoviruses are a group of plant viruses that pose a significant threat to agricultural crops worldwide. In this review, we focus on plant immunity against tobamoviruses, including pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the RNA-targeting pathway, phytohormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and autophagy. Further, we highlight the genetic resources for resistance against tobamoviruses in plant breeding and discuss future directions on plant protection against tobamoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Kravchik M, Shnaider Y, Abebie B, Shtarkman M, Kumari R, Kumar S, Leibman D, Spiegelman Z, Gal‐On A. Knockout of SlTOM1 and SlTOM3 results in differential resistance to tobamovirus in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1278-1289. [PMID: 35706371 PMCID: PMC9366062 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
During tobamovirus-host coevolution, tobamoviruses developed numerous interactions with host susceptibility factors and exploited these interactions for replication and movement. The plant-encoded TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION (TOM) susceptibility proteins interact with the tobamovirus replicase proteins and allow the formation of the viral replication complex. Here CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis allowed the exploration of the roles of SlTOM1a, SlTOM1b, and SlTOM3 in systemic tobamovirus infection of tomato. Knockouts of both SlTOM1a and SlTOM3 in sltom1a/sltom3 plants resulted in an asymptomatic response to the infection with recently emerged tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). In addition, an accumulation of ToBRFV RNA and coat protein (CP) in sltom1a/sltom3 mutant plants was 516- and 25-fold lower, respectively, than in wild-type (WT) plants at 12 days postinoculation. In marked contrast, sltom1a/sltom3 plants were susceptible to previously known tomato viruses, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), indicating that SlTOM1a and SlTOM3 are not essential for systemic infection of TMV and ToMV in tomato plants. Knockout of SlTOM1b alone did not contribute to ToBRFV and ToMV resistance. However, in triple mutants sltom1a/sltom3/sltom1b, ToMV accumulation was three-fold lower than in WT plants, with no reduction in symptoms. These results indicate that SlTOM1a and SlTOM3 are essential for the replication of ToBRFV, but not for ToMV and TMV, which are associated with additional susceptibility proteins. Additionally, we showed that SlTOM1a and SlTOM3 positively regulate the tobamovirus susceptibility gene SlARL8a3. Moreover, we found that the SlTOM family is involved in the regulation of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kravchik
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeTsiyonIsrael
| | - Yulia Shnaider
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeTsiyonIsrael
| | - Bekele Abebie
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeTsiyonIsrael
| | - Meital Shtarkman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeTsiyonIsrael
| | - Reenu Kumari
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeTsiyonIsrael
| | - Surender Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeTsiyonIsrael
| | - Diana Leibman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeTsiyonIsrael
| | - Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeTsiyonIsrael
| | - Amit Gal‐On
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeTsiyonIsrael
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Sáez C, Martínez C, Montero-Pau J, Esteras C, Sifres A, Blanca J, Ferriol M, López C, Picó B. A Major QTL Located in Chromosome 8 of Cucurbita moschata Is Responsible for Resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:207. [PMID: 32265946 PMCID: PMC7100279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a bipartite whitefly transmitted begomovirus, responsible since 2013 of severe damages in cucurbit crops in Southeastern Spain. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) is the most affected species, but melon (Cucumis melo) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) are also highly damaged by the infection. The virus has spread across Mediterranean basin and European countries, and integrated control measures are not being enough to reduce economic losses. The identification of resistance genes is required to develop resistant cultivars. In this assay, we studied the inheritance of the resistance to ToLCNDV previously identified in two Cucurbita moschata accessions. We generated segregating populations crossing both resistant pumpkins, an American improved cultivar Large Cheese (PI 604506) and an Indian landrace (PI 381814), with a susceptible C. moschata genotype (PI 419083). The analysis of symptoms and viral titers of all populations established the same monogenic recessive genetic control in both resistant accessions, and the allelism tests suggest the occurrence of alleles of the same locus. By genotyping with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) collection evenly distributed along the C. moschata genome, a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) was identified in chromosome 8 controlling resistance to ToLCNDV. This major QTL was also confirmed in the interspecific C. moschata × C. pepo segregating populations, although C. pepo genetic background affected the resistance level. Molecular markers here identified, linked to the ToLCNDV resistance locus, are highly valuable for zucchini breeding programs, allowing the selection of improved commercial materials. The duplication of the candidate region within the C. moschata genome was studied, and genes with paralogs or single-copy genes were identified. Its synteny with the region of chromosome 17 of the susceptible C. pepo revealed an INDEL including interesting candidate genes. The chromosome 8 candidate region of C. moschata was also syntenic to the region in chromosome 11 of melon, previously described as responsible of ToLCNDV resistance. Common genes in the candidate regions of both cucurbits, with high- or moderate-impact polymorphic SNPs between resistant and susceptible C. moschata accessions, are interesting to study the mechanisms involved in this recessive resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sáez
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cecilia Martínez
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Department of Biology and Geology, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Javier Montero-Pau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteras
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - José Blanca
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ferriol
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmelo López
