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Butt U, ElShaer A, Snyder LAS, Al-Kinani AA, Le Gresley A, Alany RG. Fatty Acid Based Microemulsions to Combat Ophthalmia Neonatorum Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus aureus. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8010051. [PMID: 29351260 PMCID: PMC5791138 DOI: 10.3390/nano8010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial species Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are amongst the main microorganisms that cause ophthalmia neonatorum. The current treatment involves the use of various antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. However, this treatment strategy is becoming more ineffective due to the antibiotic resistance in N. gonorrhoeae. The current study explores the potential use of fatty acid based microemulsions (ME) to prevent N. gonorrhoeae and S. aureus infections in new-borns' eyes without harmful side effects such as corneal or conjunctiva irritation. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to evaluate microemulsion regions and six different α-linolenic acid based microemulsions were prepared. The prepared formulations were characterized for α-linolenic acid content, size, transparency, zeta potential, Polarized light Microscopy, antimicrobial activity and ex vivo ocular toxicity. The mean droplet size of the ME formulations was in the range of 190.4 to 350.5 nm and polydispersity index (PDI) values were in the range of 0.102 to 0.561. All formulations were found stable upon storage for at least 8 weeks. In addition, self-diffusion coefficients determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) reflected that the diffusability of water increased at higher than 30% w/w water, while that of fatty acids and surfactants was in reverse. The antimicrobial efficacy of microemulsions was determined against N. gonorrhoeae and S. aureus. It was concluded that all microemulsions have strong antimicrobial effects against N. gonorrhoeae and S. aureus. Finally, bovine corneal opacity permeability (BCOP) and hen's egg chorioallantoic (HET-CAM) tests results showed that all microemulsion formulations were not strong ocular irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummara Butt
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC), School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Amr ElShaer
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC), School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Lori A S Snyder
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Ali A Al-Kinani
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC), School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Adam Le Gresley
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC), School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Raid G Alany
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC), School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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McCarthy A, Ruth AA. Fluorescence excitation and excited state intramolecular proton transfer of jet-cooled naphthol derivatives: part 2. 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18661-70. [PMID: 21947217 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22200g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The S(1)← S(0) fluorescence excitation spectrum of jet-cooled 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (2H1N) with origin at 26,668 cm(-1) has been measured. Nine totally symmetric modes and three non-totally symmetric modes have been assigned in the excitation spectrum. Ab initio calculations indicate that 2H1N undergoes a planarity change upon excitation, which may account for the unusual intensity of non totally symmetric vibrational modes in the excitation spectrum. A number of low intensity features were observed on the low energy side of the origin which have been assigned to the 2H1N dimer rather than different ground state confomers of 2H1N. The origin of the S(1)← S(0) electronic transition of the dimer lies at ~26,401 cm(-1); combinations of two low frequency intermolecular modes of the dimer (59 cm(-1) and 17 cm(-1)) were also observed. The occurrence of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in 2H1N cannot be proven on the basis of this work. A comparison of the (photo)physical properties of 2H1N with 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde (1H2N) [A. McCarthy and A.A. Ruth, PCCP, 2011, 13, 7485-7499 (Part 1)], however, indicate the plausibility of an ESIPT process in 2H1N. The strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond (IMHB) in 2H1N was computed as ~10.6 kcal/mol, a value comparable to the IMHB strength of 1H2N. The establishment of a lower limit on the state lifetimes of 2H1N, of ~1.8 ps, indicates that any proposed ESIPT reaction in 2H1N may not proceed barrierlessly. Above an excess energy of ~1000 cm(-1), the intensity of the fluorescence excitation spectrum reduces significantly, indicating the onset of a non-radiative decay mechanism.
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Impact of emulsion-based drug delivery systems on intestinal permeability and drug release kinetics. J Control Release 2010; 142:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Houjou H, Motoyama T, Banno S, Yoshikawa I, Araki K. Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Constitutional Isomers of 2,6-Dihydroxynaphthalene Carbaldehydes. Effects of Resonance-Assisted Hydrogen Bonding on the Electronic Absorption Spectra. J Org Chem 2008; 74:520-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802345f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Houjou
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Motoyama
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Seisaku Banno
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Isao Yoshikawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Koji Araki
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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