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Cao X, Gao B, Lu J, Wang H, Zhao R, Huang X. Areca palm velarivirus 1 infection caused disassembly of chloroplast and reduction of photosynthesis in areca palm. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1424489. [PMID: 38939190 PMCID: PMC11208678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1424489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The expansion of betel palm cultivation is driven by rising demand for betel nut, yet this growth is accompanied by challenges such as decreased agricultural biodiversity and the spread of infectious pathogens. Among these, Yellow Leaf Disease (YLD) emerges as a prominent threat to betel palm plantation. Areca Palm Velarivirus 1 (APV1) has been identified as a primary causative agent of YLD, precipitating leaf yellowing, stunted growth, and diminished yield. However, the precise mechanisms underlying APV1-induced damage remain elusive. Our study elucidates that APV1 infiltrates chloroplasts, instigating severe damage and consequential reductions in chlorophyll a/b and carotene levels, alongside notable declines in photosynthetic efficiency. Moreover, APV1 infection exerts broad regulatory effects on gene expression, particularly suppressing key genes implicated in chloroplast function and photosynthesis. These disruptions correlate with growth retardation, yield diminishment, and compromised nut quality. Intriguingly, the paradoxical destruction of the host's photosynthetic machinery by APV1 prompts inquiry into its evolutionary rationale, given the virus's dependence on host resources for replication and proliferation. Our findings reveal that APV1-induced leaf yellowing acts as a beacon for transmission vectors, hinting at a nuanced "host-pathogen-vector co-evolutionary" dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruibai Zhao
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xi Huang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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2
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Qin L, Liu H, Liu P, Jiang L, Cheng X, Li F, Shen W, Qiu W, Dai Z, Cui H. Rubisco small subunit (RbCS) is co-opted by potyvirids as the scaffold protein in assembling a complex for viral intercellular movement. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012064. [PMID: 38437247 PMCID: PMC10939294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses must move through plasmodesmata (PD) to complete their life cycles. For viruses in the Potyviridae family (potyvirids), three viral factors (P3N-PIPO, CI, and CP) and few host proteins are known to participate in this event. Nevertheless, not all the proteins engaging in the cell-to-cell movement of potyvirids have been discovered. Here, we found that HCPro2 encoded by areca palm necrotic ring spot virus (ANRSV) assists viral intercellular movement, which could be functionally complemented by its counterpart HCPro from a potyvirus. Affinity purification and mass spectrometry identified several viral factors (including CI and CP) and host proteins that are physically associated with HCPro2. We demonstrated that HCPro2 interacts with both CI and CP in planta in forming PD-localized complexes during viral infection. Further, we screened HCPro2-associating host proteins, and identified a common host protein in Nicotiana benthamiana-Rubisco small subunit (NbRbCS) that mediates the interactions of HCPro2 with CI or CP, and CI with CP. Knockdown of NbRbCS impairs these interactions, and significantly attenuates the intercellular and systemic movement of ANRSV and three other potyvirids (turnip mosaic virus, pepper veinal mottle virus, and telosma mosaic virus). This study indicates that a nucleus-encoded chloroplast-targeted protein is hijacked by potyvirids as the scaffold protein to assemble a complex to facilitate viral movement across cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Peilan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Shen
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenping Qiu
- Center for Grapevine Biotechnology, William H. Darr College of Agriculture, Missouri State University, Mountain Grove, United States of America
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education) and School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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3
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Yagyu M, Yoshimoto K. New insights into plant autophagy: molecular mechanisms and roles in development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1234-1251. [PMID: 37978884 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic intracellular degradation process. Although the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy share similarities with those in yeast and mammals, certain unique mechanisms have been identified. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of autophagy during vegetative growth stages as well as in plant-specific developmental processes, such as seed development, germination, flowering, and somatic reprogramming. Autophagy enables plants to adapt to and manage severe environmental conditions, such as nutrient starvation, high-intensity light stress, and heat stress, leading to intracellular remodeling and physiological changes in response to stress. In the past, plant autophagy research lagged behind similar studies in yeast and mammals; however, recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of plant-specific autophagy mechanisms and functions. This review summarizes current knowledge and latest research findings on the mechanisms and roles of plant autophagy with the objective of improving our understanding of this vital process in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Yagyu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kohki Yoshimoto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
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Király L, Zechmann B, Albert R, Bacsó R, Schwarczinger I, Kolozsváriné Nagy J, Gullner G, Hafez YM, Künstler A. Enhanced Resistance to Viruses in Nicotiana edwardsonii 'Columbia' Is Dependent on Salicylic Acid, Correlates with High Glutathione Levels, and Extends to Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria and Abiotic Stress. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:36-50. [PMID: 37750816 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0106-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier research showed that an interspecific tobacco hybrid (Nicotiana edwardsonii 'Columbia' [NEC]) displays elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA) and enhanced resistance to localized necrotic symptoms (hypersensitive response [HR]) caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), as compared with another interspecific hybrid (Nicotiana edwardsonii [NE]) derived from the same parents. In the present study, we investigated whether symptomatic resistance in NEC is indeed associated with the inhibition of TMV and TNV and whether SA plays a role in this process. We demonstrated that enhanced viral resistance in NEC is manifested as both milder local necrotic (HR) symptoms and reduced levels of TMV and TNV. The presence of an adequate amount of SA contributes to the enhanced defense response of NEC to TMV and TNV, as the absence of SA resulted in seriously impaired viral resistance. Elevated levels of subcellular tripeptide glutathione (GSH) in NEC plants in response to viral infection suggest that in addition to SA, GSH may also contribute to the elevated viral resistance of NEC. Furthermore, we found that NEC displays an enhanced resistance not only to viral pathogens but also to bacterial infections and abiotic oxidative stress induced by paraquat treatments. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránt Király
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place, no. 97046, Waco, TX 76798, U.S.A
| | - Réka Albert
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, H-6800, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Renáta Bacsó
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yaser Mohamed Hafez
- EPCRS Excellence Center & Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - András Künstler
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
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Rozo-Lopez P, Parker BJ. Why do viruses make aphids winged? INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:575-582. [PMID: 37243432 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are hosts to diverse viruses and are important vectors of plant pathogens. The spread of viruses is heavily influenced by aphid movement and behaviour. Consequently, wing plasticity (where individuals can be winged or wingless depending on environmental conditions) is an important factor in the spread of aphid-associated viruses. We review several fascinating systems where aphid-vectored plant viruses interact with aphid wing plasticity, both indirectly by manipulating plant physiology and directly through molecular interactions with plasticity pathways. We also cover recent examples where aphid-specific viruses and endogenous viral elements within aphid genomes influence wing formation. We discuss why unrelated viruses with different transmission modes have convergently evolved to manipulate wing formation in aphids and whether this is advantageous for both host and virus. We argue that interactions with viruses are likely shaping the evolution of wing plasticity within and across aphid species, and we discuss the potential importance of these findings for aphid biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rozo-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin J Parker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Ontiveros I, Fernández-Pozo N, Esteve-Codina A, López-Moya JJ, Díaz-Pendón JA. Enhanced Susceptibility to Tomato Chlorosis Virus (ToCV) in Hsp90- and Sgt1-Silenced Plants: Insights from Gene Expression Dynamics. Viruses 2023; 15:2370. [PMID: 38140611 PMCID: PMC10747942 DOI: 10.3390/v15122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging whitefly-transmitted crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) causes substantial economic losses by inducing yellow leaf disorder in tomato crops. This study explores potential resistance mechanisms by examining early-stage molecular responses to ToCV. A time-course transcriptome analysis compared naïve, mock, and ToCV-infected plants at 2, 7, and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Gene expression changes were most notable at 2 and 14 dpi, likely corresponding to whitefly feeding and viral infection. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed key genes and pathways associated with ToCV infection, including those related to plant immunity, flavonoid and steroid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. Additionally, virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsRNAs) originating from ToCV predominantly came from RNA2 and were 22 nucleotides in length. Furthermore, two genes involved in plant immunity, Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) and its co-chaperone Sgt1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of Skp1) were targeted through viral-induced gene silencing (VIGS), showing a potential contribution to basal resistance against viral infections since their reduction correlated with increased ToCV accumulation. This study provides insights into tomato plant responses to ToCV, with potential implications for developing effective disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ontiveros
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Noé Fernández-Pozo
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Juan José López-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08913 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Díaz-Pendón
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture La Mayora (IHSM), CSIC-UMA, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Spain; (I.O.); (N.F.-P.)
