1
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Saito K, Shibata A, Nakagawa K. Marimo nanocarbons composed of a cup-stacked carbon nanofilaments as anode catalyst support for enhanced power performance of direct methanol fuel cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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2
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Fukuhara S, Shibuta Y. Free energy surface of initial cap formation in carbon nanotube growth. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6191-6196. [PMID: 36133938 PMCID: PMC9417703 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Initial cap formation is an important process of carbon nanotube (CNT) growth where a hexagonal carbon network is lifted off from the catalyst surface. In this study, free energy surface (FES) of initial cap formation in the CNT growth is investigated by metadynamics simulation. A two-dimensional collective variable (CV) space is newly developed to examine the complicated formation process of the cap structure, which consists of the formation of a hexagonal carbon network and lift-off of the network from the catalyst surface. States before and after the lift-off of the carbon network are clearly distinguished in the two-dimensional FES. Therefore, free energy difference before and after the lift-off can be directly derived from the two-dimensional FES. It was revealed that the cap structure is stable at a high temperature due to the entropy effect, while the carbon network covering the catalyst surface is energetically stable. The new insight in this study is achieved owing to metadynamics simulation in conjunction with a newly developed two-dimensional CV space since it is impossible to explore FES for such complicated processes in the framework of conventional molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Fukuhara
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan +81-3-5841-7118
| | - Yasushi Shibuta
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan +81-3-5841-7118
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3
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Yang X, Zhao X, Liu T, Yang F. Precise Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and
One‐Dimensional
Hybrids from Templates
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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4
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Valchev G, Djondjorov P, Vassilev V, Dantchev D. Behavior of the van der Waals force between a plate and a single-walled carbon nanotube under uniform hydrostatic pressure: a theoretical study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:405001. [PMID: 32442997 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab95d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the behaviour of the non-retarded van der Waals force between a planar substrate and a single-walled carbon nanotube, assuming that the system is immersed in a liquid medium which exerts hydrostatic pressure on the tube's surface, thereby altering its cross section profile. The shape of the latter is described as a continual structure characterized by its symmetry indexn. Two principle mutual positions of the tube with respect to the substrate are studied: when one keeps constant the minimal separation between the surfaces of the interacting objects; when the distance from the tube's axis to the substrates bounding surface is fixed. Within these conditions, using the technique of the surface integration approach, we derive in integral form the expressions which give the dependance of the commented force on the applied pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galin Valchev
- Institute of Mechanics-Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgy Bonchev St. Building 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Peter Djondjorov
- Institute of Mechanics-Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgy Bonchev St. Building 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vassil Vassilev
- Institute of Mechanics-Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgy Bonchev St. Building 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Dantchev
- Institute of Mechanics-Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgy Bonchev St. Building 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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5
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Yang F, Wang M, Zhang D, Yang J, Zheng M, Li Y. Chirality Pure Carbon Nanotubes: Growth, Sorting, and Characterization. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2693-2758. [PMID: 32039585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been attracting tremendous attention owing to their structure (chirality) dependent outstanding properties, which endow them with great potential in a wide range of applications. The preparation of chirality-pure SWCNTs is not only a great scientific challenge but also a crucial requirement for many high-end applications. As such, research activities in this area over the last two decades have been very extensive. In this review, we summarize recent achievements and accumulated knowledge thus far and discuss future developments and remaining challenges from three aspects: controlled growth, postsynthesis sorting, and characterization techniques. In the growth part, we focus on the mechanism of chirality-controlled growth and catalyst design. In the sorting part, we organize and analyze existing literature based on sorting targets rather than methods. Since chirality assignment and quantification is essential in the study of selective preparation, we also include in the last part a comprehensive description and discussion of characterization techniques for SWCNTs. It is our view that even though progress made in this area is impressive, more efforts are still needed to develop both methodologies for preparing ultrapure (e.g., >99.99%) SWCNTs in large quantity and nondestructive fast characterization techniques with high spatial resolution for various nanotube samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Qiu L, Ding F. Contact-Induced Phase Separation of Alloy Catalyst to Promote Carbon Nanotube Growth. