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Pecher L, Mette G, Dürr M, Tonner R. Site‐Specific Reactivity of Ethylene at Distorted Dangling‐Bond Configurations on Si(001). Chemphyschem 2017; 18:357-365. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pecher
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Sciences Centre Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Gerson Mette
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre Philipps-Universität Marburg Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Michael Dürr
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre Philipps-Universität Marburg Renthof 5 35032 Marburg Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Ralf Tonner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Sciences Centre Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4 35032 Marburg Germany
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2
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Lee YT, Lin JS. Ab Initiomolecular dynamics study of ethylene adsorption onto Si(001) surface: Short-time fourier transform analysis of structural coordinate autocorrelation function. J Comput Chem 2013; 34:2697-706. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung Ting Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Tamkang University; Tamsui 25137 Taiwan
| | - Jyh Shing Lin
- Department of Chemistry; Tamkang University; Tamsui 25137 Taiwan
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Zhang L, Ren T, Wang H, Wang M, Yang C, Han K. Density Functional Theory Investigation of Product Distribution following Reaction of Acrylonitrile on Diamond (001)-2×1 Surface. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:23395-402. [PMID: 17107190 DOI: 10.1021/jp063714q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of acrylonitrile with the C(001)-2 x 1 surface has been investigated by employing density functional cluster model calculations. The calculations revealed eight possible reaction pathways for acrylonitrile with the surface dimer. Full geometry optimized structures were obtained for all adducts, including intra- and interdimer reaction products. These results were analyzed in terms of both the total energy values and the detailed optimized geometries. We find that the reaction of acrylonitrile with the diamond (001) surface occurs primarily through its nonpolar C=C group and the intradimer [2+2](cc) product is the dominant product. All these results are in good agreement with the experimental work by Schwartz. It is noteworthy that the isomerization process plays an important role in the chemisorption process. Both intradimer [4+2] product and interdimer [2+2](cc) product can isomerize to the intradimer [2+2](cc) product. The present study shows that the isomerization between intradimer [4+2] product and intradimer [2+2](cc) product is slightly favorable over the direct path to formation of the intradimer [2+2](cc) product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibin Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Physics of Shandong Province, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
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Lee JY, Cho JH. Two Dissociation Pathways of Water and Ammonia on the Si(001) Surface. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:18455-8. [PMID: 16970471 DOI: 10.1021/jp063564j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using first-principles density-functional calculations, we investigated two competing pathways for the dissociation of water and ammonia on a Si(001) surface. For both systems, we found that, in addition to the conventionally accepted intradimer transfer of the H atom, the interdimer transfer of the H atom can be equally probable with the same reaction mechanism. Our analysis shows that the two dissociation pathways occur through the Lewis acid-base reaction between the partially positive H ion and the electron-abundant up atom of the buckled Si dimer. The result of the interdimer H transfer not only supports a recently proposed model for C-defect on Si(001) but also corresponds to the recent scanning tunneling microscopy data of ammonia dissociation on Si(001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yup Lee
- Quantum Photonic Science Research Center, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-Dong, Seongdong-Ku, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Loscutoff PW, Bent SF. REACTIVITY OF THE GERMANIUM SURFACE: Chemical Passivation and Functionalization. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2006; 57:467-95. [PMID: 16599818 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.56.092503.141307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly changing materials needs of modern microelectronics, germanium provides an opportunity for future-generation devices. Controlling germanium interfaces will be essential for this purpose. We review germanium surface reactivity, beginning with a description of the most commonly used surfaces, Ge(100) and Ge(111). An analysis of oxide formation shows why the poor oxide properties have hindered practical use of germanium to date. This is followed by an examination of alternate means of surface passivation, with particular attention given to sulfide, chloride, and hydride termination. Specific tailoring of the interface properties is possible through organic functionalization. The few solution functionalization methods that have been studied are reviewed. Vacuum functionalization has been studied to a much greater extent, with dative bonding and cycloaddition reactions emerging as principle reaction mechanisms. These are reviewed through molecular reaction studies that demonstrate the versatility of the germanium surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Loscutoff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Nunzi F, Sgamellotti A, Re N. Selective Functionalization of the Si(100) Surface by a Bifunctional Alkynylamine Molecule: Density Functional Study of the Switching Adsorption Linkage. 2. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:7682-7. [PMID: 16610861 DOI: 10.1021/jp057018m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the bifunctional organic molecule 1-(dimethylamino)-2-propyne (DMAP) on the Si(100) surface has been investigated by density functional calculations employing a two-dimer cluster model. We found that, once in the physisorbed dative bonded well (-20.0 kcal mol(-1)), DMAP can proceed via a number of pathways, involving the formation of Si-C sigma bonds, which lead to thermodynamically more stable configurations. We first considered the cycloaddition of the CC triple bond, leading to a Si-C di-sigma bonded product (-58.7 kcal mol(-1)), for which we computed an energy barrier of only 12.5 kcal mol(-1), consistently with the observed switching of DMAP adsorption linkage at 300 K. We also explored the dissociative pathway involving the methylene C-H bond cleavage on the dative bonded DMAP, leading to three adsorption products with one (-57.3 kcal mol(-1)) and three Si-C sigma bonds (-58.7 and -60.6 kcal mol(-1)). The energy barrier for this pathway is computed 24.7 kcal mol(-1) and may therefore compete at temperature above 300 K with the reaction pathway involving the addition of the alkyne unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nunzi