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7
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Morina F, Mijovilovich A, Mishra A, Brückner D, Vujić B, Bokhari SNH, Špak J, Falkenberg G, Küpper H. Cadmium and Zn hyperaccumulation provide efficient constitutive defense against Turnip yellow mosaic virus infection in Noccaea caerulescens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111864. [PMID: 37689279 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of Zn and Cd in anti-viral defence, Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens plants grown with deficient (0.3 µM), replete (10 µM) and excess (100 µM) Zn2+ and Cd (10 µM Zn2+ + 1 µM Cd2+) were infected with Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV). Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics analyses demonstrated direct TYMV effects on photosynthetic light reactions but N. caerulescens was more resistant against TYMV than the previously studied non-hyperaccumulator N. ochroleucum. Virus abundance and photosynthesis inhibition were the lowest in the high Zn and Cd treatments. RNAseq analysis of 10 µM Zn2+ plants revealed TYMV-induced upregulation of Ca transporters, chloroplastic ZTP29 and defence genes, but none of those that are known to be strongly involved in hyperaccumulation. Synchrotron µ-XRF tomography, however, showed that Zn hyperaccumulation remained strongest in vacuoles of epidermal storage cells regardless of infection. This was in contrast to N. ochroleucum, where apoplastic Zn drastically increased in response to TYMV. These results suggest that the antiviral response of N. caerulescens is less induced by the onset of this biotic stress, but it is rather a permanent resistant state of the plant. Real-time qPCR revealed upregulation of ferritin in Zn10 infected plants, suggesting Fe deprivation as a virus defence strategy under suboptimal Zn supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filis Morina
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Ana Mijovilovich
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Archana Mishra
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Dennis Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg, Department of Physics, Jungiusstr. 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Bojan Vujić
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Syed Nadeem Hussain Bokhari
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Špak
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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8
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Jiang T, Zhou T. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Symptom Development in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2830. [PMID: 37570983 PMCID: PMC10421249 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, induce significant changes in the cellular physiology of host cells to facilitate their multiplication. These alterations often lead to the development of symptoms that interfere with normal growth and development, causing USD 60 billion worth of losses per year, worldwide, in both agricultural and horticultural crops. However, existing literature often lacks a clear and concise presentation of the key information regarding the mechanisms underlying plant virus-induced symptoms. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive review to highlight the crucial interactions between plant viruses and host factors, discussing key genes that increase viral virulence and their roles in influencing cellular processes such as dysfunction of chloroplast proteins, hormone manipulation, reactive oxidative species accumulation, and cell cycle control, which are critical for symptom development. Moreover, we explore the alterations in host metabolism and gene expression that are associated with virus-induced symptoms. In addition, the influence of environmental factors on virus-induced symptom development is discussed. By integrating these various aspects, this review provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying virus-induced symptoms in plants, and emphasizes the urgency of addressing viral diseases to ensure sustainable agriculture and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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He R, Li Y, Bernards MA, Wang A. Manipulation of the Cellular Membrane-Cytoskeleton Network for RNA Virus Replication and Movement in Plants. Viruses 2023; 15:744. [PMID: 36992453 PMCID: PMC10056259 DOI: 10.3390/v15030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses infect all cellular life forms and cause various diseases and significant economic losses worldwide. The majority of viruses are positive-sense RNA viruses. A common feature of infection by diverse RNA viruses is to induce the formation of altered membrane structures in infected host cells. Indeed, upon entry into host cells, plant-infecting RNA viruses target preferred organelles of the cellular endomembrane system and remodel organellar membranes to form organelle-like structures for virus genome replication, termed as the viral replication organelle (VRO) or the viral replication complex (VRC). Different viruses may recruit different host factors for membrane modifications. These membrane-enclosed virus-induced replication factories provide an optimum, protective microenvironment to concentrate viral and host components for robust viral replication. Although different viruses prefer specific organelles to build VROs, at least some of them have the ability to exploit alternative organellar membranes for replication. Besides being responsible for viral replication, VROs of some viruses can be mobile to reach plasmodesmata (PD) via the endomembrane system, as well as the cytoskeleton machinery. Viral movement protein (MP) and/or MP-associated viral movement complexes also exploit the endomembrane-cytoskeleton network for trafficking to PD where progeny viruses pass through the cell-wall barrier to enter neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Sharaf A, Nuc P, Ripl J, Alquicer G, Ibrahim E, Wang X, Maruthi MN, Kundu JK. Transcriptome Dynamics in Triticum aestivum Genotypes Associated with Resistance against the Wheat Dwarf Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030689. [PMID: 36992398 PMCID: PMC10054045 DOI: 10.3390/v15030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) is one of the most important pathogens of cereal crops worldwide. To understand the molecular mechanism of resistance, here we investigated the comparative transcriptome of wheat genotypes with different levels of resistance (Svitava and Fengyou 3) and susceptibility (Akteur) to WDV. We found a significantly higher number of differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in the susceptible genotype than in the resistant one (e.g., Svitava). The number of downregulated transcripts was also higher in the susceptible genotype than in the resistant one (Svitava) and the opposite was true for the upregulated transcripts. Further functional analysis of gene ontology (GO) enrichment identified a total of 114 GO terms for the DETs. Of these, 64 biological processes, 28 cellular components and 22 molecular function GO terms were significantly enriched. A few of these genes appear to have a specific expression pattern related to resistance or susceptibility to WDV infection. Validation of the expression pattern by RT-qPCR showed that glycosyltransferase was significantly downregulated in the susceptible genotype compared to the resistant genotypes after WDV infection, while CYCLIN-T1-3, a regulator of CDK kinases (cyclin-dependent kinase), was upregulated. On the other hand, the expression pattern of the transcription factor (TF) MYB (TraesCS4B02G174600.2; myeloblastosis domain of transcription factor) was downregulated by WDV infection in the resistant genotypes compared to the susceptible genotype, while a large number of TFs belonging to 54 TF families were differentially expressed due to WDV infection. In addition, two transcripts (TraesCS7A02G341400.1 and TraesCS3B02G239900.1) were upregulated with uncharacterised proteins involved in transport and regulation of cell growth, respectively. Altogether, our findings showed a clear gene expression profile associated with resistance or susceptibility of wheat to WDV. In future studies, we will explore the regulatory network within the same experiment context. This knowledge will broaden not only the future for the development of virus-resistant wheat genotypes but also the future of genetic improvement of cereals for resilience and WDV-resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoallah Sharaf
- Plant Virus and Vector Interactions, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (P.N.); (J.R.); (G.A.); (E.I.)
| | - Przemysław Nuc
- Plant Virus and Vector Interactions, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (P.N.); (J.R.); (G.A.); (E.I.)
| | - Jan Ripl
- Plant Virus and Vector Interactions, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (P.N.); (J.R.); (G.A.); (E.I.)
| | - Glenda Alquicer
- Plant Virus and Vector Interactions, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (P.N.); (J.R.); (G.A.); (E.I.)
| | - Emad Ibrahim
- Plant Virus and Vector Interactions, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (P.N.); (J.R.); (G.A.); (E.I.)
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Midatharahally N. Maruthi
- Agriculture, Health and Environment Department, Natural Resources Institute, Medway Campus, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Jiban Kumar Kundu
- Plant Virus and Vector Interactions, Centre for Plant Virus Research, Crop Research Institute, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (P.N.); (J.R.); (G.A.); (E.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-233-022-410
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11
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Plant Protection against Viruses: An Integrated Review of Plant Immunity Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054453. [PMID: 36901884 PMCID: PMC10002506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are an important class of pathogens that seriously affect plant growth and harm crop production. Viruses are simple in structure but complex in mutation and have thus always posed a continuous threat to agricultural development. Low resistance and eco-friendliness are important features of green pesticides. Plant immunity agents can enhance the resilience of the immune system by activating plants to regulate their metabolism. Therefore, plant immune agents are of great importance in pesticide science. In this paper, we review plant immunity agents, such as ningnanmycin, vanisulfane, dufulin, cytosinpeptidemycin, and oligosaccharins, and their antiviral molecular mechanisms and discuss the antiviral applications and development of plant immunity agents. Plant immunity agents can trigger defense responses and confer disease resistance to plants, and the development trends and application prospects of plant immunity agents in plant protection are analyzed in depth.