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:256101. [PMID: 31922762 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.256101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, using density functional theory based molecular dynamics simulations, we report that contact to a carbon nanotube (CNT) induces phase separation in an alloy catalyst, which promotes CNT growth. During growth of a CNT, the growth front tends to preferentially bond to the more active metal atom in the alloy catalyst, thus triggering a phase separation of the alloy catalyst particle. The accumulation of the active metal stabilizes the open end of the CNT, attracts carbon precursors to rapidly diffuse to the growth front, and avoids catalyst poisoning by preventing the encapsulation of the catalyst. This study resolves a long-term mystery surrounding the higher efficiency of alloy catalysts in CNT growth as compared to a pure metal catalyst and thereby paves the way to a more rational catalyst design for controlled CNT growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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7
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Schwarcz D, Burov S. The effect of disordered substrate on crystallization in 2D. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:445401. [PMID: 31195377 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab29c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of amorphous substrate on crystallization is addressed. By performing Monte-Carlo simulations of solid on solid models, we explore the effect of the disorder on crystal growth. The disorder is introduced via local geometry of the lattice, where local connectivity and transition rates are varied from site to site. A comparison to an ordered lattice is accomplished and for both, ordered and disordered substrates, an optimal growth temperature is observed. Moreover, we find that under specific conditions the disordered substrate may have a beneficial effect on crystal growth, i.e. better crystallization as a direct consequence of the presence of disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Schwarcz
- Physics Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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8
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Fukuhara S, Misawa M, Shimojo F, Shibuta Y. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of ethanol dissociation reactions on alloy catalysts in carbon nanotube growth. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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McLean B, Webber GB, Page AJ. Boron Nitride Nanotube Nucleation via Network Fusion during Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13385-13393. [PMID: 31387350 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) first being synthesized in the 1990s, their nucleation mechanism remains unknown. Here we report nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations showing how BNNT cap structures form during Ni-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of ammonia borane. BN hexagonal ring networks are produced following the catalytic evolution of H2 from the CVD feedstock, the formation and polymerization of B-N chain structures, and the repeated cleavage of homoelemental B-B/N-N bonds by the catalyst surface. Defect-free BNNT cap structures then form perpendicular to the catalyst surface via direct fusion of adjacent BN networks. This BNNT network fusion mechanism is a marked deviation from the established mechanism for carbon nanotube nucleation during CVD and potentially explains why CVD-synthesized BNNTs are frequently observed having sharper tips and wider diameters compared to CVD-synthesized carbon nanotubes.
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10
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Yoshikawa R, Hisama K, Ukai H, Takagi Y, Inoue T, Chiashi S, Maruyama S. Molecular Dynamics of Chirality Definable Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6506-6512. [PMID: 31117374 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve the chirality-specific growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), it is crucial to understand the growth mechanism. Even though many molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been employed to analyze the SWCNT growth mechanism, it has been difficult to discuss the chirality determining kinetics because of the defects remaining on the SWCNTs grown in simulations. In this study, we demonstrate MD simulations of defect-free SWCNTs, that is, chirality definable SWCNTs, under the optimized carbon supply rate and temperature. The chiralities of the SWCNTs were assigned as (14,1), (15,2), and (9,0), indicating the preference of near-zigzag and pure-zigzag SWCNTs. The SWCNTs contained at least one complete row of defect-free walls consisting of only hexagons. The near-zigzag SWCNTs grew via a kink-running process, in which bond formation between a carbon atom at a kink and a neighboring carbon chain led to formation of a hexagon with a new kink at the SWCNT edge. Defects including pentagons and heptagons were sometimes formed but effectively healed into hexagons on metal surfaces. The pure-zigzag SWCNTs grew by the kink-running and the hexagon nucleation processes. In addition, chirality change events along SWCNTs with incorporation of pentagon-heptagon pair defects were observed in the MD simulations. Here, pentagons and heptagons were frequently observed as adjacent pairs, resulting in ( n, m) chirality changes by (±1,0), (0,±1), (1,-1), or (-1,1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yoshikawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Kaoru Hisama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ukai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Yukai Takagi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Taiki Inoue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Shohei Chiashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
