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Liu Y, Lian X, Xie Z, Yang J, Ding Y, Chen W. Probing fluorination promoted sodiophilic sites with model systems of F 16CuPc and CuPc. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2022; 15:19. [PMID: 36637562 PMCID: PMC9756233 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-022-00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) are receiving broad attention due to the high specific capacity of sodium metal anodes and the material abundance on earth. However, the growth of dendrites results in poor battery performance and severe safety problems, inhibiting the commercial application of SMBs. To stabilize sodium metal anodes, various methods have been developed to optimize the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and adjust the electroplating/stripping behavior of sodium. Among the methods, developing anode host materials and adding electrolyte additives to build a protective layer are promising and convenient. However, the understanding of the interaction process between sodium metal and those organic materials is still limited, but is essential for the rational design of advanced anode hosts and electrolyte additives. In this study, we use copper(II) hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc), and copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc), as model systems to unravel the sodium interaction with polar functional groups by in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is found that sodium atoms prefer to interact with the inner pyrrolic nitrogen sites of CuPc, while they prefer to interact with the outer aza bridge nitrogen atoms, owing to Na-F interaction at the Na/F16CuPc interface. Besides, for the both organic molecules, the central Cu(II) ions are reduced to Cu(I) ions by charge transfer from deposited sodium. The fluorine-containing groups are proven to promote the interaction process of sodium in organic materials, which sheds light on the design of functional interfaces in host materials and anode protective layers for sodium metal anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xu Lian
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Zhangdi Xie
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jinlin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yishui Ding
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Chen
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China.
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
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A curious interplay in the films of N-heterocyclic carbene Pt(II) complexes upon deposition of alkali metals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25548. [PMID: 27151364 PMCID: PMC4858761 DOI: 10.1038/srep25548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently synthesized series of PtII complexes containing cyclometallating (phenylpyridine or benzoquinoline) and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands possess intriguing structures, topologies, and light emitting properties. Here, we report curious physicochemical interactions between in situ PVD-grown films of a typical representative of the aforementioned PtII complex compounds and Li, Na, K and Cs atoms. Based on a combination of detailed core-level photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations at the density functional theory level, we found that the deposition of alkali atoms onto the molecular film leads to unusual redistribution of electron density: essential modification of nitrogen sites, reduction of the coordination PtII centre to Pt0 and decrease of electron density on the bromine atoms. A possible explanation for this is formation of a supramolecular system “Pt complex-alkali metal ion”; the latter is supported by restoration of the system to the initial state upon subsequent oxygen treatment. The discovered properties highlight a considerable potential of the PtII complexes for a variety of biomedical, sensing, chemical, and electronic applications.
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Nilson K, Åhlund J, Shariati MN, Schiessling J, Palmgren P, Brena B, Göthelid E, Hennies F, Huismans Y, Evangelista F, Rudolf P, Göthelid M, Mårtensson N, Puglia C. Potassium-intercalated H2Pc films: Alkali-induced electronic and geometrical modifications. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:044708. [PMID: 22852645 DOI: 10.1063/1.4738755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Nilson
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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DING HUANJUN, GAO YONGLI. REVERSAL OF DOPING INDUCED ENERGY LEVEL SHIFT IN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x07004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the electronic structure of the interface formed by depositing Au on Cs -doped and Na -doped tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq) film using ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (UPS and XPS). The initial Au deposition quenches the Al q gap state caused by the alkali metal doping. Further Au depositions shift gradually the energy levels opposite to that induced by Cs doping, especially the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) that shows approximately full recovery to the pristine Al q position. However, the recovery is only partial for other levels, most noticeably the C 1s core level. The results indicate that the gap state and energy level positions can be decoupled in the organic semiconductors, and that it is possible to fine tune the electronic structure by selective doping in the interface region.