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Zhao T, Zhang Y, Wang F, Zhang B, Chen Q, Liu L, Yan L, Yang Y, Meng Q, Huang J, Zhang M, Lin J, Qin J. Transcriptome mapping related genes encoding PR1 protein involved in necrotic symptoms to soybean mosaic virus infection. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:7. [PMID: 37313127 PMCID: PMC10248650 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis caused by soybean mosaic virus (SMV) has not been specifically distinguished from susceptible symptoms. The molecular mechanism for the occurrence of necrosis is largely overlooked in soybean genetic research. Field evaluation reveals that SMV disease seriously influences soybean production as indicated by decreasing 22.4% ~ 77.0% and 8.8% ~ 17.0% of yield and quality production, respectively. To expand molecular mechanism behind necrotic reactions, transcriptomic data obtained from the asymptomatic, mosaic, and necrotic pools were assessed. Compared between asymptomatic and mosaic plants, 1689 and 1752 up- and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were specifically found in necrotic plants. Interestingly, the top five enriched pathways with up-regulated DEGs were highly related to the process of the stress response, whereas the top three enriched pathways with down-regulated DEGs were highly related to the process of photosynthesis, demonstrating that defense systems are extensively activated, while the photosynthesis systems were severely destroyed. Further, results of the phylogenetic tree based on gene expression pattern and an amino acid sequence and validation experiments discovered three PR1 genes, Glyma.15G062400, Glyma.15G062500, and Glyma.15G062700, which were especially expressed in necrotic leaves. Meanwhile, exogenous salicylic acid (SA) but not methyl jasmonate (MeJA) could induce the three PR1 gene expressions on healthy leaves. Contrastingly, exogenous SA obviously decreased the expression level of Glyma.15G062400, Glyma.15G062500, and concentration of SMV, but increased Glyma.15G062700 expression in necrotic leaves. These results showed that GmPR1 is associated with the development of SMV-induced necrotic symptoms in soybean. Glyma.15G062400, Glyma.15G062500, and Glyma.15G062700 is up-regulated in necrotic leaves at the transcriptional levels, which will greatly facilitate a better understanding of the mechanism behind necrosis caused by SMV disease. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01351-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhao
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 230 Waihuanxi Road, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengmin Wang
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Luping Liu
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Long Yan
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Yue Yang
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Qingmin Meng
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Jinan Huang
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Mengchen Zhang
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Jing Lin
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Jun Qin
- Hebei Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, National Soybean Improvement Center Shijiazhuang Sub-Center, Huang-Huai-Hai Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
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Bwalya J, Kim KH. The Crucial Role of Chloroplast-Related Proteins in Viral Genome Replication and Host Defense against Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:28-38. [PMID: 36760047 PMCID: PMC9929168 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.10.2022.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are responsible for worldwide production losses of numerous economically important crops. The most common plant RNA viruses are positivesense single-stranded RNA viruses [(+)ss RNA viruses]. These viruses have small genomes that encode a limited number of proteins. The viruses depend on their host's machinery for the replication of their RNA genome, assembly, movement, and attraction to the vectors for dispersal. Recently researchers have reported that chloroplast proteins are crucial for replicating (+)ss plant RNA viruses. Some chloroplast proteins, including translation initiation factor [eIF(iso)4E] and 75 DEAD-box RNA helicase RH8, help viruses fulfill their infection cycle in plants. In contrast, other chloroplast proteins such as PAP2.1, PSaC, and ATPsyn-α play active roles in plant defense against viruses. This is also consistent with the idea that reactive oxygen species, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid are produced in chloroplast. However, knowledge of molecular mechanisms and functions underlying these chloroplast host factors during the virus infection is still scarce and remains largely unknown. Our review briefly summarizes the latest knowledge regarding the possible role of chloroplast in plant virus replication, emphasizing chloroplast-related proteins. We have highlighted current advances regarding chloroplast-related proteins' role in replicating plant (+)ss RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bwalya
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
- Research of Institute Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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Ershova N, Sheshukova E, Kamarova K, Arifulin E, Tashlitsky V, Serebryakova M, Komarova T. Nicotiana benthamiana Kunitz peptidase inhibitor-like protein involved in chloroplast-to-nucleus regulatory pathway in plant-virus interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1041867. [PMID: 36438111 PMCID: PMC9685412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1041867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses use a variety of strategies to infect their host. During infection, viruses cause symptoms of varying severity, which are often associated with altered leaf pigmentation due to structural and functional damage to chloroplasts that are affected by viral proteins. Here we demonstrate that Nicotiana benthamiana Kunitz peptidase inhibitor-like protein (KPILP) gene is induced in response to potato virus X (PVX) infection. Using reverse genetic approach, we have demonstrated that KPILP downregulates expression of LHCB1 and LHCB2 genes of antenna light-harvesting complex proteins, HEMA1 gene encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase, which participates in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, and RBCS1A gene encoding RuBisCO small subunit isoform involved in the antiviral immune response. Thus, KPILP is a regulator of chloroplast retrograde signaling system during developing PVX infection. Moreover, KPILP was demonstrated to affect carbon partitioning: reduced glucose levels during PVX infection were associated with KPILP upregulation. Another KPILP function is associated with plasmodesmata permeability control. Its ability to stimulate intercellular transport of reporter 2xGFP molecules indicates that KPILP is a positive plasmodesmata regulator. Moreover, natural KPILP glycosylation is indispensable for manifestation of this function. During PVX infection KPILP increased expression leads to the reduction of plasmodesmata callose deposition. These results could indicate that KPILP affects plasmodesmata permeability via callose-dependent mechanism. Thus, virus entering a cell and starting reproduction triggers KPILP expression, which leads to downregulation of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes associated with retrograde signaling, reduction in photoassimilates accumulation and increase in intercellular transport, creating favorable conditions for reproduction and spread of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamila Kamarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenii Arifulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Tashlitsky
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Transcriptome and Small RNA Profiling of Potato Virus Y Infected Potato Cultivars, Including Systemically Infected Russet Burbank. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030523. [PMID: 35336930 PMCID: PMC8952017 DOI: 10.3390/v14030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Potatoes are the world’s most produced non-grain crops and an important food source for billions of people. Potatoes are susceptible to numerous pathogens that reduce yield, including Potato virus Y (PVY). Genetic resistance to PVY is a sustainable way to limit yield and quality losses due to PVY infection. Potato cultivars vary in their susceptibility to PVY and include susceptible varieties such as Russet Burbank, and resistant varieties such as Payette Russet. Although the loci and genes associated with PVY-resistance have been identified, the genes and mechanisms involved in limiting PVY during the development of systemic infections have yet to be fully elucidated. To increase our understanding of PVY infection, potato antiviral responses, and resistance, we utilized RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptomes of two potato cultivars. Since transcriptional responses associated with the extreme resistance response occur soon after PVY contact, we analyzed the transcriptome and small RNA profile of both the PVY-resistant Payette Russet cultivar and PVY-susceptible Russet Burbank cultivar 24 h post-inoculation. While hundreds of genes, including terpene synthase and protein kinase encoding genes, exhibited increased expression, the majority, including numerous genes involved in plant pathogen interactions, were downregulated. To gain greater understanding of the transcriptional changes that occur during the development of systemic PVY-infection, we analyzed Russet Burbank leaf samples one week and four weeks post-inoculation and identified similarities and differences, including higher expression of genes involved in chloroplast function, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolite production, and lower expression of defense response genes at those time points. Small RNA sequencing identified different populations of 21- and 24-nucleotide RNAs and revealed that the miRNA profiles in PVY-infected Russet Burbank plants were similar to those observed in other PVY-tolerant cultivars and that during systemic infection ~32% of the NLR-type disease resistance genes were targeted by 21-nt small RNAs. Analysis of alternative splicing in PVY-infected potato plants identified splice variants of several hundred genes, including isoforms that were more dominant in PVY-infected plants. The description of the PVYN-Wi-associated transcriptome and small RNA profiles of two potato cultivars described herein adds to the body of knowledge regarding differential outcomes of infection for specific PVY strain and host cultivar pairs, which will help further understanding of the mechanisms governing genetic resistance and/or virus-limiting responses in potato plants.
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Grishina A, Sherstneva O, Grinberg M, Zdobnova T, Ageyeva M, Khlopkov A, Sukhov V, Brilkina A, Vodeneev V. Pre-Symptomatic Detection of Viral Infection in Tobacco Leaves Using PAM Fluorometry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2782. [PMID: 34961253 PMCID: PMC8707847 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging was used to study potato virus X (PVX) infection of Nicotiana benthamiana. Infection-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII) and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ)) in the non-inoculated leaf were recorded and compared with the spatial distribution of the virus detected by the fluorescence of GFP associated with the virus. We determined infection-related changes at different points of the light-induced chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and at different days after inoculation. A slight change in the light-adapted steady-state values of ΦPSII and NPQ was observed in the infected area of the non-inoculated leaf. In contrast to the steady-state parameters, the dynamics of ΦPSII and NPQ caused by the dark-light transition in healthy and infected areas differed significantly starting from the second day after the detection of the virus in a non-inoculated leaf. The coefficients of correlation between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and virus localization were 0.67 for ΦPSII and 0.76 for NPQ. In general, the results demonstrate the possibility of reliable pre-symptomatic detection of the spread of a viral infection using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyona Grishina
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Oksana Sherstneva
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Marina Grinberg
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Tatiana Zdobnova
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Maria Ageyeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrey Khlopkov
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Anna Brilkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (A.G.); (O.S.); (M.G.); (T.Z.); (A.K.); (V.S.)
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Tseliou E, Chondrogiannis C, Kalachanis D, Goudoudaki S, Manoussopoulos Y, Grammatikopoulos G. Integration of biophysical photosynthetic parameters into one photochemical index for early detection of Tobacco Mosaic Virus infection in pepper plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 267:153542. [PMID: 34638005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in host plants is significantly reduced by many virus families. The early detection of viral infection before the onset of visual symptoms in both directly and systemically infected leaves is critical in crop protection. Viral pathogens cause a variety of symptoms through modifications of chloroplast structure and function and the response of the photochemistry process is immediate. Therefore, chlorophyll fluorescence monitoring has been extensively investigated the last two decades as a tool for timely assessment of pathogenic threats. Alternatively, the analysis of Chla fluorescence transients offers several interlinked parameters which describe the fate of excitation energy round and through the photosystems. Additionally, OJIP fluorescence transients and leaf reflectance spectra methodologies serve for rapid screening of large number of samples. The objective of the present study was to achieve early detection of viral infection, integrating the multiparametric information of the Chla fluorescence transients and of the leaf reflectance spectra into one photochemical performance index. Infection decreased the maximum quantum yield of PSII (FV/FM), the effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), the CO2 assimilation rate (A) and the stomatal conductance (gs) in the studied TMV-pepper plant pathosystem, while non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased. Some parameters from the OJIP transients and the leaf reflectance spectra were significantly affected 24 h after infection, while others modified three to five days later. Similar results were obtained from systemically infected leaves but with one to three days hysteresis compared to inoculated leaves. Differences between healthy and infected leaves were marginal during the first 24 h post infection. The Integrated Biomarker Response tool was used to create a photochemical infection index (PINFI) which integrates the partial effects of infection on each fluorescence and reflectance index. The PINFI, which to the best of our knowledge is the first photochemical infection index created by the IBR method, discriminated reliably between the infected and healthy leaves of pepper plants from the first 24 h after infection with the TMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tseliou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Christos Chondrogiannis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kalachanis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Stavroula Goudoudaki
- ELGO-Demeter, Plant Protection Division of Patras, NEO and Amerikis, Patras, 26444, Greece
| | - Yiannis Manoussopoulos
- ELGO-Demeter, Plant Protection Division of Patras, NEO and Amerikis, Patras, 26444, Greece
| | - George Grammatikopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece.