- Energy NanoEngineering Laboratory , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-8654 , Japan
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11
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Forel S, Castan A, Amara H, Florea I, Fossard F, Catala L, Bichara C, Mallah T, Huc V, Loiseau A, Cojocaru CS. Tuning bimetallic catalysts for a selective growth of SWCNTs. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4091-4100. [PMID: 30785462 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in structural control during the synthesis of SWCNTs have in common the use of bimetallic nanoparticles as catalysts, despite the fact that their exact role is not fully understood. We therefore analyze the effect of the catalyst's chemical composition on the structure of the resulting SWCNTs by comparing three bimetallic catalysts (FeRu, CoRu and NiRu). A specific synthesis protocol is designed to impede the catalyst nanoparticle coalescence mechanisms and stabilize their diameter distributions throughout the growth. Owing to the ruthenium component which has a limited carbon solubility, tubes grow in tangential mode and their diameter is close to that of their seeding nanoparticles. By using the as-synthesized SWCNTs as a channel material infield effect transistors, we show how the chemical composition of the catalysts and temperature can be used as parameters to tune the diameter distribution and semiconducting-to-metallic ratio of SWCNT samples. Finally, a phenomenological model, based on the dependence of the carbon solubility as a function of catalyst nanoparticle size and nature of the alloying elements, is proposed to interpret the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Forel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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12
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Khaledialidusti R, Mahdavi E, Barnoush A. Stabilization of 2D graphene, functionalized graphene, and Ti2CO2 (MXene) in super-critical CO2: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12968-12976. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stabilization of nanoparticles is a main concern to produce an efficient nanofluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Khaledialidusti
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- 7491 Trondheim
- Norway
| | - Ehsan Mahdavi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- 7491 Trondheim
- Norway
- School of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Afrooz Barnoush
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- 7491 Trondheim
- Norway
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13
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Cao K, Chamberlain TW, Biskupek J, Zoberbier T, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Direct Correlation of Carbon Nanotube Nucleation and Growth with the Atomic Structure of Rhenium Nanocatalysts Stimulated and Imaged by the Electron Beam. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6334-6339. [PMID: 30185052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Subnanometer Re clusters confined in a single-walled carbon nanotube are activated by the 80 keV electron beam to promote the catalytic growth of a new carbon nanotube. Transmission electron microscopy images the entire process step-by-step, with atomic resolution in real time, revealing details of the initial nucleation followed by a two-stage growth. The atomic dynamics of the Re cluster correlate strongly with the nanotube formation process, with the growth accelerating when the catalyst becomes more ordered. In addition to the nanotube growth catalyzed by Re nanoclusters, individual atoms of Re released from the nanocluster play a role in the nanotube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Cao
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , Ulm 89081 , Germany
| | - Thomas W Chamberlain
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , Ulm 89081 , Germany
| | - Thilo Zoberbier
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , Ulm 89081 , Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , Ulm 89081 , Germany
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
- Nanoscale & Microscale Research Centre (nmRC) , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
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14
