1
|
Chu W, Li Z, Gu J, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Zhao D. Continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy incorporating with an off-axis arrangement, white noise perturbation, and optical re-injection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:114104. [PMID: 37947499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0172162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an ultra-sensitive continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy (cw-CRDS) spectrometer to record high resolution spectra of reactive radicals and ions in a pulsed supersonic plasma. The spectrometer employs a home-made external cavity diode laser as the tunable light source, with its wavelength modulated by radio-frequency white noise. The ringdown cavity with a finesse of ∼105 is arranged with an off-axis alignment. The combination of the off-axis cavity and the white-noise perturbed laser yields quasi-continuum laser-cavity coupling without the need of mode matching. The cavity is further incorporated with an extra multi-pass cavity for optical re-injection of light reflected off the master cavity, which significantly increases the throughput power of the high-finesse cavity. A fast switchable semiconductor optical amplifier is used to modulate the cw laser beam to square wave pulses and to initialize timing controlled ringdown events, which are synchronized to the plasma pulses with an accuracy of ∼3 µs. The performance and potential of the cw-CRDS spectrometer are illustrated and discussed, based on the high resolution near-infrared spectroscopic detection of trace 13C13C radicals generated in a pulsed supersonic C2H2/Ar plasma with a pulse duration of ∼50 µs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangyou Chu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieqiong Gu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thawoos S, Hall GE, Cavallotti C, Suits AG. Kinetics of CN ( v = 1) reactions with butadiene isomers at low temperature by cw-cavity ring-down in a pulsed Laval flow with theoretical modelling of rates and entrance channel branching. Faraday Discuss 2023; 245:245-260. [PMID: 37317673 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00029j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental and theoretical investigation of the reaction of vibrationally excited CN (v = 1) with isomers of butadiene at low temperature. The experiments were conducted using the newly built apparatus, UF-CRDS, which couples near-infrared cw-cavity ring-down spectroscopy with a pulsed Laval flow. The well-matched hydrodynamic time and long ring-down time decays allow measurement of the kinetics of the reactions within a single trace of a ring-down decay, termed Simultaneous Kinetics and Ring-down (SKaR). The pulsed experiments were carried out using a Laval nozzle designed for the 70 K uniform flow with nitrogen as the carrier gas. The measured bimolecular rates for the reactions of CN (v = 1) with 1,3-butadiene and 1,2-butadiene are (3.96 ± 0.28) × 10-10 and (3.06 ± 0.35) × 10-10 cm3 per molecule per s, respectively. The reaction rate measured for CN (v = 1) with the 1,3-butadiene isomer is in good agreement with the rate previously reported for the reaction with ground state CN (v = 0) under similar conditions. We report the rate of the reaction of CN (v = 1) with the 1,2-butadiene isomer here for the first time. The experimental results were interpreted with the aid of variable reaction-coordinate transition-state theory calculations to determine rates and branching of the addition channels based on a high-level multireference treatment of the potential energy surface. H-abstraction reaction rates were also theoretically determined. For the 1,2-butadiene system, theoretical estimates are then combined with literature values for the energy-dependent product yields from the initial adducts to predict overall temperature-dependent product branching. H loss giving 2-cyano-1,3-butadiene + H is the main product channel, exclusive of abstraction, at all energies, but methyl loss forming 1-cyano-prop-3-yne is 15% at low temperature growing to 35% at 500 K. Abstraction forming HCN and various radicals is important at 500 K and above. The astrochemical implications of these results are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shameemah Thawoos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Gregory E Hall
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Carlo Cavallotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Arthur G Suits
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suas-David N, Thawoos S, Suits AG. A uniform flow-cavity ring-down spectrometer (UF-CRDS): A new setup for spectroscopy and kinetics at low temperature. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:244202. [PMID: 31893907 DOI: 10.1063/1.5125574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The UF-CRDS (Uniform Flow-Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer) is a new setup coupling for the first time a pulsed uniform (Laval) flow with a continuous wave CRDS in the near infrared for spectroscopy and kinetics at low temperature. This high resolution and sensitive absorption spectrometer opens a new window into the phenomena occurring within UFs. The approach extends the detection range to new electronic and rovibrational transitions within Laval flows and offers the possibility to probe numerous species which have not been investigated yet. This new tool has been designed to probe radicals and reaction intermediates but also to follow the chemistry of hydrocarbon chains and PAHs which play a crucial role in the evolution of astrophysical environments. For kinetics measurements, the UF-CRDS combines the CRESU technique (French acronym meaning reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flows) with the SKaR (Simultaneous Kinetics and Ring-Down) approach where, as indicated by its name, the entire reaction is monitored during each intensity decay within the high finesse cavity. The setup and the approach are demonstrated with the study of the reaction between CN (v = 1) and propene at low temperature. The recorded data are finally consistent with a previous study of the same reaction for CN (v = 0) relying on the CRESU technique with laser induced fluorescence detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Suas-David