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Navarro JA, Saiz-Bonilla M, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Pallas V. The mitochondrial and chloroplast dual targeting of a multifunctional plant viral protein modulates chloroplast-to-nucleus communication, RNA silencing suppressor activity, encapsidation, pathogenesis and tissue tropism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:197-218. [PMID: 34309112 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense against melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) is triggered by the viral auxiliary replicase p29 that is targeted to mitochondrial membranes causing morphological alterations, oxidative burst and necrosis. Here we show that MNSV coat protein (CP) was also targeted to mitochondria and mitochondrial-derived replication complexes [viral replication factories or complex (VRC)], in close association with p29, in addition to chloroplasts. CP import resulted in the cleavage of the R/arm domain previously implicated in genome binding during encapsidation and RNA silencing suppression (RSS). We also show that CP organelle import inhibition enhanced RSS activity, CP accumulation and VRC biogenesis but resulted in inhibition of systemic spreading, indicating that MNSV whole-plant infection requires CP organelle import. We hypothesize that to alleviate the p29 impact on host physiology, MNSV could moderate its replication and p29 accumulation by regulating CP RSS activity through organelle targeting and, consequently, eluding early-triggered antiviral response. Cellular and molecular events also suggested that S/P domains, which correspond to processed CP in chloroplast stroma or mitochondrion matrix, could mitigate host response inhibiting p29-induced necrosis. S/P deletion mainly resulted in a precarious balance between defense and counter-defense responses, generating either cytopathic alterations and MNSV cell-to-cell movement restriction or some degree of local movement. In addition, local necrosis and defense responses were dampened when RSS activity but not S/P organelle targeting was affected. Based on a robust biochemical and cellular analysis, we established that the mitochondrial and chloroplast dual targeting of MNSV CP profoundly impacts the viral infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Navarro
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Maria Saiz-Bonilla
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Jesus A Sanchez-Navarro
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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Huang YW, Sun CI, Hu CC, Tsai CH, Meng M, Lin NS, Hsu YH. NbPsbO1 Interacts Specifically with the Bamboo Mosaic Virus (BaMV) Subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) Promoter and Is Required for Efficient BaMV sgRNA Transcription. J Virol 2021; 95:e0083121. [PMID: 34379502 PMCID: PMC8475527 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00831-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many positive-strand (+) RNA viruses produce subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) in the infection cycle through the combined activities of viral replicase and host proteins. However, knowledge about host proteins involved in direct sgRNA promoter recognition is limited. Here, in the partially purified replicase complexes from Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV)-infected tissue, we have identified the Nicotiana benthamiana photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex protein, NbPsbO1, which specifically interacted with the promoter of sgRNA but not that of genomic RNA (gRNA). Silencing of NbPsbO1 expression suppressed BaMV accumulation in N. benthamiana protoplasts without affecting viral gRNA replication. Overexpression of wild-type NbPsbO1 stimulated BaMV sgRNA accumulation. Fluorescent microscopy examination revealed that the fluorescence associated with NbPsbO1 was redistributed from chloroplast granal thylakoids to stroma in BaMV-infected cells. Overexpression of a mislocalized mutant of NbPsbO1, dTPPsbO1-T7, inhibited BaMV RNA accumulation in N. benthamiana, whereas overexpression of an NbPsbO1 derivative, sPsbO1-T7, designed to be targeted to chloroplast stroma, upregulated the sgRNA level. Furthermore, depletion of NbPsbO1 in BaMV RdRp preparation significantly inhibited sgRNA synthesis in vitro but exerted no effect on (+) or (-) gRNA synthesis, which indicates that NbPsbO1 is required for efficient sgRNA synthesis. These results reveal a novel role for NbPsbO1 in the selective enhancement of BaMV sgRNA transcription, most likely via direct interaction with the sgRNA promoter. IMPORTANCE Production of subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) for efficient translation of downstream viral proteins is one of the major strategies adapted for viruses that contain a multicistronic RNA genome. Both viral genomic RNA (gRNA) replication and sgRNA transcription rely on the combined activities of viral replicase and host proteins, which recognize promoter regions for the initiation of RNA synthesis. However, compared to the cis-acting elements involved in the regulation of sgRNA synthesis, the host factors involved in sgRNA promoter recognition mostly remain to be elucidated. Here, we found a chloroplast protein, NbPsbO1, which specifically interacts with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) sgRNA promoter. We showed that NbPsbO1 is relocated to the BaMV replication site in BaMV-infected cells and demonstrated that NbPsbO1 is required for efficient BaMV sgRNA transcription but exerts no effect on gRNA replication. This study provides a new insight into the regulating mechanism of viral gRNA and sgRNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu I Sun
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Menghsiao Meng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Na Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hisng University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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20
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Cheng DJ, Xu XJ, Yan ZY, Tettey CK, Fang L, Yang GL, Geng C, Tian YP, Li XD. The chloroplast ribosomal protein large subunit 1 interacts with viral polymerase and promotes virus infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:174-186. [PMID: 34618134 PMCID: PMC8418413 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play an indispensable role in the arms race between plant viruses and hosts. Chloroplast proteins are often recruited by plant viruses to support viral replication and movement. However, the mechanism by which chloroplast proteins regulate potyvirus infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we observed that Nicotiana benthamiana ribosomal protein large subunit 1 (NbRPL1), a chloroplast ribosomal protein, localized to the chloroplasts via its N-terminal 61 amino acids (transit peptide), and interacted with tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV) nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Upon TVBMV infection, NbRPL1 was recruited into the 6K2-induced viral replication complexes in chloroplasts. Silencing of NbRPL1 expression reduced TVBMV replication. NbRPL1 competed with NbBeclin1 to bind NIb, and reduced the NbBeclin1-mediated degradation of NIb. Therefore, our results suggest that NbRPL1 interacts with NIb in the chloroplasts, reduces NbBeclin1-mediated NIb degradation, and enhances TVBMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Jie Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Carlos Kwesi Tettey
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Le Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guang-Ling Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chao Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
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21
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Cui W, Wang S, Han K, Zheng E, Ji M, Chen B, Wang X, Chen J, Yan F. Ferredoxin 1 is downregulated by the accumulation of abscisic acid in an ABI5-dependent manner to facilitate rice stripe virus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1183-1197. [PMID: 34153146 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin 1 (FD1) accepts and distributes electrons in the electron transfer chain of plants. Its expression is universally downregulated by viruses and its roles in plant immunity have been brought into focus over the past decade. However, the mechanism by which viruses regulate FD1 remains to be defined. In a previous report, we found that the expression of Nicotiana benthamiana FD1 (NbFD1) was downregulated following infection with potato virus X (PVX) and that NbFD1 regulates callose deposition at plasmodesmata to play a role in defense against PVX infection. We now report that NbFD1 is downregulated by rice stripe virus (RSV) infection and that silencing of NbFD1 also facilitates RSV infection, while viral infection was inhibited in a transgenic line overexpressing NbFD1, indicating that NbFD1 also functions in defense against RSV infection. Next, a RSV-derived small interfering RNA was identified that contributes to the downregulation of FD1 transcripts. Further analysis showed that the abscisic acid (ABA) which accumulates in RSV-infected plants also represses NbFD1 transcription. It does this by stimulating expression of ABA insensitive 5 (ABI5), which binds the ABA response element motifs in the NbFD1 promoter, resulting in negative regulation. Regulation of FD1 by ABA was also confirmed in RSV-infected plants of the natural host rice. The results therefore suggest a mechanism by which virus regulates chloroplast-related genes to suppress their defense roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Cui
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, NE 68583, USA
| | - Kelei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ersong Zheng
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Mengfei Ji
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Binghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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22
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Konakalla NC, Nitin M, Kaldis A, Masarapu H, Carpentier S, Voloudakis A. dsRNA Molecules From the Tobacco Mosaic Virus p126 Gene Counteract TMV-Induced Proteome Changes at an Early Stage of Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663707. [PMID: 34054904 PMCID: PMC8155517 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the tobacco-Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) pathosystem was shown previously to induce resistance against TMV providing an alternative approach to transgenesis. In the present study, we employed proteomics technology to elucidate the effect of TMV on tobacco as well as the effect of exogenous application of TMV p126 dsRNA molecules (dsRNAp126) at an early stage of the tobacco-TMV interaction. The proteome of tobacco leaf at 15 min post inoculation (mpi) in the presence or absence of dsRNAp126 molecules was studied. Thirty-six tobacco proteins were differentially accumulated in TMV-infected vs. healthy tobacco leaf tissue. The identified main differential TMV-responsive proteins were found to be involved in photosynthesis, energy metabolism, stress, and defense responses. Most of the virus-induced changes in the tobacco leaf proteome were not observed in the leaves treated with dsRNAp126 + TMV. The results indicated that the protein changes induced by TMV infection were counteracted by the exogenous application of dsRNAp126 molecules. Moreover, using small RNA sequencing, we showed that the exogenously applied dsRNAp126 was efficiently processed in tobacco as early as 15 min post application (mpa) to produce small interfering RNAs (siRNAs); the dicing pattern was not affected by the presence of TMV. The presence of dsRNAp126 reduced TMV p126 RNA abundance suggesting virus titer reduction via a sequence-specific mechanism, since a non-homologous dsRNA did not protect from TMV infection nor affect TMV accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Charan Konakalla
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mukesh Nitin
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Athanasios Kaldis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Hema Masarapu
- Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- SYBIOMA: Facility for Systems Biology Based Mass Spectrometry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas Voloudakis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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23
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Alam SB, Reade R, Maghodia AB, Ghoshal B, Theilmann J, Rochon D. Targeting of cucumber necrosis virus coat protein to the chloroplast stroma attenuates host defense response. Virology 2021; 554:106-119. [PMID: 33418272 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) is a (+)ssRNA virus that elicits spreading local and systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. We previously showed that the CNV coat protein (CP) arm functions as a chloroplast transit peptide that targets a CP fragment containing the S and P domains to chloroplasts during infection. Here we show that several CP arm mutants that inefficiently target chloroplasts, along with a mutant that lacks the S and P domains, show an early onset of more localized necrosis along with protracted induction of pathogenesis related protein (PR1a). Agroinfiltrated CNV CP is shown to interfere with CNV p33 and Tomato bushy stunt virus p19 induced necrosis. Additionally, we provide evidence that a CP mutant that does not detectably enter the chloroplast stroma induces relatively higher levels of several plant defense-related genes compared to WT CNV. Together, our data suggest that targeting of CNV CP to the chloroplast stroma interferes with chloroplast-mediated plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Benazir Alam
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1B4, Canada; Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada.
