Rydberg, valence and mixed states in the vertical spectrum of HF

Calculation of the ELF in the excited state with single-determinant methods

Since its first definition, back in 1990, the electron localization function (ELF) has settled as one of the most commonly employed techniques to characterize the nature of the chemical bond in real space. Although most of the work using the ELF has focused on the study of ground-state chemical reactivity, a growing interest has blossomed to apply these techniques to the nearly unexplored realm of excited states and photochemistry. Since accurate excited electronic states usually require to account appropriately for electron correlation, the standard single-determinant ELF formulation cannot be blindly applied to them, and it is necessary to turn to correlated ELF descriptions based on the two-particle density matrix (2-PDM). The latter requires costly wavefunction approaches, unaffordable for most of the systems of current photochemical interest. Here, we compare the exact, 2-PDM-based ELF results with those of approximate 2-PDM reconstructions taken from reduced density matrix functional theory. Our approach is put to the test in a wide variety of representative scenarios, such as those provided by the lowest-lying excited electronic states of simple diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Altogether, our results suggest that even approximate 2-PDMs are able to accurately reproduce, on a general basis, the topological and statistical features of the ELF scalar field, paving the way toward the application of cost-effective methodologies, such as time-dependent-Hartree-Fock or time-dependent density functional theory, in the accurate description of the chemical bonding in excited states of photochemical relevance.