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Inoue S, Lojindarat S, Kawamoto T, Matsumura Y, Charinpanitkul T. Spontaneous and controlled-diameter synthesis of single-walled and few-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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McLean B, Eveleens CA, Mitchell I, Webber GB, Page AJ. Catalytic CVD synthesis of boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials - synergies between experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26466-26494. [PMID: 28849841 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03835f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon and boron nitride nanomaterials - hexagonal boron nitride, graphene, boron nitride nanotubes and carbon nanotubes - remain at the forefront of advanced materials research. Catalytic chemical vapour deposition has become an invaluable technique for reliably and cost-effectively synthesising these materials. In this review, we will emphasise how a synergy between experimental and theoretical methods has enhanced the understanding and optimisation of this synthetic technique. This review examines recent advances in the application of CVD to synthesising boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials and highlights where, in many cases, molecular simulations and quantum chemistry have provided key insights complementary to experimental investigation. This synergy is particularly prominent in the field of carbon nanotube and graphene CVD synthesis, and we propose here it will be the key to future advances in optimisation of CVD synthesis of boron nitride nanomaterials, boron nitride - carbon composite materials, and other nanomaterials generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben McLean
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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16
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17
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Fukuhara S, Shimojo F, Shibuta Y. Conformation and catalytic activity of nickel – carbon cluster for ethanol dissociation in carbon nanotube synthesis: Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Li M, Liu X, Zhao X, Yang F, Wang X, Li Y. Metallic Catalysts for Structure-Controlled Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:29. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Eveleens CA, Page AJ. Effect of ammonia on chemical vapour deposition and carbon nanotube nucleation mechanisms. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:1727-1737. [PMID: 28091668 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth of carbon nanotubes is currently the most viable method for commercial-scale nanotube production. However, controlling the 'chirality', or helicity, of carbon nanotubes during CVD growth remains a challenge. Recent studies have shown that adding chemical 'etchants', such as ammonia and water, to the feedstock gas can alter the diameter and chirality of nanotubes produced with CVD. To date, this strategy for chirality control remains sub-optimal, since we have a poor understanding of how these etchants change the CVD and nucleation mechanisms. Here, we show how ammonia alters the mechanism of methane CVD and single-walled carbon nanotube nucleation on iron catalysts, using quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulations reveal that ammonia is selectively activated by the catalyst, and this enables ammonia to play a dual role during methane CVD. Following activation, ammonia nitrogen removes carbon from the catalyst surface exclusively via the production of hydrogen (iso)cyanide, thus impeding the growth of extended carbon chains. Simultaneously, ammonia hydrogen passivates carbon dangling bonds, which impedes nanotube nucleation and promotes defect healing. Combined, these effects lead to slower, more controllable nucleation and growth kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clothilde A Eveleens
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia.
| | - Alister J Page
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia.
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20
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Zhang R, Zhang Y, Wei F. Horizontally aligned carbon nanotube arrays: growth mechanism, controlled synthesis, characterization, properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:3661-3715. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00104e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the growth mechanism, controlled synthesis, characterization, properties and applications of horizontally aligned carbon nanotube arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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21
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Metal-induced rapid transformation of diamond into single and multilayer graphene on wafer scale. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12099. [PMID: 27373740 PMCID: PMC4932195 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of intrinsic properties of graphene during the transfer process constitutes a major challenge in graphene device fabrication, stimulating the need for direct growth of graphene on dielectric substrates. Previous attempts of metal-induced transformation of diamond and silicon carbide into graphene suffers from metal contamination and inability to scale graphene growth over large area. Here, we introduce a direct approach to transform polycrystalline diamond into high-quality graphene layers on wafer scale (4 inch in diameter) using a rapid thermal annealing process facilitated by a nickel, Ni thin film catalyst on top. We show that the process can be tuned to grow single or multilayer graphene with good electronic properties. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the mechanism of graphene growth on polycrystalline diamond. In addition, we demonstrate the lateral growth of free-standing graphene over micron-sized pre-fabricated holes, opening exciting opportunities for future graphene/diamond-based electronics. Direct growth of large-area graphene on dielectric substrates is a promising route to wafer scale integration. Here the authors use a rapid thermal annealing process to grow graphene layers on four-inch diameter polycrystalline diamond, eliminating the need for transfer.