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Affiliation(s)
- HUANJUN DING
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - YONGLI GAO
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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Cinchetti M, Neuschwander S, Fischer A, Ruffing A, Mathias S, Wüstenberg JP, Aeschlimann M. Tailoring the spin functionality of a hybrid metal-organic interface by means of alkali-metal doping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:217602. [PMID: 20867136 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.217602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We employ a recently developed purpose-made technique based on spin-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy to study the influence of alkali-metal doping (Cs and Na) on the spin functionality of the interface between a cobalt thin film and the organic semiconductor copper phthalocyanine. We find two alkali-metal-induced effects. First, alkali-metal atoms act as impurities and increase the spin-flip probability for the electrons crossing the interface (detrimental effect). Second, they allow one to modify the interface energy level alignment and, consequently, to enhance the efficiency of spin injection at an arbitrary energy above the Fermi level of the cobalt (intrinsic effect). We show that the intrinsic effect dominates over the detrimental one, opening the possibility to actively tailor the spin functionality of the considered hybrid metal-organic interface by changing the doping concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Cinchetti
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Chen MH, Lu YJ, Chang YJ, Wu CC, Wu CI. Interfacial Reactions and Doping in Organic Light Emitting Diodes Incorporated with Cesium-Based Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3354982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Calzolari A, Ferretti A, Nardelli MB. Ab initio correlation effects on the electronic and transport properties of metal(II)-phthalocyanine-based devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 18:424013. [PMID: 21730446 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/18/42/424013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using first-principles calculations in the framework of density functional theory, we investigated the electronic and transport properties of metal(II)-phthalocyanine (M(II)Pc) systems, both in a single-molecule configuration and in a model device geometry. In particular, using copper(II)-Pc and manganese(II)-Pc as prototypical examples, we studied how electronic correlations on the central metal ion influence the analysis of the electronic structure of the system and we demonstrated that the choice of the exchange-correlation functional, also beyond the standard local or gradient corrected level, is of crucial importance for a correct interpretation of the data. Finally, our electronic transport simulations have shown that M(II)Pc-based devices can act selectively as molecular conductors, as in the case of copper, or as spin valves, as in the case of manganese, demonstrating once more the great potential of these systems for molecular nanoelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo Calzolari
- INFM-CNR-S3 National Center on nanoStructures and bioSystems at Surfaces, I-41100 Modena, Italy
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Flatz K, Grobosch M, Knupfer M. The electronic properties of potassium doped copper-phthalocyanine studied by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:214702. [PMID: 17567208 DOI: 10.1063/1.2741539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors have studied the electronic structure of potassium doped copper-phthalocyanine using electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The evolution of the loss function indicates the formation of distinct KxCuPc phases. Taking into account the C1s and K2p core level excitations and recent results by Giovanelli et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 126, 044709 (2007)], they conclude that these are K2CuPc and K4CuPc. They discuss the changes in the electronic excitations upon doping on the basis of the molecular electronic levels and the presence of electronic correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Flatz
- IFW Dresden, P.O. Box 270116, D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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Giovanelli L, Vilmercati P, Castellarin-Cudia C, Themlin JM, Porte L, Goldoni A. Phase separation in potassium-doped ZnPc thin films. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:044709. [PMID: 17286501 DOI: 10.1063/1.2432115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study synchrotron radiation was used to investigate the electronic properties of a thin film of zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) deposited on Si(001)-2x1 and progressively doped with K atoms. The molecular orientation was probed by angular-dependent x-ray absorption spectroscopy and the molecules were found to lie with the macrocycle plane roughly perpendicular to the surface. The evolution of the electronic properties of the film was then followed by measuring the photoemission spectra upon in situ evaporation of K atoms on the pristine ZnPc film. The results show that doping proceeds through charge donation from the K atoms to the molecular units whose lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) becomes progressively filled. Despite the fact that the LUMO spectral weight increases as the stoichiometry x in the K(x)ZnPc compound varies from about 1 to 4 (as determined by core level photoemission), no detectable density of states was observed at the Fermi level, showing that the film remains insulating for all the investigated stoichiometries. On the other hand the C 1s spectra, which appear merely broadened at the earliest stages of doping (x approximately 1), clearly develop two distinct components when x exceeds 2, suggesting that the charge state is not the same for all the molecules. At the same time, the modification of the valence band points towards the coexistence of two distinct phases with x=2 and x=4.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giovanelli
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s. 14 Km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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