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van de Wall S, Anthony SM, Hancox LS, Pewe LL, Langlois RA, Zehn D, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Dynamic landscapes and protective immunity coordinated by influenza-specific lung-resident memory CD8 + T cells revealed by intravital imaging. Immunity 2024; 57:1878-1892.e5. [PMID: 39043185 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Lung-tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells are critical for heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus (IAV) reinfection. How TRM cells surveil the lung, respond to infection, and interact with other cells remains unresolved. Here, we used IAV infection of mice in combination with intravital and static imaging to define the spatiotemporal dynamics of lung TRM cells before and after recall infection. CD69+CD103+ TRM cells preferentially localized to lung sites of prior IAV infection, where they exhibited patrolling behavior. After rechallenge, lung TRM cells formed tight clusters in an antigen-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis of IAV-specific TRM cells revealed the expression of several factors that regulate myeloid cell biology. In vivo rechallenge experiments demonstrated that protection elicited by TRM cells is orchestrated in part by interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated recruitment of inflammatory monocytes into the lungs. Overall, these data illustrate the dynamic landscapes of CD103+ lung TRM cells that mediate early protective immunity against IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- University of Minnesota, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- TUM Center for Infection Prevention (ZIP) and Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Majumder B, Budhu S, Ganusov VV. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Control Growth of B16 Tumor Cells in Collagen-Fibrin Gels by Cytolytic and Non-Lytic Mechanisms. Viruses 2023; 15:1454. [PMID: 37515143 PMCID: PMC10384826 DOI: 10.3390/v15071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important in controlling some viral infections, and therapies involving the transfer of large numbers of cancer-specific CTLs have been successfully used to treat several types of cancers in humans. While the molecular mechanisms of how CTLs kill their targets are relatively well understood, we still lack a solid quantitative understanding of the kinetics and efficiency by which CTLs kill their targets in vivo. Collagen-fibrin-gel-based assays provide a tissue-like environment for the migration of CTLs, making them an attractive system to study T cell cytotoxicity in in vivo-like conditions. Budhu.et al. systematically varied the number of peptide (SIINFEKL)-pulsed B16 melanoma cells and SIINFEKL-specific CTLs (OT-1) and measured the remaining targets at different times after target and CTL co-inoculation into collagen-fibrin gels. The authors proposed that their data were consistent with a simple model in which tumors grow exponentially and are killed by CTLs at a per capita rate proportional to the CTL density in the gel. By fitting several alternative mathematical models to these data, we found that this simple "exponential-growth-mass-action-killing" model did not precisely describe the data. However, determining the best-fit model proved difficult because the best-performing model was dependent on the specific dataset chosen for the analysis. When considering all data that include biologically realistic CTL concentrations (E≤107cell/mL), the model in which tumors grow exponentially and CTLs suppress tumor's growth non-lytically and kill tumors according to the mass-action law (SiGMA model) fit the data with the best quality. A novel power analysis suggested that longer experiments (∼3-4 days) with four measurements of B16 tumor cell concentrations for a range of CTL concentrations would best allow discriminating between alternative models. Taken together, our results suggested that the interactions between tumors and CTLs in collagen-fibrin gels are more complex than a simple exponential-growth-mass-action killing model and provide support for the hypothesis that CTLs' impact on tumors may go beyond direct cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Majumder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sadna Budhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Majumder B, Budhu S, Ganusov VV. Mathematical modeling suggests cytotoxic T lymphocytes control growth of B16 tumor cells in collagin-fibrin gels by cytolytic and non-lytic mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.28.534600. [PMID: 37034693 PMCID: PMC10081166 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important in controlling some viral infections, and therapies involving transfer of large numbers of cancer-specific CTLs have been successfully used to treat several types of cancers in humans. While molecular mechanisms of how CTLs kill their targets are relatively well understood we still lack solid quantitative understanding of the kinetics and efficiency at which CTLs kill their targets in different conditions. Collagen-fibrin gel-based assays provide a tissue-like environment for the migration of CTLs, making them an attractive system to study the cytotoxicity in vitro. Budhu et al. [1] systematically varied the number of peptide (SIINFEKL)- pulsed B16 melanoma cells and SIINFEKL-specific CTLs (OT-1) and measured remaining targets at different times after target and CTL co-inoculation into collagen-fibrin gels. The authors proposed that their data were consistent with a simple model in which tumors grow exponentially and are killed by CTLs at a per capita rate proportional to the CTL density in the gel. By fitting several alternative mathematical models to these data we found that this simple "exponential-growth-mass-action-killing" model does not precisely fit the data. However, determining the best fit model proved