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22
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Shimamura K, Shibuta Y, Ohmura S, Arifin R, Shimojo F. Dissociation dynamics of ethylene molecules on a Ni cluster using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:145001. [PMID: 26953616 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/14/145001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The atomistic mechanism of dissociative adsorption of ethylene molecules on a Ni cluster is investigated by ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations. The activation free energy to dehydrogenate an ethylene molecule on the Ni cluster and the corresponding reaction rate is estimated. A remarkable finding is that the adsorption energy of ethylene molecules on the Ni cluster is considerably larger than the activation free energy, which explains why the actual reaction rate is faster than the value estimated based on only the activation free energy. It is also found from the dynamic simulations that hydrogen molecules and an ethane molecule are formed from the dissociated hydrogen atoms, whereas some exist as single atoms on the surface or in the interior of the Ni cluster. On the other hand, the dissociation of the C-C bonds of ethylene molecules is not observed. On the basis of these simulation results, the nature of the initial stage of carbon nanotube growth is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shimamura
- Department of Physics, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan. Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
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23
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Cui K, Kumamoto A, Xiang R, An H, Wang B, Inoue T, Chiashi S, Ikuhara Y, Maruyama S. Synthesis of subnanometer-diameter vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes with copper-anchored cobalt catalysts. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1608-1617. [PMID: 26690843 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (VA-SWNTs) with subnanometer diameters on quartz (and SiO2/Si) substrates by alcohol CVD using Cu-anchored Co catalysts. The uniform VA-SWNTs with a nanotube diameter of 1 nm are synthesized at a CVD temperature of 800 °C and have a thickness of several tens of μm. The diameter of SWNTs was reduced to 0.75 nm at 650 °C with the G/D ratio maintained above 24. Scanning transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS-STEM) and high angle annular dark field (HAADF-STEM) imaging of the Co/Cu bimetallic catalyst system showed that Co catalysts were captured and anchored by adjacent Cu nanoparticles, and thus were prevented from coalescing into a larger size, which contributed to the small diameter of SWNTs. The correlation between the catalyst size and the SWNT diameter was experimentally clarified. The subnanometer-diameter and high-quality SWNTs are expected to pave the way to replace silicon for next-generation optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehang Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Akihito Kumamoto
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Hua An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Benjamin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Taiki Inoue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Shohei Chiashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Ikuhara
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. and Energy NanoEngineering Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-8564, Japan
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24
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Dey G, Ren J, El-Ghazawi T, Licht S. How does an amalgamated Ni cathode affect carbon nanotube growth? A density functional theory study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a Density Functional Theory (DFT) study on the influence of an alloying mixture of Ni–Zn catalysts on carbon nanotube, CNT, growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangotri Dey
- Institute for Massively Parallel Applications and Computing Technology (IMPACT)
- George Washington University
- Washington DC 20052
- USA
| | - Jiawen Ren
- Department of Chemistry
- George Washington University
- Washington DC 20052
- USA
| | - Tarek El-Ghazawi
- Institute for Massively Parallel Applications and Computing Technology (IMPACT)
- George Washington University
- Washington DC 20052
- USA
| | - Stuart Licht
- Department of Chemistry
- George Washington University
- Washington DC 20052
- USA
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25
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Islam AE, Rogers JA, Alam MA. Recent Progress in Obtaining Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Transistor Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7908-7937. [PMID: 26540144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High purity semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) with a narrow diameter distribution are required for high-performance transistors. Achieving this goal is extremely challenging because the as-grown material contains mixtures of s-SWCNTs and metallic- (m-) SWCNTs with wide diameter distributions, typically inadequate for integrated circuits. Since 2000, numerous ex situ methods have been proposed to improve the purity of the s-SWCNTs. The majority of these techniques fail to maintain the quality and integrity of the s-SWCNTs with a few notable exceptions. Here, the progress in realizing high purity s-SWCNTs in as-grown and post-processed materials is highlighted. A comparison of transistor parameters (such as on/off ratio and field-effect mobility) obtained from test structures establishes the effectiveness of various methods and suggests opportunities for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad E Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Muhammad A Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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26
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Atomic scale simulation of carbon nanotube nucleation from hydrocarbon precursors. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10306. [PMID: 26691537 PMCID: PMC4703880 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic scale simulations of the nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes is essential for understanding their growth mechanism. In spite of over twenty years of simulation efforts in this area, limited progress has so far been made on addressing the role of the hydrocarbon growth precursor. Here we report on atomic scale simulations of cap nucleation of single-walled carbon nanotubes from hydrocarbon precursors. The presented mechanism emphasizes the important role of hydrogen in the nucleation process, and is discussed in relation to previously presented mechanisms. In particular, the role of hydrogen in the appearance of unstable carbon structures during in situ experimental observations as well as the initial stage of multi-walled carbon nanotube growth is discussed. The results are in good agreement with available experimental and quantum-mechanical results, and provide a basic understanding of the incubation and nucleation stages of hydrocarbon-based CNT growth at the atomic level. Atomic scale simulation of the nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes is essential for understanding their growth mechanism. Here, the authors look at cap nucleation of nanotubes from hydrocarbon precursors, specifically probing the role of hydrogen in the early stages of growth.