| | - Ron Reade
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Ajay B Maghodia
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Basudev Ghoshal
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Jane Theilmann
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - D'Ann Rochon
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1B4, Canada; Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
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24
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Leone M, Zavallo D, Venturuzzi A, Asurmendi S. RdDM pathway components differentially modulate Tobamovirus symptom development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:467-481. [PMID: 32813230 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crop yield losses induced by phytoviruses are mainly associated with the symptoms of the disease. DNA modifications as methylation can modulate the information coded by the sequence, process named epigenetics. Viral infection can change the expression patterns of different genes linked to defenses and symptoms. This work represents the initial step to expose the role of epigenetic process, in the production of symptoms associated with plants-virus interactions. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are important molecules for gene regulation in plants and play an essential role in plant-pathogen interactions. Researchers have evaluated the relationship between viral infections as well as the endogenous accumulation of sRNAs and the transcriptional changes associated with the production of symptoms, but little is known about a possible direct role of epigenetics, mediated by 24-nt sRNAs, in the induction of these symptoms. Using different RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway mutants and a triple demethylase mutant; here we demonstrate that the disruption of RdDM pathway during viral infection produce alterations in the plant transcriptome and in consequence changes in plant symptoms. This study represents the initial step in exposing that DNA methylation directed by endogenous sRNAs has an important role, uncoupled to defense, in the production of symptoms associated with plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Leone
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Zavallo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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25
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Shen C, Wei C, Li J, Zhang X, Zhong Q, Li Y, Bai B, Wu Y. Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV-derived vsiRNAs are involved in the production of wheat leaf yellowing symptoms by targeting chlorophyll synthase. Virol J 2020; 17:158. [PMID: 33087133 PMCID: PMC7576850 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat yellow dwarf virus disease is infected by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), which causes leaf yellowing and dwarfing symptoms in wheat, thereby posing a serious threat to China's food production. The infection of plant viruses can produce large numbers of vsiRNAs, which can target host transcripts and cause symptom development. However, few studies have been conducted to explore the role played by vsiRNAs in the interaction between BYDV-GAV and host wheat plants. METHODS In this study, small RNA sequencing was conducted to profile vsiRNAs in BYDV-GAV-infected wheat plants. The putative targets of vsiRNAs were predicted by the bioinformatics software psRNATarget. RT-qPCR and VIGS were employed to identify the function of selected target transcripts. To confirm the interaction between vsiRNA and the target, 5' RACE was performed to analyze the specific cleavage sites. RESULTS From the sequencing data, we obtained a total of 11,384 detected vsiRNAs. The length distribution of these vsiRNAs was mostly 21 and 22 nt, and an A/U bias was observed at the 5' terminus. We also observed that the production region of vsiRNAs had no strand polarity. The vsiRNAs were predicted to target 23,719 wheat transcripts. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that these targets were mostly involved in cell components, catalytic activity and plant-pathogen interactions. The results of RT-qPCR analysis showed that most chloroplast-related genes were downregulated in BYDV-GAV-infected wheat plants. Silencing of a chlorophyll synthase gene caused leaf yellowing that was similar to the symptoms exhibited by BYDV-GAV-inoculated wheat plants. A vsiRNA from an overlapping region of BYDV-GAV MP and CP was observed to target chlorophyll synthase for gene silencing. Next, 5' RACE validated that vsiRNA8856 could cleave the chlorophyll synthase transcript in a sequence-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to demonstrate that BYDV-GAV-derived vsiRNAs can target wheat transcripts for symptom development, and the results of this study help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf yellowing after viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Caiyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qinrong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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26
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Martí M, Diretto G, Aragonés V, Frusciante S, Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L, Daròs JA. Efficient production of saffron crocins and picrocrocin in Nicotiana benthamiana using a virus-driven system. Metab Eng 2020; 61:238-250. [PMID: 32629020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crocins and picrocrocin are glycosylated apocarotenoids responsible, respectively, for the color and the unique taste of the saffron spice, known as red gold due to its high price. Several studies have also shown the health-promoting properties of these compounds. However, their high costs hamper the wide use of these metabolites in the pharmaceutical sector. We have developed a virus-driven system to produce remarkable amounts of crocins and picrocrocin in adult Nicotiana benthamiana plants in only two weeks. The system consists of viral clones derived from tobacco etch potyvirus that express specific carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) enzymes from Crocus sativus and Buddleja davidii. Metabolic analyses of infected tissues demonstrated that the sole virus-driven expression of C. sativus CsCCD2L or B. davidii BdCCD4.1 resulted in the production of crocins, picrocrocin and safranal. Using the recombinant virus that expressed CsCCD2L, accumulations of 0.2% of crocins and 0.8% of picrocrocin in leaf dry weight were reached in only two weeks. In an attempt to improve apocarotenoid content in N. benthamiana, co-expression of CsCCD2L with other carotenogenic enzymes, such as Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase (PaCrtB) and saffron β-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2), was performed using the same viral system. This combinatorial approach led to an additional crocin increase up to 0.35% in leaves in which CsCCD2L and PaCrtB were co-expressed. Considering that saffron apocarotenoids are costly harvested from flower stigma once a year, and that Buddleja spp. flowers accumulate lower amounts, this system may be an attractive alternative for the sustainable production of these appreciated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Martí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Verónica Aragonés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sarah Frusciante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario S/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain.
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València), 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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27
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Sanfaçon H. Modulation of disease severity by plant positive-strand RNA viruses: The complex interplay of multifunctional viral proteins, subviral RNAs and virus-associated RNAs with plant signaling pathways and defense responses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:87-131. [PMID: 32711736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses induce a range of symptoms of varying intensity, ranging from severe systemic necrosis to mild or asymptomatic infection. Several evolutionary constraints drive virus virulence, including the dependence of viruses on host factors to complete their infection cycle, the requirement to counteract or evade plant antiviral defense responses and the mode of virus transmission. Viruses have developed an array of strategies to modulate disease severity. Accumulating evidence has highlighted not only the multifunctional role that viral proteins play in disrupting or highjacking plant factors, hormone signaling pathways and intracellular organelles, but also the interaction networks between viral proteins, subviral RNAs and/or other viral-associated RNAs that regulate disease severity. This review focusses on positive-strand RNA viruses, which constitute the majority of characterized plant viruses. Using well-characterized viruses with different genome types as examples, recent advances are discussed as well as knowledge gaps and opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada.
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28
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Zhai Y, Peng H, Neff MM, Pappu HR. Emerging Molecular Links Between Plant Photomorphogenesis and Virus Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:920. [PMID: 32695129 PMCID: PMC7338571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photomorphogenesis refers to photoreceptor-mediated morphological changes in plant development that are triggered by light. Multiple photoreceptors and transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the molecular regulation of photomorphogenesis. Likewise, light can also modulate the outcome of plant-virus interactions since both photosynthesis and many viral infection events occur in the chloroplast. Despite the apparent association between photosynthesis and virus infection, little is known about whether there are also interplays between photomorphogenesis and plant virus resistance. Recent research suggests that plant-virus interactions are potentially regulated by several photoreceptors and photomorphogenesis regulators, including phytochromes A and B (PHYA and PHYB), cryptochromes 2 (CRY2), phototropin 2 (PHOT2), the photomorphogenesis repressor constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1), the NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC)-family TF ATAF2, the Aux/IAA protein phytochrome-associated protein 1 (PAP1), the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) TF HAT1, and the core circadian clock component circadian clock associated 1 (CCA1). Particularly, the plant growth promoting brassinosteroid (BR) hormones play critical roles in integrating the regulatory pathways of plant photomorphogenesis and viral defense. Here, we summarize the current understanding of molecular mechanisms linking plant photomorphogenesis and defense against viruses, which represents an emerging interdisciplinary research topic in both molecular plant biology and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael M. Neff
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Guo W, Chen JS, Zhang F, Li ZY, Chen HF, Zhang CJ, Chen LM, Yuan SL, Li R, Cao D, Hao QN, Chen SL, Shan ZH, Yang ZL, Zhang XJ, Qiu DZ, You QB, Dai WJ, Zhou XA, Shen XJ, Jiao YQ. Characterization of Pingliang xiaoheidou (ZDD 11047), a soybean variety with resistance to soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:253-267. [PMID: 32152894 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A novel QTL (qSCN-PL10) for SCN resistance and related candidate genes were identified in the soybean variety Pingliang xiaoheidou, and plant basal immunity seems to contribute to the SCN resistance. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most devastating soybean pests worldwide. The development of host plant resistance represents an effective strategy to control SCN. However, owing to the lack of diversity of resistance genes in soybean varieties, further investigation is necessary to identify new SCN resistance genes. By analyzing the resistance phenotypes of soybean variety Pingliang xiaoheidou (Pingliang, ZDD 11047), we found that it exhibited the different resistance phenotypes from PI 88788 and Peking varieties. Because Pingliang variety contains the Rhg1-a (low copy) haplotype and lacks the resistant Rhg4 haplotype, novel quantitative trait locus might account for their SCN resistance. After sequencing parental lines (Magellan and Pingliang) and 200 F2:3 progenies, a high-density genetic map was constructed using the specific length amplified fragment sequencing method and qSCN-PL10 was identified as a novel locus for SCN resistance. Candidate genes were predicted by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the qSCN-PL10 locus region. The RNA-seq analysis performed also indicated that plant basal immunity plays an important role in the resistance of Pingliang to SCN. These results lay a foundation for the use of marker-assisted breeding to enhance the resistance to SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
