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Pal R, Chattaraj PK. Electrophilicity index revisited. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:278-297. [PMID: 35546516 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and accessible review of general interest to the chemistry community; because the electrophilicity index is a very useful global reactivity descriptor defined within a conceptual density functional theory framework. Our group has also introduced electrophilicity based new global and local reactivity descriptors and also new associated electronic structure principles, which are important indicators of structure, stability, bonding, reactivity, interactions, and dynamics in a wide variety of physico-chemical systems and processes. This index along with its local counterpart augmented by the associated electronic structure principles could properly explain molecular vibrations, internal rotations and various types of chemical reactions. The concept of the electrophilicity index has been extended to dynamical processes, excited states, confined environment, spin-dependent and temperature-dependent situations, biological activity, site selectivity, aromaticity, charge removal and acceptance, presence of external perturbation through solvents, external electric and magnetic fields, and so forth. Although electrophilicity and its local variant can adequately interpret the behavior of a wide variety of systems and different physico-chemical processes involving them, their predictive potential remains to be explored. An exhaustive review on all these aspects will set the tone of the future research in that direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Pal
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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2
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Hajihosseinloo A, Salahinejad M, Rofouei MK, Ghasemi JB. Exploratory and machine learning analysis of the stability constants of HgII- triazene ligands complexes. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-210130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowing stability constants for the complexes HgII with extracting ligands is very important from environmental and therapeutic standpoints. Since the selectivity of ligands can be stated by the stability constants of cation–ligand complexes, quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) investigations on binding constant of HgII complexes were done. Experimental data of the stability constants in ML2 complexation of HgII and synthesized triazene ligands were used to construct and develop QSPR models. Support vector machine (SVM) and multiple linear regression (MLR) have been employed to create the QSPR models. The final model showed squared correlation coefficient of 0.917 and the standard error of calibration (SEC) value of 0.141 log K units. The proposed model presented accurate prediction with the Leave-One-Out cross validation ( Q LOO 2 = 0.756) and validated using Y-randomization and external test set. Statistical results demonstrated that the proposed models had suitable goodness of fit, predictive ability, and robustness. The results revealed the importance of charge effects and topological properties of ligand in HgII - triazene complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Salahinejad
- Maryam Salahinejad, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jahan B. Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Fayet G, Rotureau P. Chemoinformatics for the Safety of Energetic and Reactive Materials at Ineris. Mol Inform 2020; 41:e2000190. [PMID: 33283975 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of physical hazards of substances is a key information to manage the risks associated to their use, storage and transport. With decades of work in this area, Ineris develops and implements cutting-edge experimental facilities allowing such characterizations at different scales and under various conditions to study all of the dreaded accident scenarios. This review presents the efforts engaged by Ineris more recently in the field of chemoinformatics to develop and use new predictive methods for the anticipation and management of industrials risks associated to energetic and reactive materials as a complement to experiments. An overview of the methods used for the development of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships for physical hazards are presented and discussed regarding the specificities associated to this class of properties. A review of models developed at Ineris is also provided from the first tentative models on the explosivity of nitro compounds to the successful application to the flammability of organic mixtures. Then, a discussion is proposed on the use of QSPR models. Good practices for robust use for QSPR models are recalled with specific comments related to physical hazards, notably for regulatory purpose. Dissemination and training efforts engaged by Ineris are also presented. The potential offered by these predictive methods in terms of in silico design and for the development of new intrinsically safer technologies in safety-by-design strategies is finally discussed. At last, challenges and perspectives to extend the application of chemoinformatics in the field of safety and in particular for the physical hazards of energetic and reactive substances are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fayet