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27
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Tang L, Li T, Li C, Ling L, Zhang K, Yao Y. CoPt/CeO2 catalysts for the growth of narrow diameter semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:19699-19704. [PMID: 26553394 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For the application of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in nanoelectronic devices, effective techniques for the growth of semiconducting SWNTs (s-SWNTs) with a specific diameter are still a great challenge. Herein, we report a facile strategy for the selective growth of narrow diameter distributed s-SWNTs using CoPt/CeO2 catalysts. The addition of Pt into a Co catalyst dramatically reduces the diameter distributions and even the chirality distributions of the as-grown SWNTs. Oxygen vacancies that are provided by mesoporous CeO2 are responsible for creating an oxidative environment to in situ etch metallic SWNTs (m-SWNTs). Atomic force microscope (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy characterizations indicate a narrow diameter distribution of 1.32 ± 0.03 nm and the selective growth of s-SWNTs to 93%, respectively. In addition, electronic transport measurements also confirm that the Ion/Ioff ratio is mainly in the order of ∼10(3). This work provides an effective strategy for the facile fabrication of narrow diameter distributed s-SWNTs, which will be beneficial to fundamental research and the broad application of SWNTs for future nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China. and School of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Chaowei Li
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China. and School of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lin Ling
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yagang Yao
- Division of Advanced Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China.
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28
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Ohga Y, Inoue S, Matsumura Y. In situ measurement of activation energy for pyrolysis of ethanol as a first reaction in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of ethanol decomposition on platinum cluster at initial stage of carbon nanotube growth. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Molecular dynamic simulation for the evaluation of free energy distribution along the reaction coordinates at the initial stage of carbon nanotube nucleation. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Page AJ, Ding F, Irle S, Morokuma K. Insights into carbon nanotube and graphene formation mechanisms from molecular simulations: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:036501. [PMID: 25746411 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene over the last two decades has heralded a new era in physics, chemistry and nanotechnology. During this time, intense efforts have been made towards understanding the atomic-scale mechanisms by which these remarkable nanostructures grow. Molecular simulations have made significant contributions in this regard; indeed, they are responsible for many of the key discoveries and advancements towards this goal. Here we review molecular simulations of CNT and graphene growth, and in doing so we highlight the many invaluable insights gained from molecular simulations into these complex nanoscale self-assembly processes. This review highlights an often-overlooked aspect of CNT and graphene formation-that the two processes, although seldom discussed in the same terms, are in fact remarkably similar. Both can be viewed as a 0D → 1D → 2D transformation, which converts carbon atoms (0D) to polyyne chains (1D) to a complete sp(2)-carbon network (2D). The difference in the final structure (CNT or graphene) is determined only by the curvature of the catalyst and the strength of the carbon-metal interaction. We conclude our review by summarizing the present shortcomings of CNT/graphene growth simulations, and future challenges to this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Page
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
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32
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Picher M, Lin PA, Gomez-Ballesteros JL, Balbuena PB, Sharma R. Nucleation of graphene and its conversion to single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:6104-8. [PMID: 25329750 DOI: 10.1021/nl501977b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We use an environmental transmission electron microscope to record atomic-scale movies showing how carbon atoms assemble together on a catalyst nanoparticle to form a graphene sheet that progressively lifts-off to convert into a nanotube. Time-resolved observations combined with theoretical calculations confirm that some nanoparticle facets act like a vice-grip for graphene, offering anchoring sites, while other facets allow the graphene to lift-off, which is the essential step to convert into a nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Picher
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6203, United States
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33