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Picó
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Balogh E, Juhász C, Dankó T, Fodor J, Tóbiás I, Gullner G. The expression of several pepper fatty acid desaturase genes is robustly activated in an incompatible pepper-tobamovirus interaction, but only weakly in a compatible interaction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:347-358. [PMID: 32004918 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The replication of positive strand RNA viruses in plant cells is markedly influenced by the desaturation status of fatty acid chains in lipids of intracellular plant membranes. At present, little is known about the role of lipid desaturation in the replication of tobamoviruses. Therefore, we investigated the expression of fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes and the fatty acid composition of pepper leaves inoculated with two different tobamoviruses. Obuda pepper virus (ObPV) inoculation induced a hypersensitive reaction (incompatible interaction) while Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) inoculation caused a systemic infection (compatible interaction). Changes in the expression of 16 FADs were monitored in pepper leaves following ObPV and PMMoV inoculations. ObPV inoculation rapidly and markedly upregulated seven Δ12-FADs that encode enzymes putatively located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. In contrast, PMMoV inoculation resulted in a weaker but rapid upregulation of two Δ12-FADs and a Δ15-FAD. The expression of genes encoding plastidial FADs was not influenced neither by ObPV nor by PMMoV. In accordance with gene expression results, a significant accumulation of linoleic acid was observed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in ObPV-, but not in PMMoV-inoculated leaves. ObPV inoculation led to a marked accumulation of H2O2 in the inoculated leaves. Therefore, the effect of H2O2 treatments on the expression of six tobamovirus-inducible FADs was also studied. The expression of these FADs was upregulated to different degrees by H2O2 that correlated with ObPV-inducibility of these FADs. These results underline the importance of further studies on the role of pepper FADs in pepper-tobamovirus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Balogh
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022, Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15, Hungary
| | - Csilla Juhász
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022, Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dankó
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022, Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15, Hungary
| | - József Fodor
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022, Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15, Hungary
| | - István Tóbiás
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022, Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022, Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15, Hungary.
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Kobayashi C, Kato M, Nagaya H, Shimizu N, Ishibashi K, Ishikawa M, Katoh E. Purification and functional characterization of tomato mosaic virus 130K protein expressed in silkworm pupae using a baculovirus vector. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 154:85-90. [PMID: 30291968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV; genus, Tobamovirus) is a member of the alpha-like virus superfamily of positive-strand RNA viruses, which includes many plant and animal viruses of agronomical and clinical importance. The genomes of alpha-like viruses encode replication-associated proteins that contain methyltransferase, helicase and/or polymerase domains. The three-dimensional structure of the helicase domain fragment of ToMV has been determined, but the structures of the other domains of alpha-like virus replication proteins are not available. In this study, we expressed full-length ToMV replication-associated protein 130 K, which contains the methyltransferase and helicase domains, using the baculovirus-silkworm expression system and purified the recombinant protein to near homogeneity. Purified 130 K, which was stable in phosphate buffer containing magnesium ions and ATP, formed a dimer in solution and hydrolyzed nucleoside 5'-triphosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihoko Kobayashi
- Structural Biology Team, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kato
- Business Development, Research and Industry Business, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nagaya
- Business Development, Research and Industry Business, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shimizu
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Plant and Microbial Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishikawa
- Plant and Microbial Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Etsuko Katoh
- Structural Biology Team, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan.
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6
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Role of the Genetic Background in Resistance to Plant Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102856. [PMID: 30241370 PMCID: PMC6213453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of major economic problems caused by viruses, the development of genetically resistant crops is critical for breeders but remains limited by the evolution of resistance-breaking virus mutants. During the plant breeding process, the introgression of traits from Crop Wild Relatives results in a dramatic change of the genetic background that can alter the resistance efficiency or durability. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis on 19 Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) studies of resistance to viruses in plants. Frequent epistatic effects between resistance genes indicate that a large part of the resistance phenotype, conferred by a given QTL, depends on the genetic background. We next reviewed the different resistance mechanisms in plants to survey at which stage the genetic background could impact resistance or durability. We propose that the genetic background may impair effector-triggered dominant resistances at several stages by tinkering the NB-LRR (Nucleotide Binding-Leucine-Rich Repeats) response pathway. In contrast, effects on recessive resistances by loss-of-susceptibility-such as eIF4E-based resistances-are more likely to rely on gene redundancy among the multigene family of host susceptibility factors. Finally, we show how the genetic background is likely to shape the evolution of resistance-breaking isolates and propose how to take this into account in order to breed plants with increased resistance durability to viruses.
