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Arabczyk W, Rogowski J, Pelka R, Lendzion-Bieluń Z. Application of TOF-SIMS Method in the Study of Wetting the Iron (111) Surface with Promoter Oxides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030648. [PMID: 35163911 PMCID: PMC8840287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a simplified model of the Fe(111) surface’s promoter-oxide system was investigated in order to experimentally verify the previously proposed and known models concerning the structure and chemical composition of the surfaces of iron nanocrystallites in the ammonia-synthesis catalyst. It was shown that efficient oxygen diffusion from metal oxides to the clean Fe(111) iron surface took place even at temperatures lower than 100 °C. The effective wetting of the iron surface by potassium oxide is possible when the surface is covered with oxygen at temperatures above 250 °C. In the TOF-SIMS spectra of the surface of iron wetted with potassium, an emission of secondary FeOK+ ions was observed that implies that potassium atoms are bound to the iron surface atoms through oxygen. As a result of further wetting the iron surface with potassium ions, a heterogeneous surface structure was formed consisting of a thin K2O layer, next to which there was an iron-oxide phase covered with potassium ions. Only a limited increase in calcium concentration was observed on the Fe(111) iron surface upon sample annealing at up to 350 °C. As a result of wetting the iron surface with calcium ions, an oxide solution of CaO-FexOy was formed. In the annealing process of the sample containing alumina, only traces of this promoter diffusing to the iron surface were observed. Alumina formed a solution with a passive layer on the iron surface and under the process conditions (350 °C) it did not wet the pure iron (111) surface. The decrease in Fe+-ion emission from the Fe-Ca and Fe-Al samples at 350 °C implies a reduction in the oxygen concentration on the sample surface at this temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walerian Arabczyk
- Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 42 Piastów Ave., 71065 Szczecin, Poland; (W.A.); (Z.L.-B.)
| | - Jacek Rogowski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Zeromskiego 116, 90924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Rafał Pelka
- Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 42 Piastów Ave., 71065 Szczecin, Poland; (W.A.); (Z.L.-B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zofia Lendzion-Bieluń
- Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 42 Piastów Ave., 71065 Szczecin, Poland; (W.A.); (Z.L.-B.)
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Burke DJ, Puletti F, Woods PM, Viti S, Slater B, Brown WA. Trapping and desorption of complex organic molecules in water at 20 K. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:164704. [PMID: 26520540 DOI: 10.1063/1.4934264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation, chemical, and thermal processing of complex organic molecules (COMs) is currently a topic of much interest in interstellar chemistry. The isomers glycolaldehyde, methyl formate, and acetic acid are particularly important because of their role as pre-biotic species. It is becoming increasingly clear that many COMs are formed within interstellar ices which are dominated by water. Hence, the interaction of these species with water ice is crucially important in dictating their behaviour. Here, we present the first detailed comparative study of the adsorption and thermal processing of glycolaldehyde, methyl formate, and acetic acid adsorbed on and in water ices at astrophysically relevant temperatures (20 K). We show that the functional group of the isomer dictates the strength of interaction with water ice, and hence the resulting desorption and trapping behaviour. Furthermore, the strength of this interaction directly affects the crystallization of water, which in turn affects the desorption behaviour. Our detailed coverage and composition dependent data allow us to categorize the desorption behaviour of the three isomers on the basis of the strength of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, as well as the natural sublimation temperature of the molecule. This categorization is extended to other C, H, and O containing molecules in order to predict and describe the desorption behaviour of COMs from interstellar ices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren J Burke
- Division of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Puletti
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Woods
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Viti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Slater
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy A Brown
- Division of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, United Kingdom
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Burke DJ, Puletti F, Woods PM, Viti S, Slater B, Brown WA. Adsorption and Thermal Processing of Glycolaldehyde, Methyl Formate, and Acetic Acid on Graphite at 20 K. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6837-49. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daren J. Burke
- Division of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Fabrizio Puletti
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Paul M. Woods
- Astrophysics Research
Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, U.K
| | - Serena Viti
- Department of Physics
and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Ben Slater
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Wendy A. Brown
- Division of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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Cyriac J, Pradeep T, Kang H, Souda R, Cooks RG. Low-Energy Ionic Collisions at Molecular Solids. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5356-411. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Cyriac
- DST Unit of