difficult because the best performing model was dependent on the specific dataset chosen for the analysis. When considering all data that include biologically realistic CTL concentrations ( E ≤ 10 7 cell/ml) the model in which tumors grow exponentially and CTLs suppress tumor's growth non-lytically and kill tumors according to the mass-action law (SiGMA model) fitted the data with best quality. Results of power analysis suggested that longer experiments (∼ 3 - 4 days) with 4 measurements of B16 tumor cell concentrations for a range of CTL concentrations would best allow to discriminate between alternative models. Taken together, our results suggest that interactions between tumors and CTLs in collagen-fibrin gels are more complex than a simple exponential-growth- mass-action killing model and provide support for the hypothesis that CTLs impact on tumors may go beyond direct cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Majumder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sadna Budhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Abstract
T cells produce acetylcholine to dilate blood vessels and migrate into infected tissues
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Hickman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Intravital multiphoton microscopy (MPM) allows the direct visualization of viral infections in real time as they occur in living animals. Here we describe the routes and considerations for murine infection with vaccinia virus (VACV) for imaging, and the preparation of the skin and inner lip (labial mucosa) of infected animals for MPM. Using different recombinant VACVs expressing fluorescent proteins in combination with transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, MPM imaging can be used to examine the movements, interactions, and functions of virus-infected cells or selected immune cell populations after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Shannon
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Visualizing Viral Infection In Vivo by Multi-Photon Intravital Microscopy. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060337. [PMID: 29925766 PMCID: PMC6024644 DOI: 10.3390/v10060337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens have adapted to the host organism to exploit the cellular machinery for virus replication and to modulate the host cells for efficient systemic dissemination and immune evasion. Much of our knowledge of the effects that virus infections have on cells originates from in vitro imaging studies using experimental culture systems consisting of cell lines and primary cells. Recently, intravital microscopy using multi-photon excitation of fluorophores has been applied to observe virus dissemination and pathogenesis in real-time under physiological conditions in living organisms. Critical steps during viral infection and pathogenesis could be studied by direct visualization of fluorescent virus particles, virus-infected cells, and the immune response to viral infection. In this review, I summarize the latest research on in vivo studies of viral infections using multi-photon intravital microscopy (MP-IVM). Initially, the underlying principle of multi-photon microscopy is introduced and experimental challenges during microsurgical animal preparation and fluorescent labeling strategies for intravital imaging are discussed. I will further highlight recent studies that combine MP-IVM with optogenetic tools and transcriptional analysis as a powerful approach to extend the significance of in vivo imaging studies of viral pathogens.
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Abstract
Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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De Giovanni M, Iannacone M. In vivo imaging of adaptive immune responses to viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 28:102-107. [PMID: 29287222 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections represent a major threat for mankind. The adaptive immune system plays a key role in both viral clearance and disease pathogenesis, and, accordingly, understanding how lymphocytes interact with different viruses is critical to design more effective vaccination and therapeutic strategies. The recent advent of intravital microscopy has enabled the real-time visualization of the complex interplay between viruses and the ensuing adaptive immune response in living organisms. Here, we will review the most significant recent insights on antiviral adaptive immune responses obtained through intravital imaging. We will also discuss what challenges lie ahead and what we think are the most promising areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Giovanni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy.
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Halle S, Halle O, Förster R. Mechanisms and Dynamics of T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity In Vivo. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:432-443. [PMID: 28499492 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical in the elimination of infected or malignant cells and are emerging as a major therapeutic target. How CTLs recognize and kill harmful cells has been characterized in vitro but little is known about these processes in the living organism. Here we review recent insights into CTL-mediated killing with an emphasis on in vivo CTL biology. Specifically, we focus on the possible rate-limiting steps determining the efficiency of CTL-mediated killing. We also highlight the need for cell-based datasets that permit the quantification of CTL dynamics, including CTL location, migration, and killing rates. A better understanding of these factors is required to predict protective CD8 T cell immunity in vivo and to design optimized vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Olga Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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