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - S Thawoos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - A G Suits
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Watt-Level Continuous-Wave Single-Frequency Mid-Infrared Optical Parametric Oscillator Based on MgO:PPLN at 3.68 µm. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8081345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a continuous-wave single-frequency singly-resonant mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The OPO is based on 5 mol % MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) pumped by a continuous-wave single-frequency Nd:YVO4 laser at 1064 nm. A four-mirror bow-tie ring cavity configuration is adopted. A low-finesse intracavity etalon is utilized to compress the linewidth of the resonant signal. A single-frequency idler output power higher than 1 W at 3.68 µm is obtained.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vainio M, Halonen L. Mid-infrared optical parametric oscillators and frequency combs for molecular spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4266-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07052j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Review of mid-infrared optical parametric oscillators and frequency combs for high-resolution spectroscopy, including applications in trace gas detection and fundamental research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vainio
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
| | - L. Halonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hausmaninger T, Silander I, Axner O. Narrowing of the linewidth of an optical parametric oscillator by an acousto-optic modulator for the realization of mid-IR noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry down to 10⁻¹⁰ cm⁻¹ Hz⁻¹/². OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:33641-33655. [PMID: 26832028 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.033641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The linewidth of a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) has been narrowed with respect to an external cavity by the use of an acousto-optic modulator (AOM). This made possible an improvement of the sensitivity of a previously realized OPO-based noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry instrument for the 3.2 - 3.9 µm mid-infrared region by one order of magnitude. The resulting system shows a detection sensitivity for methane of 2.4 × 10(-10) cm(-1) Hz(-1∕2) and 1.3 × 10(-10) cm(-1) at 20 s, which allows for detection of both the environmentally important (13)CH(4) and CH(3)D isotopologues in atmospheric samples.
Collapse
|
7
|
Siller BM, Hodges JN, Perry AJ, McCall BJ. Indirect Rotational Spectroscopy of HCO+. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:10034-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400570m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Siller
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Departments of Physics and Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
61801, United States
| | - James N. Hodges
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Departments of Physics and Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
61801, United States
| | - Adam J. Perry
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Departments of Physics and Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
61801, United States
| | - Benjamin J. McCall
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Departments of Physics and Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Fortenberry RC, Huang X, Crawford TD, Lee TJ. The 1 3A′ HCN and 1 3A′ HCO+ Vibrational Frequencies and Spectroscopic Constants from Quartic Force Fields. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:9324-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309243s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Fortenberry
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, United States
| | - Xinchuan Huang
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 100, Mountain View, California 94043,
United States
| | - T. Daniel Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Timothy J. Lee
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tanner CM, Quack M. Reinvestigation of the ν2 + 2ν3subband in the overtone icosad of12CH4using cavity ring-down (CRD) spectroscopy of a supersonic jet expansion. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.702934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
11
|
Ricciardi I, De Tommasi E, Maddaloni P, Mosca S, Rocco A, Zondy JJ, De Rosa M, De Natale P. Frequency-comb-referenced singly-resonant OPO for sub-Doppler spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:9178-9186. [PMID: 22513629 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.009178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a widely-tunable, singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator, emitting more than 1 W between 2.7 and 4.2 μm, which is phase locked to a self-referenced frequency comb. Both pump and signal frequencies are directly phase-locked to the frequency comb of a NIR-emitting fs mode-locked fibre laser, linked, in turn, to the caesium primary standard. We estimate for the idler frequency a fractional Allan deviation of ∼ 3 × 10⁻¹²τ⁻½ between 1 and 200 s. To test the spectroscopic performance of the OPO, we carried out saturation spectroscopy of several transitions belonging to the ν1 rovibrational band of CH₃I, resolving their electronic quadrupole hyperfine structure, estimating a linewidth better than 200 kHz FWHM for the idler, and determining the absolute frequency of the hyperfine components with a 50-kHz-uncertainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ricciardi