| | - Jing S Chen
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, 163316, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Ze Y Li
- Daqing Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing, 163316, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hai F Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Chan J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Li M Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Song L Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Qing N Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Shui L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi H Shan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Zhong L Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - De Z Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Qing B You
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Wen J Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xin A Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xin J Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
| | - Yong Q Jiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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Morina F, Mishra A, Mijovilovich A, Matoušková Š, Brückner D, Špak J, Küpper H. Interaction Between Zn Deficiency, Toxicity and Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus Infection in Noccaea ochroleucum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:739. [PMID: 32582260 PMCID: PMC7290001 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is essential for the functioning of numerous proteins in plants. To investigate how Zn homeostasis interacts with virus infection, Zn-tolerant Noccaea ochroleucum plants exposed to deficient (Zn'0'), optimal (Zn10), and excess Zn (Zn100) concentrations, as well as Cd amendment, were infected with Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV). Imaging analysis of fluorescence kinetics from the μs (OJIP) to the minutes (Kautsky effect, quenching analysis) time domain revealed strong patchiness of systemic virus-induced photosystem II (PSII) inhibition. That was more pronounced in Zn-deficient plants, while Zn excess acted synergistically with TYMV, in both cases resulting in reduced PSII reaction centers. Infected Cd-treated plants, already severely stressed, showed inhibited non-photochemical quenching and PSII activity. Quantitative in situ hybridization at the cellular level showed increased gene expression of ZNT5 and downregulation of HMA4 in infected Zn-deficient leaves. In Zn10 and Zn100 infected leaves, vacuolar sequestration of Zn increased by activation of HMA3 (mesophyll) and MTP1 (epidermis). This correlated with Zn accumulation in the mesophyll and formation of biomineralization dots in the cell wall (Zn100) visible by micro X-ray fluorescence tomography. The study reveals the importance of adequate Zn supply and distribution in the maintenance of photosynthesis under TYMV infection, achieved by tissue-targeted activation of metal transporter gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filis Morina
- Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Archana Mishra
- Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Ana Mijovilovich
- Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Šárka Matoušková
- Department of Geological Processes, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology, Rozvojová, Czechia
| | - Dennis Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Josef Špak
- Department of Plant Virology, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Hendrik Küpper,
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31
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Grunseich JM, Thompson MN, Aguirre NM, Helms AM. The Role of Plant-Associated Microbes in Mediating Host-Plant Selection by Insect Herbivores. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E6. [PMID: 31861487 PMCID: PMC7020435 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that plant-associated microorganisms play important roles in shaping interactions between plants and insect herbivores. Studies of both pathogenic and beneficial plant microbes have documented wide-ranging effects on herbivore behavior and performance. Some studies, for example, have reported enhanced insect-repellent traits or reduced performance of herbivores on microbe-associated plants, while others have documented increased herbivore attraction or performance. Insect herbivores frequently rely on plant cues during foraging and oviposition, suggesting that plant-associated microbes affecting these cues can indirectly influence herbivore preference. We review and synthesize recent literature to provide new insights into the ways pathogenic and beneficial plant-associated microbes alter visual, olfactory, and gustatory cues of plants that affect host-plant selection by insect herbivores. We discuss the underlying mechanisms, ecological implications, and future directions for studies of plant-microbial symbionts that indirectly influence herbivore behavior by altering plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Grunseich
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (J.M.G.); (M.N.T.)
| | - Morgan N. Thompson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (J.M.G.); (M.N.T.)
| | - Natalie M. Aguirre
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University; College Station, TX 77840, USA;
| | - Anjel M. Helms
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (J.M.G.); (M.N.T.)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Texas A&M University; College Station, TX 77840, USA;
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32
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Medina-Puche L, Lozano-Duran R. Tailoring the cell: a glimpse of how plant viruses manipulate their hosts. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:164-173. [PMID: 31731105 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that completely rely on the molecular machinery of the infected host to complete their cycle. Upon invasion of a susceptible cell, viruses dramatically reshape the intracellular environment to suit their needs, in a complex process that requires the fine manipulation of multiple aspects of the host cell biology, including those enabling replication of the viral genome, facilitating suppression or avoidance of anti-viral plant defence mechanisms, and supporting precise intra-cellular and inter-cellular trafficking of viral components. This tailoring of the cell to fit viral functions occurs through the coordinated action of fast-evolving, multifunctional viral proteins, which efficiently target host factors. In this review, we intend to offer a glimpse of how plant viruses manipulate their hosts from a cell biology perspective, focusing on recent advances covering three specific aspects of the viral infection: viral manipulation of organelle function; virus-induced formation of viral replication complexes through membrane remodelling; and viral evasion of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Puche
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
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33
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34
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Zhang T, Liu P, Zhong K, Zhang F, Xu M, He L, Jin P, Chen J, Yang J. Wheat Yellow Mosaic Virus NIb Interacting with Host Light Induced Protein (LIP) Facilitates Its Infection through Perturbing the Abscisic Acid Pathway in Wheat. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8040080. [PMID: 31652738 PMCID: PMC6955802 DOI: 10.3390/biology8040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Positive-sense RNA viruses have a small genome with very limited coding capacity and are highly reliant on host factors to fulfill their infection. However, few host factors have been identified to participate in wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) infection. Here, we demonstrate that wheat (Triticum aestivum) light-induced protein (TaLIP) interacts with the WYMV nuclear inclusion b protein (NIb). A bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) assay displayed that the subcellular distribution patterns of TaLIP were altered by NIb in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transcription of TaLIP was significantly decreased by WYMV infection and TaLIP-silencing wheat plants displayed more susceptibility to WYMV in comparison with the control plants, suggesting that knockdown of TaLIP impaired host resistance. Moreover, the transcription level of TaLIP was induced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) stimuli in wheat, while knockdown of TaLIP significantly repressed the expression of ABA-related genes such as wheat abscisic acid insensitive 5 (TaABI5), abscisic acid insensitive 8 (TaABI8), pyrabatin resistance 1-Llike (TaPYL1), and pyrabatin resistance 3-Llike (TaPYL3). Collectively, our results suggest that the interaction of NIb with TaLIP facilitated the virus infection possibly by disturbing the ABA signaling pathway in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Zhang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Kaili Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Miaoze Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Long He
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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35
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Huang YP, Huang YW, Hsiao YJ, Li SC, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. Autophagy is involved in assisting the replication of Bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4657-4670. [PMID: 31552430 PMCID: PMC6760330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in plants under biotic stress, including the response to pathogen infection. We investigated whether autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are involved in infection with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. Initially, we observed that BaMV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves upregulated the expression of ATGs but did not trigger cell death. The induction of ATGs, which possibly triggers autophagy, increased rather than diminished BaMV accumulation in the leaves, as revealed by gene knockdown and transient expression experiments. Furthermore, the inhibitor 3-methyladenine blocked autophagosome formation and the autophagy inducer rapamycin, which negatively and positively affected BaMV accumulation, respectively. Pull-down experiments with an antibody against orange fluorescent protein (OFP)-NbATG8f, an autophagosome marker protein, showed that both plus- and minus-sense BaMV RNAs could associate with NbATG8f. Confocal microscopy revealed that ATG8f-enriched vesicles possibly derived from chloroplasts contained both the BaMV viral RNA and its replicase. Thus, BaMV infection may induce the expression of ATGs possibly via autophagy to selectively engulf a portion of viral RNA-containing chloroplast. Virus-induced vesicles enriched with ATG8f could provide an alternative site for viral RNA replication or a shelter from the host silencing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Cen Li
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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36
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Navarro JA, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Pallas V. Key checkpoints in the movement of plant viruses through the host. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:1-64. [PMID: 31439146 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses cannot exploit any of the membrane fusion-based routes of entry described for animal viruses. In addition, one of the distinctive structures of plant cells, the cell wall, acts as the first barrier against the invasion of pathogens. To overcome the rigidity of the cell wall, plant viruses normally take advantage of the way of life of different biological vectors. Alternatively, the physical damage caused by environmental stresses can facilitate virus entry. Once inside the cell and taking advantage of the characteristic symplastic continuity of plant cells, viruses need to remodel and/or modify the restricted pore size of the plasmodesmata (channels that connect plant cells). In a successful interaction for the virus, it can reach the vascular tissue to systematically invade the plant. The connections between the different cell types in this path are not designed to allow the passage of molecules with the complexity of viruses. During this process, viruses face different cell barriers that must be overcome to reach the distal parts of the plant. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge about how plant RNA viruses enter plant cells, move between them to reach vascular cells and overcome the different physical and cellular barriers that the phloem imposes. Finally, we update the current research on cellular organelles as key regulator checkpoints in the long-distance movement of plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesus A Sanchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain.
