1
|
Xie W, Dhinojwala A, Gianneschi NC, Shawkey MD. Interactions of Melanin with Electromagnetic Radiation: From Fundamentals to Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7165-7213. [PMID: 38758918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Melanin, especially integumentary melanin, interacts in numerous ways with electromagnetic radiation, leading to a set of critical functions, including radiation protection, UV-protection, pigmentary and structural color productions, and thermoregulation. By harnessing these functions, melanin and melanin-like materials can be widely applied to diverse applications with extraordinary performance. Here we provide a unified overview of the melanin family (all melanin and melanin-like materials) and their interactions with the complete electromagnetic radiation spectrum (X-ray, Gamma-ray, UV, visible, near-infrared), which until now has been absent from the literature and is needed to establish a solid fundamental base to facilitate their future investigation and development. We begin by discussing the chemistries and morphologies of both natural and artificial melanin, then the fundamentals of melanin-radiation interactions, and finally the exciting new developments in high-performance melanin-based functional materials that exploit these interactions. This Review provides both a comprehensive overview and a discussion of future perspectives for each subfield of melanin that will help direct the future development of melanin from both fundamental and applied perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Xie
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure Group, University of Ghent, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure Group, University of Ghent, Gent 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Structural Investigation of DHICA Eumelanin Using Density Functional Theory and Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238417. [PMID: 36500509 PMCID: PMC9738096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is an important pigment, for example, in skin, hair, eyes, and the inner ear. It is a highly heterogeneous polymer with 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) building blocks, of which DHICA is reported as the more abundant in natural eumelanin. The DHICA-eumelanin protomolecule consists of three building blocks, indole-2-carboxylic acid-5,6-quinone (ICAQ), DHICA and pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA). Here, we focus on the self-assembly of DHICA-eumelanin using multi-microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at various concentrations in aqueous solutions. The molecule was first parameterized using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Three types of systems were studied: (1) uncharged DHICA-eumelanin, (2) charged DHICA-eumelanin corresponding to physiological pH, and (3) a binary mixture of both of the above protomolecules. In the case of uncharged DHICA-eumelanin, spontaneous aggregation occurred and water molecules were present inside the aggregates. In the systems corresponding to physiological pH, all the carboxyl groups are negatively charged and the DHICA-eumelanin model has a net charge of -4. The effect of K+ ions as counterions was investigated. The results show high probability of binding to the deprotonated oxygens of the carboxylate anions in the PTCA moiety. Furthermore, the K+ counterions increased the solubility of DHICA-eumelanin in its charged form. A possible explanation is that the charged protomolecules favor binding to the K+ ions rather than aggregating and binding to other protomolecules. The binary mixtures show aggregation of uncharged DHICA-eumelanins; unlike the charged systems with no aggregation, a few charged DHICA-eumelanins are present on the surface of the uncharged aggregation, binding to the K+ ions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bedran ZV, Zhukov SS, Abramov PA, Tyurenkov IO, Gorshunov BP, Mostert AB, Motovilov KA. Water-Activated Semiquinone Formation and Carboxylic Acid Dissociation in Melanin Revealed by Infrared Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4403. [PMID: 34960952 PMCID: PMC8705668 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eumelanin is a widespread biomacromolecule pigment in the biosphere and has been widely investigated for numerous bioelectronics and energetic applications. Many of these applications depend on eumelanin's ability to conduct proton current at various levels of hydration. The origin of this behavior is connected to a comproportionation reaction between oxidized and reduced monomer moieties and water. A hydration-dependent FTIR spectroscopic study on eumelanin is presented herein, which allows for the first time tracking the comproportionation reaction via the gradual increase of the overall aromaticity of melanin monomers in the course of hydration. We identified spectral features associated with the presence of specific "one and a half" C𝌁O bonds, typical for o-semiquinones. Signatures of semiquinone monomers with internal hydrogen bonds and that carboxylic groups, in contrast to semiquinones, begin to dissociate at the very beginning of melanin hydration were indicated. As such, we suggest a modification to the common hydration-dependent conductivity mechanism and propose that the conductivity at low hydration is dominated by carboxylic acid protons, whereas higher hydration levels manifest semiquinone protons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakhar V. Bedran
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (S.S.Z.); (P.A.A.); (I.O.T.); (B.P.G.)