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Li J, Fuchs S, Zhang J, Wellford S, Schuldiner M, Wang X. An unrecognized function for COPII components in recruiting the viral replication protein BMV 1a to the perinuclear ER. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3597-3608. [PMID: 27539921 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses invariably assemble their viral replication complexes (VRCs) by remodeling host intracellular membranes. How viral replication proteins are targeted to specific organelle membranes to initiate VRC assembly remains elusive. Brome mosaic virus (BMV), whose replication can be recapitulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, assembles its VRCs by invaginating the outer perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Remarkably, BMV replication protein 1a (BMV 1a) is the only viral protein required for such membrane remodeling. We show that ER-vesicle protein of 14 kD (Erv14), a cargo receptor of coat protein complex II (COPII), interacts with BMV 1a. Moreover, the perinuclear ER localization of BMV 1a is disrupted in cells lacking ERV14 or expressing dysfunctional COPII coat components (Sec13, Sec24 or Sec31). The requirement of Erv14 for the localization of BMV 1a is bypassed by addition of a Sec24-recognizable sorting signal to BMV 1a or by overexpressing Sec24, suggesting a coordinated effort by both Erv14 and Sec24 for the proper localization of BMV 1a. The COPII pathway is well known for being involved in protein secretion; our data suggest that a subset of COPII coat proteins have an unrecognized role in targeting proteins to the perinuclear ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Shai Fuchs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sebastian Wellford
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Chujo T, Ishibashi K, Miyashita S, Ishikawa M. Functions of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of tobamovirus RNA. Virus Res 2015; 206:82-9. [PMID: 25683511 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tobamovirus genome is a 5'-m(7)G-capped RNA that carries a tRNA-like structure at its 3'-terminus. The genomic RNA serves as the template for both translation and negative-strand RNA synthesis. The 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of the genomic RNA contain elements that enhance translation, and the 3'-UTR also contains the elements necessary for the initiation of negative-strand RNA synthesis. Recent studies using a cell-free viral RNA translation-replication system revealed that a 70-nucleotide region containing a part of the 5'-UTR is bound cotranslationally by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replication proteins translated from the genomic RNA and that the binding leads the genomic RNA to RNA replication pathway. This mechanism explains the cis-preferential replication of TMV by the replication proteins. The binding also inhibits further translation to avoid a fatal ribosome-RNA polymerase collision, which might arise if translation and negative-strand synthesis occur simultaneously on a single genomic RNA molecule. Therefore, the 5'- and 3'-UTRs play multiple important roles in the life cycle of tobamovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Chujo
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shuhei Miyashita
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishikawa
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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Nicaise V. Crop immunity against viruses: outcomes and future challenges. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:660. [PMID: 25484888 PMCID: PMC4240047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Viruses cause epidemics on all major cultures of agronomic importance, representing a serious threat to global food security. As strict intracellular pathogens, they cannot be controlled chemically and prophylactic measures consist mainly in the destruction of infected plants and excessive pesticide applications to limit the population of vector organisms. A powerful alternative frequently employed in agriculture relies on the use of crop genetic resistances, approach that depends on mechanisms governing plant-virus interactions. Hence, knowledge related to the molecular bases of viral infections and crop resistances is key to face viral attacks in fields. Over the past 80 years, great advances have been made on our understanding of plant immunity against viruses. Although most of the known natural resistance genes have long been dominant R genes (encoding NBS-LRR proteins), a vast number of crop recessive resistance genes were cloned in the last decade, emphasizing another evolutive strategy to block viruses. In addition, the discovery of RNA interference pathways highlighted a very efficient antiviral system targeting the infectious agent at the nucleic acid level. Insidiously, plant viruses evolve and often acquire the ability to overcome the resistances employed by breeders. The development of efficient and durable resistances able to withstand the extreme genetic plasticity of viruses therefore represents a major challenge for the coming years. This review aims at describing some of the most devastating diseases caused by viruses on crops and summarizes current knowledge about plant-virus interactions, focusing on resistance mechanisms that prevent or limit viral infection in plants. In addition, I will discuss the current outcomes of the actions employed to control viral diseases in fields and the future investigations that need to be undertaken to develop sustainable broad-spectrum crop resistances against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Nicaise
- Fruit Biology and Pathology, Virology Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of BordeauxUMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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On the interaction and localization of the beet necrotic yellow vein virus replicase. Virus Res 2014; 196:94-104. [PMID: 25445349 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a multipartite positive-strand RNA virus. BNYVV RNA-1 encodes a non-structural p237 polyprotein processed in two proteins (p150 and p66) by a cis-acting protease activity. BNYVV non-structural proteins are closely related to replication proteins of positive strand RNA viruses such as hepeviruses rather to other plant virus replicases. The p237 and dsRNA have been localized by TEM in ER structures of infected leaf cells whereas dsRNA was immunolabeled in infected protoplasts. The p150 contains domains with methyltransferase, protease, helicase and two domains of unknown function whereas p66 encompasses the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase signature. We report the existing interactions between functional domains of the p150 and p66 proteins and the addressing of the benyvirus replicase to the endoplasmic reticulum. Yeast two-hybrid approach, colocalization with FRET-FLIM analyses and co-immunoprecipitation highlighted existing interactions that suggest the presence of a multimeric complex at the vicinity of the cellular membranous web.