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37
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Mandrile L, Rotunno S, Miozzi L, Vaira AM, Giovannozzi AM, Rossi AM, Noris E. Nondestructive Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool for Early Detection and Discrimination of the Infection of Tomato Plants by Two Economically Important Viruses. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9025-9031. [PMID: 31265250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Global population forecasts dictate a rapid adoption of multifaceted approaches to fulfill increasing food requirements, ameliorate food dietary value and security using sustainable and economically feasible agricultural processes. Plant pathogens induce up to 25% losses in vegetable crops and their early detection would contribute to limit their spread and economic impact. As an alternative to time-consuming, destructive, and expensive diagnostic procedures, such as immunological assays and nucleic acid-based techniques, Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a nondestructive rapid technique that generates a chemical fingerprinting of a sample, at low operating costs. Here, we assessed the suitability of RS combined to chemometric analysis to monitor the infection of an important vegetable crop plant, tomato, by two dangerous and peculiarly different viral pathogens, Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Experimentally inoculated plants were monitored over 28 days for symptom occurrence and subjected to RS analysis, alongside with measuring the virus amount by quantitative real-time PCR. RS allowed to discriminate mock inoculated (healthy) from virus-infected specimens, reaching an accuracy of >70% after only 14 days after inoculation for TYLCSV and >85% only after 8 days for TSWV, demonstrating its suitability for early detection of virus infection. Importantly, RS also highlighted spectral differences induced by the two viruses, providing specific information on the infecting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mandrile
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce, 91 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Silvia Rotunno
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Andrea M Giovannozzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce, 91 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Andrea M Rossi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce, 91 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
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38
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Liu JZ, Lam HM. Signal Transduction Pathways in Plants for Resistance against Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092335. [PMID: 31083506 PMCID: PMC6540066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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39
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Bi J, Yang Y, Chen B, Zhao J, Chen Z, Song B, Chen J, Yan F. Retardation of the Calvin Cycle Contributes to the Reduced CO 2 Assimilation Ability of Rice Stripe Virus-Infected N. benthamiana and Suppresses Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:568. [PMID: 30949155 PMCID: PMC6435541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is naturally transmitted by the small brown planthopper and infects plants of the family Poaceae. Under laboratory conditions, RSV can infect Nicotiana benthamiana by mechanical inoculation, providing a useful system to study RSV–plant interactions. Measurements of CO2 assimilation ability and PSII photochemical efficiency showed that these were both reduced in N. benthamiana plants infected by RSV. These plants also had decreased expression of the N. benthamiana Phosphoribulokinases (NbPRKs), the key gene in the Calvin cycle. When the NbPRKs were silenced using the TRV-Virus Induced Gene Silencing system, the plants had decreased CO2 assimilation ability, indicating that the downregulated expression of NbPRKs contributes to the reduced CO2 assimilation ability of RSV-infected plants. Additionally, NbPRKs-silenced plants were more resistant to RSV. Similarly, resistance was enhanced by silencing of either N. benthamiana Rubisco small subunit (NbRbCS) or Phosphoglycerate kinase (NbPGK), two other key genes in the Calvin cycle. Conversely, transgenic plants overexpressing NbPRK1 were more susceptible to RSV infection. The results suggest that a normally functional Calvin cycle may be necessary for RSV infection of N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji'an Bi
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binghua Chen
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Baoan Song
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Zhao J, Xu J, Chen B, Cui W, Zhou Z, Song X, Chen Z, Zheng H, Lin L, Peng J, Lu Y, Deng Z, Chen J, Yan F. Characterization of Proteins Involved in Chloroplast Targeting Disturbed by Rice Stripe Virus by Novel Protoplast⁻Chloroplast Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E253. [PMID: 30634635 PMCID: PMC6358847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most devastating viral pathogens in rice and can also cause the general chlorosis symptom in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The chloroplast changes associated with chlorosis symptom suggest that RSV interrupts normal chloroplast functions. Although the change of proteins of the whole cell or inside the chloroplast in response to RSV infection have been revealed by proteomics, the mechanisms resulted in chloroplast-related symptoms and the crucial factors remain to be elucidated. RSV infection caused the malformation of chloroplast structure and a global reduction of chloroplast membrane protein complexes in N. benthamiana plants. Here, both the protoplast proteome and the chloroplast proteome were acquired simultaneously upon RSV infection, and the proteins in each fraction were analyzed. In the protoplasts, 1128 proteins were identified, among which 494 proteins presented significant changes during RSV; meanwhile, 659 proteins were identified from the chloroplasts, and 279 of these chloroplast proteins presented significant change. According to the label-free LC⁻MS/MS data, 66 nucleus-encoded chloroplast-related proteins (ChRPs), which only reduced in chloroplast but not in the whole protoplast, were identified, indicating that these nuclear-encoded ChRPswere not transported to chloroplasts during RSV infection. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis confirmed that RSV infection changed the biological process of protein targeting to chloroplast, where 3 crucial ChRPs (K4CSN4, K4CR23, and K4BXN9) were involved in the regulation of protein targeting into chloroplast. In addition to these 3 proteins, 41 among the 63 candidate proteins were characterized to have chloroplast transit peptides. These results indicated that RSV infection changed the biological process of protein targeting into chloroplast and the location of ChRPs through crucial protein factors, which illuminated a new layer of RSV⁻host interaction that might contribute to the symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75252, USA.
| | - Jingjing Xu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Binghua Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
- Center of Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Weijun Cui
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Zhongjing Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Xijiao Song
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Center of Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Hongying Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiejun Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yuwen Lu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Zhiping Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Jianping Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Souza PFN, Carvalho FEL. Killing two birds with one stone: How do Plant Viruses Break Down Plant Defenses and Manipulate Cellular Processes to Replicate Themselves? JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY = SINGMUL HAKHOE CHI 2019; 62:170-180. [PMID: 32218684 PMCID: PMC7090608 DOI: 10.1007/s12374-019-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As simple organisms with a parasite nature, viruses have become masters in manipulating and subvert cellular components, including host proteins and organelles, to improve viral replication. Therefore, the understanding of viral strategies to manipulate cell function disrupting plant defenses and enhancing viral infection cycles is fundamental to the production of virus-resistant plant lines. After invading susceptible plants, viruses create conditions that favor local and systemic infections by suppressing multiple layers of innate host defenses while use cellular machinery to own benefit. Viral interference in interlinked essential cellular functions results in phenotypic changes and disease symptoms, which debilitates plants favoring infection establishment. Herein in this review, the novelty it will be the discussion about the strategies used by (+) single strand RNA viruses to affect cellular processes and components to improve viral replication, in parallel to overcome plant defenses, favoring disease establishment by applying in one action using the same viral protein to coordinate viral replication and breaking down plant defense. This focus on plant-virus interaction was never done before, and this knowledge has the potential to help in the development of new strategies to produce resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Filho Noronha Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara Brazil
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska USA
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Paudel DB, Sanfaçon H. Exploring the Diversity of Mechanisms Associated With Plant Tolerance to Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1575. [PMID: 30450108 PMCID: PMC6224807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance is defined as an interaction in which viruses accumulate to some degree without causing significant loss of vigor or fitness to their hosts. Tolerance can be described as a stable equilibrium between the virus and its host, an interaction in which each partner not only accommodate trade-offs for survival but also receive some benefits (e.g., protection of the plant against super-infection by virulent viruses; virus invasion of meristem tissues allowing vertical transmission). This equilibrium, which would be associated with little selective pressure for the emergence of severe viral strains, is common in wild ecosystems and has important implications for the management of viral diseases in the field. Plant viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that divert the host cellular machinery to complete their infection cycle. Highjacking/modification of plant factors can affect plant vigor and fitness. In addition, the toxic effects of viral proteins and the deployment of plant defense responses contribute to the induction of symptoms ranging in severity from tissue discoloration to malformation or tissue necrosis. The impact of viral infection is also influenced by the virulence of the specific virus strain (or strains for mixed infections), the host genotype and environmental conditions. Although plant resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation or movement have received much attention, molecular mechanisms associated with tolerance are less well-understood. We review the experimental evidence that supports the concept that tolerance can be achieved by reaching the proper balance between plant defense responses and virus counter-defenses. We also discuss plant translation repression mechanisms, plant protein degradation or modification pathways and viral self-attenuation strategies that regulate the accumulation or activity of viral proteins to mitigate their impact on the host. Finally, we discuss current progress and future opportunities toward the application of various tolerance mechanisms in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Babu Paudel
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
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Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Lei R, Wu Y, Li X, Zhu S. Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein induces the development of chlorotic symptoms through interacting with the chloroplast ferredoxin I protein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1205. [PMID: 29352213 PMCID: PMC5775247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection could induce mosaic symptoms on a wide-range of host plants. However, there is still limited information regarding the molecular mechanism underlying the development of the symptoms. In this study, the coat protein (CP) was confirmed as the symptom determinant by exchanging the CP between a chlorosis inducing CMV-M strain and a green-mosaic inducing CMV-Q strain. A yeast two-hybrid analysis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation revealed that the chloroplast ferredoxin I (Fd I) protein interacted with the CP of CMV-M both in vitro and in vivo, but not with the CP of CMV-Q. The severity of chlorosis was directly related to the expression of Fd1, that was down-regulated in CMV-M but not in CMV-Q. Moreover, the silencing of Fd I induced chlorosis symptoms that were similar to those elicited by CMV-M. Subsequent analyses indicated that the CP of CMV-M interacted with the precursor of Fd I in the cytoplasm and disrupted the transport of Fd I into chloroplasts, leading to the suppression of Fd I functions during a viral infection. Collectively, our findings accentuate that the interaction between the CP of CMV and Fd I is the primary determinant for the induction of chlorosis in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Qiu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100129, China
| | - Rong Lei
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yupin Wu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Xinshi Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