| | - Sergey S. Zhukov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (S.S.Z.); (P.A.A.); (I.O.T.); (B.P.G.)
| | - Pavel A. Abramov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (S.S.Z.); (P.A.A.); (I.O.T.); (B.P.G.)
| | - Ilya O. Tyurenkov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (S.S.Z.); (P.A.A.); (I.O.T.); (B.P.G.)
| | - Boris P. Gorshunov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (S.S.Z.); (P.A.A.); (I.O.T.); (B.P.G.)
| | - A. Bernardus Mostert
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - Konstantin A. Motovilov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (Z.V.B.); (S.S.Z.); (P.A.A.); (I.O.T.); (B.P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao W, Zhou X, McCallum NC, Hu Z, Ni QZ, Kapoor U, Heil CM, Cay KS, Zand T, Mantanona AJ, Jayaraman A, Dhinojwala A, Deheyn DD, Shawkey MD, Burkart MD, Rinehart JD, Gianneschi NC. Unraveling the Structure and Function of Melanin through Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2622-2637. [PMID: 33560127 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is ubiquitous in living organisms across different biological kingdoms of life, making it an important, natural biomaterial. Its presence in nature from microorganisms to higher animals and plants is attributed to the many functions of melanin, including pigmentation, radical scavenging, radiation protection, and thermal regulation. Generally, melanin is classified into five types-eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin, and pyomelanin-based on the various chemical precursors used in their biosynthesis. Despite its long history of study, the exact chemical makeup of melanin remains unclear, and it moreover has an inherent diversity and complexity of chemical structure, likely including many functions and properties that remain to be identified. Synthetic mimics have begun to play a broader role in unraveling structure and function relationships of natural melanins. In the past decade, polydopamine, which has served as the conventional form of synthetic eumelanin, has dominated the literature on melanin-based materials, while the synthetic analogues of other melanins have received far less attention. In this perspective, we will discuss the synthesis of melanin materials with a special focus beyond polydopamine. We will emphasize efforts to elucidate biosynthetic pathways and structural characterization approaches that can be harnessed to interrogate specific structure-function relationships, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. We believe that this timely Perspective will introduce this class of biopolymer to the broader chemistry community, where we hope to stimulate new opportunities in novel, melanin-based poly-functional synthetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qing Zhe Ni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Utkarsh Kapoor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Christian M Heil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kristine S Cay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tara Zand
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alex J Mantanona
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Dimitri D Deheyn
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, United States
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, The University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rinehart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Exploring the UVB-protective efficacy of melanin precursor extracted from marine imperfect fungus: Featuring characterization and application studies under in vitro conditions. Int Microbiol 2018; 21:59-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
6
|
Mondal S, Thampi A, Puranik M. Kinetics of Melanin Polymerization during Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Oxidation. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2047-2063. [PMID: 29364665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is an abundant biopigment in the animal kingdom, but its structure remains poorly understood. This is a substantial impediment to understanding the mechanistic origin of its observed functions. Proposed models of melanin structure include aggregates of both linear and macrocyclic units and noncovalently held monomers. Both models are broadly in agreement with current experimental data. To constrain the structural and kinetic models of melanin, experimental data of high resolution with chemical specificity accompanied by atomistic modeling are required. We have addressed this by obtaining electronic absorption, infrared, and ultraviolet resonance Raman (RR) spectra of melanin at several wavelengths of excitation that are sensitive to small changes in structure. From these experiments, we observed kinetics of the formation of different species en route to melanin polymerization. Exclusive chemical signatures of monomer 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), intermediate dopachrome (DC), and early-time polymer are established through their vibrational bands at 1292, 1670, and 1616 cm-1 respectively. Direct evidence of reduced heterogeneity of melanin oligomers in tyrosinase-induced formation is provided from experimental measurements of vibrational bandwidths. Models made with density functional theory show that the linear homopolymeric structures of 5,6-dihydroxyindole can account for experimentally observed wavenumbers and broad bandwidth in Raman spectra of dopa-melanin. We capture resonance Raman (RR) signature of DC, the intermediate stabilized by the enzyme tyrosinase, for the first time in an enzyme-assisted melanization reaction using 488 nm excitation wavelength and propose that this wavelength can be used to probe reaction intermediates of melanin formation in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Mondal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune 411008, India
