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Suleman M, Khan SU, Hussain T, Khan MU, Shamsul Hassan S, Majid M, Khan SU, Shehzad Khan M, Shan Ahmad RU, Arif M, Ahmad Z, Crovella S, Anthony S. Cardiovascular challenges in the era of antiretroviral therapy for AIDS/ HIV: A comprehensive review of research advancements, pathophysiological insights, and future directions. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102353. [PMID: 38128638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease, is becoming more common among those living with HIV. Individuals with HIV face an increased susceptibility to myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, as compared to the general population in developed countries. This heightened risk can be attributed mainly to the presence of effective antiretroviral drugs and the resulting longer lifespan. Some cardiac issues linked to non-antiretroviral medications, including myocarditis, endocarditis, cardiomyopathy with dilation, pulmonary hypertension, and oedema of the heart, may affect those not undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART). Impaired immune function and systemic inflammation are significant contributors to this phenomenon after initiating highly aggressive antiretroviral treatment ART. It is becoming more challenging to determine the best course of treatment for HIV-associated cardiomyopathy due to new research suggesting that protease inhibitors might have a negative impact on the development of HF. Currently, the primary focus of research on ART medications is centered on the cardiovascular adverse effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. This review paper thoroughly evaluates the advancements achieved in cardiovascular disease research and explores the potential implications for prospects. Additionally, it considers the field's future prospects while examining how ART might be altered and its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suleman
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center (LARC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22080, Pakistan
| | - Talib Hussain
- Women Dental College Abbottabad, KPK 22020, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 PR China
| | - Syed Shamsul Hassan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC),Hangzhou 310002, PR China
| | - Muhammad Majid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
| | - Muhammad Shehzad Khan
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Shatin city, HKSAR, Hong Kong
| | - Rafi U Shan Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City university of Hong Kong, Kowloon City, HKSAR, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Arif
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Applied College, Center of Bee Research and its Products, Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, and Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Stefan Anthony
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC),Hangzhou 310002, PR China.
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