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Xia C, Li S, Hou W, Fan Z, Xiao H, Lu M, Sano T, Zhang Z. Global Transcriptomic Changes Induced by Infection of Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) with Mild and Severe Variants of Hop Stunt Viroid. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2427. [PMID: 29312160 PMCID: PMC5733102 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years after transfer to hops, hop stunt viroid-grapevine (HSVd-g) was replaced by HSVd-hop (HSVd-h), a sequence variant that contains changes at five different positions. HSVd-g54 is a laboratory mutant derived from HSVd-g that differs from its progenitor by a single G to A substitution at position 54. While infection by HSVd-h induces only mild stunting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), HSVd-g54 induces much more severe symptoms in this indicator host. Comparison of transcriptome profiles of cucumber infected with HSVd-h or HSVd-g54 with those of mock-inoculated controls obtained by whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing revealed that many genes related to photosynthesis were down-regulated following infection. In contrast, genes encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (CsRDR1), especially CsRDR1c1 and CsRDR1c2, as well as those related to basal defense responses were up-regulated. Expression of genes associated with phytohormone signaling pathways were also altered, indicating that viroid infection initiates a complex array of changes in the host transcriptome. HSVd-g54 induced an earlier and stronger response than HSVd-h, and further examination of these differences will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that determine viroid pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanying Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling and Integrated Management, State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, Institue of Tobacco Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiguang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Teruo Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Park SH, Li F, Renaud J, Shen W, Li Y, Guo L, Cui H, Sumarah M, Wang A. NbEXPA1, an α-expansin, is plasmodesmata-specific and a novel host factor for potyviral infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:846-861. [PMID: 28941316 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD), unique to the plant kingdom, are structurally complex microchannels that cross the cell wall to establish symplastic communication between neighbouring cells. Viral intercellular movement occurs through PD. To better understand the involvement of PD in viral infection, we conducted a quantitative proteomic study on the PD-enriched fraction from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves in response to infection by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). We report the identification of a total of 1070 PD protein candidates, of which 100 (≥2-fold increase) and 48 (≥2-fold reduction) are significantly differentially accumulated in the PD-enriched fraction, when compared with protein levels in the corresponding healthy control. Among the differentially accumulated PD protein candidates, we show that an α-expansin designated NbEXPA1, a cell wall loosening protein, is PD-specific. TuMV infection downregulates NbEXPA1 mRNA expression and protein accumulation. We further demonstrate that NbEXPA1 is recruited to the viral replication complex via the interaction with NIb, the only RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of TuMV. Silencing of NbEXPA1 inhibits plant growth and TuMV infection, whereas overexpression of NbEXPA1 promotes viral replication and intercellular movement. These data suggest that NbEXPA1 is a host factor for potyviral infection. This study not only generates a PD-proteome dataset that is useful in future studies to expound PD biology and PD-mediated virus-host interactions but also characterizes NbEXPA1 as the first PD-specific cell wall loosening protein and its essential role in potyviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Park
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Fangfang Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Justin Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Wentao Shen
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lihua Guo
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongguang Cui
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Chen IH, Tsai AY, Huang YP, Wu IF, Cheng SF, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. Nuclear-Encoded Plastidal Carbonic Anhydrase Is Involved in Replication of Bamboo mosaic virus RNA in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2046. [PMID: 29093706 PMCID: PMC5651272 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
On inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a gene with downregulated expression was found involved in the infection cycle of BaMV. To uncover how this downregulated gene affects the accumulation of BaMV in plants, we used loss- and gain-of-function experiments. Knockdown of this gene decreased the accumulation of BaMV coat protein to approximately 60% in both plants and protoplasts of N. benthamiana but had no effect on Potato virus X and Cucumber mosaic virus infection. The full-length gene was cloned and revealed as an N. benthamiana nuclear-encoded chloroplast carbonic anhydrase (CA) and so designated NbCA. As compared with the accumulation of BaMV RNAs in NbCA-knockdown protoplasts, both plus- and minus-strand RNAs were reduced. We further fused NbCA with Orange fluorescent protein to confirm its localization in chloroplasts on confocal microscopy. However, transiently expressed NbCA in chloroplasts did not considerably increase BaMV accumulation. The addition of exogenous CA may not have any additive effect on BaMV accumulation because of the natural abundance of CA in chloroplasts. In an in vitro replication assay, the addition of Escherichia coli-expressed NbCA enhanced exogenous template level (re-initiation and elongation) but not endogenous template level (only elongation). These results suggest that NbCA is possibly involved in re-initiation step of BaMV RNA replication. Further analysis indicated that proton concentration could influence the endogenous and exogenous template activities. Hence, our results implied that NbCA could be playing a role in harnessing proton concentration and favoring the replicase with the re-initiation template.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - April Y Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Fan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fang Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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47
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Huang C, Cun Y, Yu H, Tong Z, Xiao B, Song Z, Wang B, Li Y, Liu Y. Transcriptomic profile of tobacco in response to Tomato zonate spot orthotospovirus infection. Virol J 2017; 14:153. [PMID: 28807054 PMCID: PMC5557316 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV), a dominant species of thrips-transmitted orthotospoviruses in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces in China, causes significant loss of yield in lots of crops and is a major threat to incomes of rural families. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of crop disease caused by TZSV remains obscure. METHODS Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) was performed to investigate and compare the gene expression changes in systemic leaves of tobacco upon infection with TZSV and mock-inoculated plants as a control. RESULTS De novo assembly and analysis of tobacco transcriptome data by RNA-Seq identified 135,395 unigenes. 2102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in tobacco with TZSV infection, among which 1518 DEGs were induced and 584 were repressed. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were associated with multiple biological functions, including metabolic process, oxidation-reduction process, photosynthesis process, protein kinase activity. The KEGG pathway analysis of these DEGs indicated that pathogenesis caused by TZSV may affect multiple processes including primary and secondary metabolism, photosynthesis and plant-pathogen interactions. CONCLUSION Our global survey of transcriptional changes in TZSV infected tobacco provides crucial information into the precise molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and symptom development. This is the first report on the relationships in the TZSV-plant interaction using transcriptome analysis. Findings of present study will significantly help enhance our understanding of the complicated mechanisms of plant responses to orthotospoviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Yupeng Cun
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Haiqin Yu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Zhijun Tong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Bingguang Xiao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Zhongbang Song
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Yongping Li
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021 China
| | - Yong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, 650021 China
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48
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McManus HA, Sanchez DJ, Karol KG. Plastomes of the green algae Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3325. [PMID: 28533973 PMCID: PMC5437862 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative studies of chloroplast genomes (plastomes) across the Chlorophyceae are revealing dynamic patterns of size variation, gene content, and genome rearrangements. Phylogenomic analyses are improving resolution of relationships, and uncovering novel lineages as new plastomes continue to be characterized. To gain further insight into the evolution of the chlorophyte plastome and increase the number of representative plastomes for the Sphaeropleales, this study presents two fully sequenced plastomes from the green algal family Hydrodictyaceae (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), one from Hydrodictyon reticulatum and the other from Pediastrum duplex. Methods Genomic DNA from Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex was subjected to Illumina paired-end sequencing and the complete plastomes were assembled for each. Plastome size and gene content were characterized and compared with other plastomes from the Sphaeropleales. Homology searches using BLASTX were used to characterize introns and open reading frames (orfs) ≥ 300 bp. A phylogenetic analysis of gene order across the Sphaeropleales was performed. Results The plastome of Hydrodictyon reticulatum is 225,641 bp and Pediastrum duplex is 232,554 bp. The plastome structure and gene order of H. reticulatum and P. duplex are more similar to each other than to other members of the Sphaeropleales. Numerous unique open reading frames are found in both plastomes and the plastome of P. duplex contains putative viral protein genes, not found in other Sphaeropleales plastomes. Gene order analyses support the monophyly of the Hydrodictyaceae and their sister relationship to the Neochloridaceae. Discussion The complete plastomes of Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex, representing the largest of the Sphaeropleales sequenced thus far, once again highlight the variability in size, architecture, gene order and content across the Chlorophyceae. Novel intron insertion sites and unique orfs indicate recent, independent invasions into each plastome, a hypothesis testable with an expanded plastome investigation within the Hydrodictyaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A McManus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Sanchez
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Kenneth G Karol
- Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics Studies, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, United States of America
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49
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Chen H, Adam Arsovski A, Yu K, Wang A. Deep sequencing leads to the identification of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A as a key element in Rsv1-mediated lethal systemic hypersensitive response to Soybean mosaic virus infection in soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:391-404. [PMID: 27019403 PMCID: PMC6638201 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rsv1, a single dominant resistance locus in soybean, confers extreme resistance to the majority of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strains, but is susceptible to the G7 strain. In Rsv1-genotype soybean, G7 infection provokes a lethal systemic hypersensitive response (LSHR), a delayed host defence response. The Rsv1-mediated LSHR signalling pathway remains largely unknown. In this study, we employed a genome-wide investigation to gain an insight into the molecular interplay between SMV G7 and Rsv1-genotype soybean. Small RNA (sRNA), degradome and transcriptome sequencing analyses were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and microRNAs (DEMs) in response to G7 infection. A number of DEGs, DEMs and microRNA targets, and the interaction network of DEMs and their target mRNAs responsive to G7 infection, were identified. Knock-down of one of the identified DEGs, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), diminished the LSHR and enhanced viral accumulation, suggesting the essential role of eIF5A in the G7-induced, Rsv1-mediated LSHR signalling pathway. This work provides an in-depth genome-wide analysis of high-throughput sequencing data, and identifies multiple genes and microRNA signatures that are associated with the Rsv1-mediated LSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONCanadaN5T 4T3
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanadaN6A 5B7
| | - Andrej Adam Arsovski
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONCanadaN5T 4T3
| | - Kangfu Yu
- Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaHarrowONCanadaN0R 1G0
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONCanadaN5T 4T3
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanadaN6A 5B7
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50
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Majer E, Llorente B, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Daròs JA. Rewiring carotenoid biosynthesis in plants using a viral vector. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41645. [PMID: 28139696 PMCID: PMC5282570 DOI: 10.1038/srep41645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can be engineered to sustainably produce compounds of nutritional, industrial or pharmaceutical relevance. This is, however, a challenging task as extensive regulation of biosynthetic pathways often hampers major metabolic changes. Here we describe the use of a viral vector derived from Tobacco etch virus to express a whole heterologous metabolic pathway that produces the health-promoting carotenoid lycopene in tobacco tissues. The pathway consisted in three enzymes from the soil bacteria Pantoea ananatis. Lycopene is present at undetectable levels in chloroplasts of non-infected leaves. In tissues infected with the viral vector, however, lycopene comprised approximately 10% of the total carotenoid content. Our research further showed that plant viruses that express P. ananatis phytoene synthase (crtB), one of the three enzymes of the heterologous pathway, trigger an accumulation of endogenous carotenoids, which together with a reduction in chlorophylls eventually result in a bright yellow pigmentation of infected tissues in various host-virus combinations. So, besides illustrating the potential of viral vectors for engineering complex metabolic pathways, we also show a yellow carotenoid-based reporter that can be used to visually track infection dynamics of plant viruses either alone or in combination with other visual markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Majer
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Centíficas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Briardo Llorente
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Centíficas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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