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Liang C, Spoerl S, Xiao Y, Habenicht KM, Haeusl SS, Sandner I, Winkler J, Strieder N, Eder R, Stanewsky H, Alexiou C, Dudziak D, Rosenwald A, Edinger M, Rehli M, Hoffmann P, Winkler TH, Berberich-Siebelt F. Oligoclonal CD4 +CXCR5 + T cells with a cytotoxic phenotype appear in tonsils and blood. Commun Biol 2024; 7:879. [PMID: 39025930 PMCID: PMC11258247 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In clinical situations, peripheral blood accessible CD3+CD4+CXCR5+ T-follicular helper (TFH) cells may have to serve as a surrogate indicator for dysregulated germinal center responses in tissues. To determine the heterogeneity of TFH cells in peripheral blood versus tonsils, CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CXCR5+ cells of both origins were sorted. Transcriptomes, TCR repertoires and cell-surface protein expression were analysed by single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Reassuringly, all blood-circulating CD3+CD4+CXCR5+ T-cell subpopulations also appear in tonsils, there with some supplementary TFH characteristics, while peripheral blood-derived TFH cells display markers of proliferation and migration. Three further subsets of TFH cells, however, with bona fide T-follicular gene expression patterns, are exclusively found in tonsils. One additional, distinct and oligoclonal CD4+CXCR5+ subpopulation presents pronounced cytotoxic properties. Those 'killer TFH (TFK) cells' can be discovered in peripheral blood as well as among tonsillar cells but are located predominantly outside of germinal centers. They appear terminally differentiated and can be distinguished from all other TFH subsets by expression of NKG7 (TIA-1), granzymes, perforin, CCL5, CCR5, EOMES, CRTAM and CX3CR1. All in all, this study provides data for detailed CD4+CXCR5+ T-cell assessment of clinically available blood samples and extrapolation possibilities to their tonsil counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Liang
- Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Group, Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Silvia Spoerl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina M Habenicht
- Division of Genetics, Department Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center of Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sigrun S Haeusl
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Sandner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Winkler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Eder
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation-Professorship, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center of Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Li Y, Xiao J, Li C, Yang M. Memory inflation: Beyond the acute phase of viral infection. Cell Prolif 2024:e13705. [PMID: 38992867 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory inflation is confirmed as the most commonly dysregulation of host immunity with antigen-independent manner in mammals after viral infection. By generating large numbers of effector/memory and terminal differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells with diminished naïve subsets, memory inflation is believed to play critical roles in connecting the viral infection and the onset of multiple diseases. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of memory inflated CD8+ T cells in their distinct phenotypic features that different from exhausted subsets; the intrinsic and extrinsic roles in regulating the formation of memory inflation; and the key proteins in maintaining the expansion and proliferation of inflationary populations. More importantly, based on the evidences from both clinic and animal models, we summarized the potential mechanisms of memory inflation to trigger autoimmune neuropathies, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and multiple sclerosis; the correlations of memory inflation between tumorigenesis and resistance of tumour immunotherapies; as well as the effects of memory inflation to facilitate vascular disease progression. To sum up, better understanding of memory inflation could provide us an opportunity to beyond the acute phase of viral infection, and shed a light on the long-term influences of CD8+ T cell heterogeneity in dampen host immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Centre for Translational Research in Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Li
- Centre for Translational Research in Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mu Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Centre for Translational Research in Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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microRNA, a Subtle Indicator of Human Cytomegalovirus against Host Immune Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020144. [PMID: 35214602 PMCID: PMC8874957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the β-herpesvirus family and infects 40–90% of the adult population worldwide. HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy individuals but causes serious problems in immunocompromised people. We restricted this narrative review (PubMed, January 2022) to demonstrate the interaction and molecular mechanisms between the virus and host immune cells with a focus on HCMV-encoded miRNAs. We found a series of HCMV-encoded miRNAs (e.g., miR-UL112 and miR-UL148D) are explicitly involved in the regulation of viral DNA replication, immune evasion, as well as host cell fate. MiRNA-targeted therapies have been explored for the treatment of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and hepatitis C virus infection. It is feasible to develop an alternative vaccine to restart peripheral immunity or to inhibit HCMV activity, which may contribute to the antiviral intervention for serious HCMV-related diseases.
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Immunodominant Cytomegalovirus Epitopes Suppress Subdominant Epitopes in the Generation of High-Avidity CD8 T Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080956. [PMID: 34451420 PMCID: PMC8400798 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell responses to pathogens are directed against infected cells that present pathogen-encoded peptides on MHC class-I molecules. Although natural responses are polyclonal, the spectrum of peptides that qualify for epitopes is remarkably small even for pathogens with high coding capacity. Among those few that are successful at all, a hierarchy exists in the magnitude of the response that they elicit in terms of numbers of CD8+ T cells generated. This led to a classification into immunodominant and non-immunodominant or subordinate epitopes, IDEs and non-IDEs, respectively. IDEs are favored in the design of vaccines and are chosen for CD8+ T-cell immunotherapy. Using murine cytomegalovirus as a model, we provide evidence to conclude that epitope hierarchy reflects competition on the level of antigen recognition. Notably, high-avidity cells specific for non-IDEs were found to expand only when IDEs were deleted. This may be a host’s back-up strategy to avoid viral immune escape through antigenic drift caused by IDE mutations. Importantly, our results are relevant for the design of vaccines based on cytomegaloviruses as vectors to generate high-avidity CD8+ T-cell memory specific for unrelated pathogens or tumors. We propose the deletion of vector-encoded IDEs to avoid the suppression of epitopes of the vaccine target.
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