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Inoue S, Nakahara D, Matsumura Y. Precursor and formation mechanism in the synthesis of carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Khalilov U, Bogaerts A, Neyts EC. Microscopic mechanisms of vertical graphene and carbon nanotube cap nucleation from hydrocarbon growth precursors. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9206-9214. [PMID: 24981176 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00669k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and steering the growth of single walled carbon nanotubes is often believed to require controlling of the nucleation stage. Yet, little is known about the microscopic mechanisms governing the nucleation from hydrocarbon molecules. Specifically, we address here the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon molecules and the formation of all-carbon graphitic islands on metallic nanoclusters from hydrocarbon molecules under conditions typical for carbon nanotube growth. Employing reactive molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate for the first time that the formation of a graphitic network occurs through the intermediate formation of vertically oriented, not fully dehydrogenated graphitic islands. Upon dehydrogenation of these vertical graphenes, the islands curve over the surface, thereby forming a carbon network covering the nanoparticle. The results indicate that controlling the extent of dehydrogenation offers an additional parameter to control the nucleation of carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umedjon Khalilov
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group PLASMANT, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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35
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Chirality-specific growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes on solid alloy catalysts. Nature 2014; 510:522-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Ruan Z, Rong W, Zhan X, Li Q, Li Z. POSS containing organometallic polymers: synthesis, characterization and solid-state pyrolysis behavior. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00555d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Simulation of catalyst behavior during chemical vapor deposition processing of carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Chaudhuri I, Yu M, Jayanthi CS, Wu SY. Initial stage of growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes: modeling and simulations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:115301. [PMID: 24590119 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/11/115301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Because there are different pathways to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a common mechanism for the synthesis of CNTs does not likely exist. However, after carbon atoms are liberated from carbon-containing precursors by catalysts or from pure carbon systems, a common feature, the nucleation of CNTs by electron mediation, does appear. We studied this feature using the initial stage of growth of single wall CNTs (SWCNTs) by transition metal nano-particle catalysts as the working example. To circumvent the bottleneck due to the size and simulation time, we used a model in which the metal droplet is represented by a jellium, and the effect of collisions between the carbon atoms and atoms of the catalyst is captured by charge transfers between the jellium and the carbon. The simulations were performed using a transferable semi-empirical Hamiltonian to model the interactions between carbon atoms in jellium. We annealed different initial configurations of carbon clusters in jellium as well as in a vacuum. We found that in jellium, elongated open tubular structures, precursors to the growth of SWCNTs, are formed. Our model was also shown to be capable of mimicking the continued growth when more atoms were placed near the open end of the tubular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chaudhuri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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39
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Oguri T, Shimamura K, Shibuta Y, Shimojo F, Yamaguchi S. Bond dissociation mechanism of ethanol during carbon nanotube synthesis via alcohol catalytic CVD technique: Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Shariat M, Shokri B, Neyts E. On the low-temperature growth mechanism of single walled carbon nanotubes in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Vosel SV, Onischuk AA, Purtov PA, Nasibulin AG. Fluctuation theory of single-walled carbon nanotube formation. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:204705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4830395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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42
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Haghighatpanah S, Mohsenzadeh A, Amara H, Bichara C, Bolton K. Computational studies of catalyst-free single walled carbon nanotube growth. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:054308. [PMID: 23927263 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiempirical tight binding (TB) and density functional theory (DFT) methods have been used to study the mechanism of single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) growth. The results are compared with similar calculations on graphene. Both TB and DFT geometry optimized structures of relevance to SWNT growth show that the minimum energy growth mechanism is via the formation of hexagons at the SWNT end. This is similar to the result for graphene where growth occurs via the formation of hexagons at the edge of the graphene flake. However, due to the SWNT curvature, defects such as pentagons are more stable in SWNTs than in graphene. Monte Carlo simulations based on the TB energies show that SWNTs close under conditions that are proper for growth of large defect-free graphene flakes, and that a particle such as a Ni cluster is required to maintain an open SWNT end under these conditions. The calculations also show that the proper combination of growth parameters such as temperature and chemical potential are required to prevent detachment of the SWNTs from the Ni cluster or encapsulation of the cluster by the feedstock carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haghighatpanah
- School of Engineering, University of Borås, SE 501-90 Borås, Sweden.