Nanoscience, Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United
States
| | - T. Pradeep
- DST Unit of
Nanoscience, Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - H. Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747,
Republic of Korea
| | - R. Souda
- International
Center for Materials
Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - R. G. Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United
States
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León-Gutierrez E, Garcia G, Lopeandía AF, Fraxedas J, Clavaguera-Mora MT, Rodríguez-Viejo J. In situ nanocalorimetry of thin glassy organic films. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:181101. [PMID: 19045378 DOI: 10.1063/1.3009766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe the design and first experimental results of a new setup that combines evaporation of liquids in ultrahigh vacuum conditions with in situ high sensitivity thermal characterization of thin films. Organic compounds are deposited from the vapor directly onto a liquid nitrogen cooled substrate, permitting the preparation and characterization of glassy films. The substrate consists of a microfabricated, membrane-based nanocalorimeter that permits in situ measurements of heat capacity under ultrafast heating rates (up to 10(5) K/s) in the temperature range of 100-300 K. Three glass forming liquids-toluene, methanol, and acetic acid-are characterized. The spikes in heat capacity related to the glass-transition temperature, the fictive temperature and, in some cases, the onset temperature of crystallization are determined for several heating rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E León-Gutierrez
- Group of Nanomaterials and Microsystems, Department of Physics, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Souda R. Glass−Liquid Transition, Crystallization, and Melting of a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid: Thin Films of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis[trifluoromethanesulfonyl]imide Studied with TOF-SIMS. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:15349-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805120m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Souda
- Nanoscale Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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Souda R. Liquid-liquid transition in supercooled water investigated by interaction with LiCl and Xe. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:181103. [PMID: 17115731 DOI: 10.1063/1.2400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that supercooled water consists of two distinct liquid phases has been explored on the basis of their ability to hydrate nonpolar (Xe) and electrolytic (LiCl) species. Xe incorporated in the bulk of amorphous solid water survives in the deeply supercooled regime above the glass-transition temperature of 136 K and is finally dehydrated at 165 K, whereas LiCl dissolves only in the liquid phase appearing above 165 K. The second liquid phase connects with normal water as inferred from high (poor) solubility of LiCl (Xe). This result also suggests that decoupling of translational diffusion and viscosity in the deeply supercooled regime is caused by domain structures of the two liquid phases formed during a possible liquid-liquid transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Souda
- Nanoscale Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Bahr S, Borodin A, Höfft O, Kempter V, Allouche A, Borget F, Chiavassa T. Interaction of Acetic Acid with Solid Water. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:8649-56. [PMID: 16640419 DOI: 10.1021/jp055980u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of acetic acid (AA, CH(3)COOH), with solid water, deposited on metals, tungsten and gold, at 80 K, was investigated. We have prepared acid/water interfaces at 80 K, namely, acid layers on thin films of solid water and H(2)O adlayers on thin acid films; they were annealed between 80 and 200 K. Metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy UPS(HeII) were utilized to obtain information on the electronic structure of the outermost surface from the study of the electron emission from the weakest bound MOs of the acids, and of the molecular water. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) provided information on the desorption kinetics, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided information on the identification of the adsorbed species as well as on the water and acid crystallization. The results are compatible with the finding of ref 1 (preceding paper), made on the basis of DFT calculations, that AA adsorbs on ice as cyclic dimers. Above 120 K, a rearrangement of the AA dimers is suggested by a sharpening of the spectral features in the IR spectra and by spectral changes in MIES and UPS; this is attributed to the glass transition in AA around 130 K. Above 150 K the spectra transform into those characteristic for polycrystalline polymer chains. This structure is stable up to about 180 K; desorption of water takes place from underneath the AA film, and practically all water has desorbed through the AA film before AA desorption starts. There is no indication of water-induced deprotonation of the acid molecules. For the interaction of H(2)O molecules adsorbed on amorphous AA films, the comparison of MIES with the DFT results of ref 1 shows that the initial phase of exposure does not lead to the formation of a top-adsorbed closed water film at 80 K. Rather, the H(2)O molecules become attached to or incorporated into the preexisting AA network by H bonding; no water network is formed in the initial stage of the water adsorption. Also under these conditions no deprotonation of the acid can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bahr
- Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Technische Universität Clausthal, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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