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Ishibashi K, Ishikawa M. Mechanisms of tomato mosaic virus RNA replication and its inhibition by the host resistance factor Tm-1. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 9:8-13. [PMID: 25212767 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the plant immune system, sensor proteins encoded by dominant resistance genes activate a defense response upon pathogen infection. The tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) resistance gene Tm-1 is exceptional in that it inhibits ToMV multiplication without inducing a defense response. Several lines of evidence had suggested that Tm-1 encodes a direct inhibitor of ToMV RNA replication. The Tm-1 gene product was identified by purification of an inhibitor protein using a cell-free translation and replication system for ToMV RNA. Further analyses using the system showed that Tm-1 bound ToMV replication proteins, and that the Tm-1-bound ToMV replication proteins retained the ability to bind membranes, while Tm-1 inhibited replication complex formation on the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ishibashi
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Ishikawa
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Unit, Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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12
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Structural basis for the recognition-evasion arms race between Tomato mosaic virus and the resistance gene Tm-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3486-95. [PMID: 25092327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407888111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) resistance gene Tm-1 encodes a protein that shows no sequence homology to functionally characterized proteins. Tm-1 binds ToMV replication proteins and thereby inhibits replication complex formation. ToMV mutants that overcome this resistance have amino acid substitutions in the helicase domain of the replication proteins (ToMV-Hel). A small region of Tm-1 in the genome of the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites has been under positive selection during its antagonistic coevolution with ToMV. Here we report crystal structures for the N-terminal inhibitory domains of Tm-1 and a natural Tm-1 variant with an I91-to-T substitution that has a greater ability to inhibit ToMV RNA replication and their complexes with ToMV-Hel. Each complex contains a Tm-1 dimer and two ToMV-Hel monomers with the interfaces between Tm-1 and ToMV-Hel bridged by ATP. Residues in ToMV-Hel and Tm-1 involved in antagonistic coevolution are found at the interface. The structural differences between ToMV-Hel in its free form and in complex with Tm-1 suggest that Tm-1 affects nucleoside triphosphatase activity of ToMV-Hel, and this effect was confirmed experimentally. Molecular dynamics simulations of complexes formed by Tm-1 with ToMV-Hel variants showed how the amino acid changes in ToMV-Hel impair the interaction with Tm-1 to overcome the resistance. With these findings, together with the biochemical properties of the interactions between ToMV-Hel and Tm-1 variants and effects of the mutations in the polymorphic residues of Tm-1, an atomic view of a step-by-step coevolutionary arms race between a plant resistance protein and a viral protein emerges.
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The resistance protein Tm-1 inhibits formation of a Tomato mosaic virus replication protein-host membrane protein complex. J Virol 2013; 87:7933-9. [PMID: 23658455 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00743-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tm-1 gene of tomato confers resistance to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Tm-1 encodes a protein that binds ToMV replication proteins and inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA replication of ToMV. The replication proteins of resistance-breaking mutants of ToMV do not bind Tm-1, indicating that the binding is important for inhibition. In this study, we analyzed how Tm-1 inhibits ToMV RNA replication in a cell-free system using evacuolated tobacco protoplast extracts. In this system, ToMV RNA replication is catalyzed by replication proteins bound to membranes, and the RNA polymerase activity is unaffected by treatment with 0.5 M NaCl-containing buffer and remains associated with membranes. We show that in the presence of Tm-1, negative-strand RNA synthesis is inhibited; the replication proteins associate with membranes with binding that is sensitive to 0.5 M NaCl; the viral genomic RNA used as a translation template is not protected from nuclease digestion; and host membrane proteins TOM1, TOM2A, and ARL8 are not copurified with the membrane-bound 130K replication protein. Deletion of the polymerase read-through domain or of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the genome did not prevent the formation of complexes between the 130K protein and the host membrane proteins, the 0.5 M NaCl-resistant binding of the replication proteins to membranes, and the protection of the genomic RNA from nucleases. These results indicate that Tm-1 binds ToMV replication proteins to inhibit key events in replication complex formation on membranes that precede negative-strand RNA synthesis.
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Expression, purification, and functional characterization of an N-terminal fragment of the tomato mosaic virus resistance protein Tm-1. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 89:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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