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43
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Elliott JA, Shibuta Y, Amara H, Bichara C, Neyts EC. Atomistic modelling of CVD synthesis of carbon nanotubes and graphene. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:6662-6676. [PMID: 23774798 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01925j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene by catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CCVD) and plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), summarising the state-of-the-art understanding of mechanisms controlling their growth rate, chiral angle, number of layers (walls), diameter, length and quality (defects), before presenting a new model for 2D nucleation of a graphene sheet from amorphous carbon on a nickel surface. Although many groups have modelled this process using a variety of techniques, we ask whether there are any complementary ideas emerging from the different proposed growth mechanisms, and whether different modelling techniques can give the same answers for a given mechanism. Subsequently, by comparing the results of tight-binding, semi-empirical molecular orbital theory and reactive bond order force field calculations, we demonstrate that graphene on crystalline Ni(111) is thermodynamically stable with respect to the corresponding amorphous metal and carbon structures. Finally, we show in principle how a complementary heterogeneous nucleation step may play a key role in the transformation from amorphous carbon to graphene on the metal surface. We conclude that achieving the conditions under which this complementary crystallisation process can occur may be a promising method to gain better control over the growth processes of both graphene from flat metal surfaces and CNTs from catalyst nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Elliott
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK.
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44
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Shibuta Y, Arifin R, Shimamura K, Oguri T, Shimojo F, Yamaguchi S. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of dissociation of methane on nickel(111) surface: Unravelling initial stage of graphene growth via a CVD technique. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Biyikli E, Liu J, Yang X, To AC. A fast method for generating atomistic models of arbitrarily-shaped carbon graphitic nanostructures. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22598k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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46
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Shen Y, Yan L, Song H, Yang J, Yang G, Chen X, Zhou J, Yu ZZ, Yang S. A General Strategy for the Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers from Solid Carbon Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12202-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Shen Y, Yan L, Song H, Yang J, Yang G, Chen X, Zhou J, Yu ZZ, Yang S. A General Strategy for the Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers from Solid Carbon Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Interaction between graphene and nickel(111) surfaces with commensurate and incommensurate orientational relationships. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Nishioka K, Nasu K, Yonemitsu K. Two-pulse excitation for efficient formation of an sp3 nanodomain with frozen shear in a graphite crystal. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:205402. [PMID: 22538264 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/20/205402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose a two-pulse excitation to efficiently form a novel sp(3)-bonded nanosize domain with frozen shear in a graphite crystal. This sp(3) structure is well stabilized by shear displacement between two neighboring graphite layers. The shearing motion is induced transiently by the first laser pulse, and is frozen by the second pulse before disappearing, resulting in the efficient formation of the sp(3)-bonded domain with frozen shear. We show this dynamical process qualitatively by molecular dynamics calculations.
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50
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Tomie T, Inoue S, Iba Y, Matsumura Y. In situ mass spectroscopic analysis of alcohol catalytic chemical vapor deposition process for single-walled carbon nanotube. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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