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM) c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Ouyang T, Gao X, Qi D, Wee ATS, Loh KP. Cycloadditions on Diamond (100) 2 × 1: Observation of Lowered Electron Affinity due to Hydrocarbon Adsorption. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:5611-20. [PMID: 16539504 DOI: 10.1021/jp056785i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of allyl alcohol, acrylic acid, and allyl chloride, as well as unsaturated organic molecules such as acetylene and 1,3 butadiene, on reconstructed diamond (100) 2 x 1 have been investigated using high-resolution electron energy loss (HREELS) spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation spectroscopy. The cycloadditions of these organic molecules produce chemically adsorbed adlayers with varying degree of coverages on the clean diamond. The organic adsorbed surface has a lowered electron affinity and shows a secondary electron yield that varies between 12 and 40% of the yield obtained from a fully hydrogenated diamond surface. The diamond surface can be functionalized with hydroxyl, carboxylic, and chlorine functionalities by the adsorption of these allyl organics. The [2 + 2] adduct of acetylene on the diamond (100) 2 x 1 surface can be observed. 1,3-butadiene attains a higher coverage as well as forms a thermally more stable adlayer on the diamond surface compared to the other organic molecules, due to its ability to undergo [4 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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Wang Y, Ma J. Theoretical Study on Reactions of Nitroethylene with the Si(100)-2 × 1 Surface. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:5542-6. [PMID: 16539494 DOI: 10.1021/jp060386l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Possible reaction pathways of nitroethylene with the Si(100)-2 x 1 surface have been investigated by unrestricted density functional theory. The facile occurrence of the studied reactions was demonstrated by the low activation energies of the rate-determining steps (1.07-5.23 kcal/mol). It was found that the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of nitroethylene is most kinetically favorable. The isomerization reactions of the addition products were also investigated. The [3 + 2] cycloaddition product may further undergo a rearrangement by overcoming a 12.37 kcal/mol activation energy barrier into an isomer, with an oxygen atom of the nitryl group inserted between two silicon atoms of the Si(100) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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Huang JY, Huang HG, Ning YS, Liu QP, Alshahateet SF, Sun YM, Xu GQ. A [4+2]-like cycloaddition of methyl methacrylate on Si(100)-2 x 1. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:11722-8. [PMID: 16316106 DOI: 10.1021/la051559l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on Si(100)-2x1 was investigated using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The HREELS spectra of chemisorbed MMA show the disappearance of characteristic vibrations of C=O (1725 cm(-1)) and C(sp(2))-H (3110, 1400, and 962 cm(-1)) coupled with the blue shift of the C=C stretching mode by 34 cm(-1) compared to those of physisorbed molecules. These results clearly demonstrate that both C=C and C=O in MMA directly participate in the interaction with the surface to form a SiCH(2)C(CH(3))=C(OCH(3))OSi species via a [4+2]-like cycloaddition. This binding configuration was further supported by XPS, UPS, and DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore
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Nunzi F, Sgamellotti A, Re N. Selective functionalization of the Si(100) surface by a bifunctional alkynilamine molecule: A density functional study of the switching adsorption linkage. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lee HS, Choi CH, Gordon MS. Comparative Study of Surface Cycloadditions of Ethylene and 2-Butene on the Si(100)-2 × 1 Surface. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:5067-72. [PMID: 16863167 DOI: 10.1021/jp0501345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multireference wave functions were used to study the ethylene and 2-butene surface reactions on Si(100) in their lowest energy singlet states. In addition to the diradical pathway, a pi-complex pathway on the ethylene surface was found. The net barrier for the latter process is 4.5 kcal/mol higher than that for the former, making the pi-complex pathway kinetically less accessible. Therefore, although there is a competition between the two initial channels, the diradical path is slightly favored, and rotational isomerization is possible. However, since the initial potential energy surfaces of the two channels are different, depending on experimental conditions, the branching ratio between the two channels may change. Consequently, the combined effects that would favor one channel over the other may not derive directly from the initial reaction barrier. This provides an explanation of the experimental controversy. As a result, the final distributions of surface products may depend on the experimental kinetic environment, especially when the population change due to the rotational isomerization is expected to be very small. A significantly different reaction channel is found in the 2-butene surface reaction on Si(100), in which a methyl hydrogen easily transfers to the surface yielding a new type of surface product other than the expected [2 + 2] cycloaddition product, with a comparatively small activation barrier. Consequently, the overall surface reactions of ethylene and 2-butene may be quite different. Therefore, direct comparisons between ethylene and 2-butene experimental results would be very useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Soon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, South Korea
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Wang Y, Ma J, Inagaki S, Pei Y. [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Ethylene Derivatives with the Si(100)-2 × 1 Surface: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:5199-206. [PMID: 16863185 DOI: 10.1021/jp0450080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Possible mechanisms of the [2+2] cycloaddition reactions of ethylene (1), propylene (2), vinyl chloride (3), and styrene (4) with the Si(100)-2 x 1 surface have been investigated by theoretical calculations with the unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) and the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). Facile occurrence of the studied reactions is supported by the low activation energies (2.45-5.76 kcal/mol) in the rate-determining steps. The buckled Si(100) surface facilitates the reactions via the low-symmetric pathways. The reactions follow the diradical mechanism of thermal [2+2] cycloaddition reactions between pi-electron donors (the ethylene derivatives) and acceptors (the Si surface) through a pi-complex precursor and a singlet diradical intermediate. The influence of substituents on the relative reactivity takes a qualitative sequence of 1 < 2 < 3 < 4. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and the released heat of some model reactions suggest that the relative reactivity might be partially understood by the pi-electron-donating abilities of the substituent to stabilize the radical centers at the transition states of the rate-determining steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
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