- Ineris, Accidental Risk Division, Parc Technologique Alata, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Patricia Rotureau
- Ineris, Accidental Risk Division, Parc Technologique Alata, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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Achary PGR, Toropova AP, Toropov AA. Prediction of the self‐accelerating decomposition temperature of organic peroxides. PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prs.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patnala Ganga Raju Achary
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER), Siksha 'O' Anusandhan deemed to be University Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | - Alla P. Toropova
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
| | - Andrey A. Toropov
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
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5
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Fayet G, Rotureau P. New QSPR Models to Predict the Flammability of Binary Liquid Mixtures. Mol Inform 2019; 38:e1800122. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201800122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fayet
- INERISAccidental Risk Division Parc Technologique Alata 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte France
| | - Patricia Rotureau
- INERISAccidental Risk Division Parc Technologique Alata 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte France
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6
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Keshavarz MH, Ghani K, Asgari A. A New Method for Predicting Heats of Decomposition of Nitroaromatics. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Gaudin T, Rotureau P, Fayet G. Mixture Descriptors toward the Development of Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship Models for the Flash Points of Organic Mixtures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Théophile Gaudin
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Patricia Rotureau
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Guillaume Fayet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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8
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Abstract
Much effort is currently put into the development of models for predicting decomposition enthalpies measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). As an alternative to the purely empirical schemes reported so far, this work relies on theoretical values obtained on the basis of simple assumptions. For nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) studied in sealed sample cells, our approach proves clearly superior to previous ones. In contrast, it correlates poorly with data measured in pin-hole sample cells. Progress might be obtained through a combination of the present approach with the usual Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPR) methodologies. This work emphasizes the significance of the theoretical decomposition enthalpy as a fundamental descriptor for the prediction of DSC values. In fact, the theoretical value provides a valuable criterion to characterize thermal hazards, as a complement to experimental decomposition temperatures.
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Pan Y, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Ding L. Prediction of the self-accelerating decomposition temperature of organic peroxides using the quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) approach. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Prana V, Rotureau P, Fayet G, André D, Hub S, Vicot P, Rao L, Adamo C. Prediction of the thermal decomposition of organic peroxides by validated QSPR models. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 276:216-224. [PMID: 24887124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides are unstable chemicals which can easily decompose and may lead to explosion. Such a process can be characterized by physico-chemical parameters such as heat and temperature of decomposition, whose determination is crucial to manage related hazards. These thermal stability properties are also required within many regulatory frameworks related to chemicals in order to assess their hazardous properties. In this work, new quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) models were developed to predict accurately the thermal stability of organic peroxides from their molecular structure respecting the OECD guidelines for regulatory acceptability of QSPRs. Based on the acquisition of 38 reference experimental data using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) apparatus in homogenous experimental conditions, multi-linear models were derived for the prediction of the decomposition heat and the onset temperature using different types of molecular descriptors. Models were tested by internal and external validation tests and their applicability domains were defined and analyzed. Being rigorously validated, they presented the best performances in terms of fitting, robustness and predictive power and the descriptors used in these models were linked to the peroxide bond whose breaking represents the main decomposition mechanism of organic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinca Prana
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech CNRS, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France
| | - Patricia Rotureau
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France.