| | - Arya Thampi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune 411008, India
| | - Mrinalini Puranik
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ali M, Shah SK, Abbas M, Gunnella R. Control of heteropolymeric to oligomeric character in electrospray deposited melanin films. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ali
- Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; Park Road Chak Shahzad Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Said Karim Shah
- Department of Physics Abdul Wali Khan University; Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200 Pakistan
| | - Mamatimin Abbas
- Laboratoire IMS, Universite Bordeaux1; UMR 5218 CNRS, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland 33607 Pessac Cedex France
| | - Roberto Gunnella
- School of Science and Technology and CNISM; University of Camerino; Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino (MC)-Italy, ISM-CNR via del Fosso del Cavaliere Tor Vergata Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pezzella A, Capelli L, Costantini A, Luciani G, Tescione F, Silvestri B, Vitiello G, Branda F. Towards the development of a novel bioinspired functional material: Synthesis and characterization of hybrid TiO2/DHICA-melanin nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Hyogo R, Nakamura A, Okuda H, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Sota T. Mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopic characterization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole and eumelanin derived from it. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Abbas M, Ali M, Shah SK, D’Amico F, Postorino P, Mangialardo S, Guidi MC, Cricenti A, Gunnella R. Control of Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Eumelanin Films by Electrospray Deposition. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:11199-207. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2033577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Abbas
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Alltenberger Strasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - M. Ali
- School of Science and Technology and CNISM, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - S. K. Shah
- School of Science and Technology and CNISM, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - F. D’Amico
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.CpA Strada Statale 14 - Km 163.5 in Area Science Park 34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - P. Postorino
- Department of Physics, University of Rome -La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - S. Mangialardo
- Department of Physics, University of Rome -La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, Italy
| | | | - A. Cricenti
- CNR-ISM, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100 - 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - R. Gunnella
- School of Science and Technology and CNISM, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
- CNR-ISM, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100 - 00133 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu F, Chen S, Chen Y, Li H, Yang L, Chen Y, Yin Y. Experimental and theoretical analysis of polymerization reaction process on the polydopamine membranes and its corrosion protection properties for 304 Stainless Steel. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Moraes ML, Gomes PJ, Ribeiro PA, Vieira P, Freitas AA, Köhler R, Oliveira ON, Raposo M. Polymeric scaffolds for enhanced stability of melanin incorporated in liposomes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 350:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Okuda H, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Sota T. Regioselectivity on the cooxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole and its 2-carboxy derivative from the quantum chemical calculations. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Nighswander-Rempel SP, Olsen S, Mahadevan IB, Netchev G, Wilson BC, Smith SC, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H, Meredith P. Effect of Dimerization on Vibrational Spectra of Eumelanin Precursors. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:613-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
d’Ischia M, Crescenzi O, Pezzella A, Arzillo M, Panzella L, Napolitano A, Barone V. Structural Effects on the Electronic Absorption Properties of 5,6-Dihydroxyindole Oligomers: The Potential of an Integrated Experimental and DFT Approach to Model Eumelanin Optical Properties. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:600-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|