- INO–CNR, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Sezione di Napoli, and LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vainio M, Siltanen M, Peltola J, Halonen L. Grating-cavity continuous-wave optical parametric oscillators for high-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:A1-A10. [PMID: 21283213 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.0000a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The use of grating as a spectral filter provides a simple way of improving wavelength tuning and stability of continuous-wave optical parametric oscillators (cw OPOs). In this paper, we discuss how to design and use such grating-cavity cw OPOs for high-resolution spectroscopy in the molecular fingerprint region at ∼3μm. The first design presented in the paper is based on a metal-coated diffraction grating, which produces fast and broad wavelength tuning and high wavelength stability. The second design uses a bulk Bragg grating for high optical power and good spectral purity. We report a new Bragg-grating OPO and demonstrate its use in a Doppler-free absorption spectroscopy of CH4 at ∼3.22μm. In addition, we describe a new balanced detection scheme, which can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of absorption measurements if the measurement noise is limited by the intensity noise of the mid-infrared OPO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markku Vainio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nieuwenhuis AF, Lee CJ, Sumpf B, van der Slot PJM, Erbert G, Boller KJ. One-Watt level mid-IR output, singly resonant, continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator pumped by a monolithic diode laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:11123-11131. [PMID: 20588971 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.011123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report more than 1.1 Watt of idler power at 3373 nm in a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO), directly pumped by a single-frequency monolithic tapered diode laser. The SRO is based on a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3 crystal in a four mirror cavity and is excited by 8.05 W of 1062 nm radiation. The SRO pump power at threshold is 4 W. The internal slope-efficiency and conversion efficiency reach 89% and 44% respectively. The signal and idler waves are temperature tuned in the range of 1541 to 1600 nm and 3154 to 3415 nm respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output obtained for a diode pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO), and the first time a SRO is directly pumped by a monolithic tapered diode laser.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ab F Nieuwenhuis
- 1Laser physics and Nonlinear Optics Group, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Malara P, Maddaloni P, Gagliardi G, De Natale P. Absolute frequency measurement of molecular transitions by a direct link to a comb generated around 3-microm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:8242-8249. [PMID: 18545536 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.008242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A 3-microm continuous-wave difference-frequency source is directly referenced to a mid-infrared optical frequency comb synthesizer by measuring their beat-note signal by a fast HgCdTe detector. Absolute frequency metrology of molecular vibration spectra is demonstrated by locking the 3-microm coherent radiation to the nearest comb tooth and tuning the comb mode spacing across the Doppler-broadened absorption profile of a CH(4) ro-vibrational transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Malara
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Applicata, and European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (LENS), Comprensorio A.Olivetti, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Everest MA, Atkinson DB. Discrete sums for the rapid determination of exponential decay constants. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:023108. [PMID: 18315284 DOI: 10.1063/1.2839918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Several computational methods are presented for the rapid extraction of decay time constants from discrete exponential data. Two methods are found to be comparably fast and highly accurate. They are corrected successive integration and a method involving the Fourier transform (FT) of the data and the application of an expression that does not assume continuous data. FT methods in the literature are found to introduce significant systematic error owing to the assumption that data are continuous. Corrected successive integration methods in the literature are correct, but we offer a more direct way of applying them which we call linear regression of the sum. We recommend the use of the latter over FT-based methods, as the FT methods are more affected by noise in the original data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Everest
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, George Fox University, 414 N Meridian St., Newberg, Oregon 97132, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|