| | - Guillaume Fayet
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France
| | - David André
- ARKEMA, rue Henri Moissan, BP63, Pierre Benite 69493, France
| | - Serge Hub
- ARKEMA, rue Henri Moissan, BP63, Pierre Benite 69493, France
| | - Patricia Vicot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France
| | - Li Rao
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech CNRS, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech CNRS, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, Paris F-75005, France
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11
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Fayet G, Rotureau P, Adamo C. On the development of QSPR models for regulatory frameworks: The heat of decomposition of nitroaromatics as a test case. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Wang R, Sun L, Kang Q, Li Z. Predicting the electric spark sensitivity of nitramines from molecular structures via support vector machine. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Li J, Liu H, Huo X, Gramatica P. Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of the Thermal Stabilities of Nitroaromatic Compounds Following Different Decomposition Mechanisms. Mol Inform 2013; 32:193-202. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Quintero FA, Patel SJ, Muñoz F, Sam Mannan M. Review of Existing QSAR/QSPR Models Developed for Properties Used in Hazardous Chemicals Classification System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301079r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Flor A. Quintero
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
- Departamento de
Ingeniería Química, Universidad de los Andes, Cr.1 Este #19 A-40, Bogotá D.C.,
Colombia
| | - Suhani J. Patel
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Felipe Muñoz
- Departamento de
Ingeniería Química, Universidad de los Andes, Cr.1 Este #19 A-40, Bogotá D.C.,
Colombia
| | - M. Sam Mannan
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
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Prana V, Fayet G, Rotureau P, Adamo C. Development of validated QSPR models for impact sensitivity of nitroaliphatic compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 235-236:169-177. [PMID: 22871414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The European regulation of chemicals named REACH implies the assessment of a large number of substances based on their hazardous properties. However, the complete characterization of physico-chemical, toxicological and eco-toxicological properties by experimental means is incompatible with the imposed calendar of REACH. Hence, there is a real need in evaluating the capabilities of alternative methods such as quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models, notably for physico-chemical properties. In the present work, the molecular structures of 50 itroaliphatic compounds were correlated with their impact sensitivities (h(50%)) using such predictive models. More than 400 olecular descriptors (constitutional, topological, geometrical, quantum chemical) were calculated and linear and multi-linear regressions were performed to find accurate quantitative relationships with experimental impact sensitivities. Considering different sets of descriptors, four predictive models were obtained and two of them were selected for their predictive reliability. To our knowledge, these QSPR models for the impact sensitivity of nitroaliphatic compounds are the first ones being rigorously validated (both internally and externally) with defined applicability domains. They hence follow all OECD principles for regulatory acceptability of QSPRs, allowing possible application in REACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinca Prana
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l'Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Fayet G, Rotureau P, Prana V, Adamo C. Global and local quantitative structure-property relationship models to predict the impact sensitivity of nitro compounds. PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/prs.11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Calculations of ionization energies and electron affinities for atoms and molecules: A comparative study with different methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-011-0256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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Fayet G, Del Rio A, Rotureau P, Joubert L, Adamo C. Predicting the Thermal Stability of Nitroaromatic Compounds Using Chemoinformatic Tools. Mol Inform 2011; 30:623-34. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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21
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Development of a QSPR model for predicting thermal stabilities of nitroaromatic compounds taking into account their decomposition mechanisms. J Mol Model 2010; 17:2443-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Lu Y, Ng D, Mannan MS. Prediction of the Reactivity Hazards for Organic Peroxides Using the QSPR Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100833m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843-3122
| | - Dedy Ng
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843-3122
| | - M. Sam Mannan
- Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77843-3122
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Fayet G, Rotureau P, Joubert L, Adamo C. Predicting explosibility properties of chemicals from quantitative structure-property relationships. PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/prs.10379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fayet G, Rotureau P, Joubert L, Adamo C. QSPR modeling of thermal stability of nitroaromatic compounds: DFT vs. AM1 calculated descriptors. J Mol Model 2010; 16:805-12. [PMID: 20049498 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) methodology was applied to predict the decomposition enthalpies of 22 nitroaromatic compounds, used as indicators of thermal stability. An extended series of descriptors (constitutional, topological, geometrical charge related and quantum chemical) was calculated at two different levels of theory: density functional theory (DFT) and semi-empirical AM1 approaches. Reliable models have been developed for each level, leading to similar correlations between calculated and experimental data (R(2) > 0.98). Hence, both of them can be employed as screening tools for the prediction of thermal stability of nitroaromatic compounds. If using the AM1 model presents the advantage to be less time consuming, DFT allows the calculation of more accurate molecular quantum properties, e.g., conceptual DFT descriptors. In this study, our best QSPR model is based on such descriptors, providing more chemical comprehensive relationships with decomposition reactivity, a particularly complex property for the specific class of nitroaromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fayet
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l'Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Fayet G, Joubert L, Rotureau P, Adamo C. A Theoretical Study of the Decomposition Mechanisms in Substituted o-Nitrotoluenes. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:13621-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905979w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fayet
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris—Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Laurent Joubert
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris—Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Patricia Rotureau
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris—Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris—Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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