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Buntkowsky G, Theiss F, Lins J, Miloslavina YA, Wienands L, Kiryutin A, Yurkovskaya A. Recent advances in the application of parahydrogen in catalysis and biochemistry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12477-12506. [PMID: 35480380 PMCID: PMC9039419 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01346k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are analytical and diagnostic tools that are essential for a very broad field of applications, ranging from chemical analytics, to non-destructive testing of materials and the investigation of molecular dynamics, to in vivo medical diagnostics and drug research. One of the major challenges in their application to many problems is the inherent low sensitivity of magnetic resonance, which results from the small energy-differences of the nuclear spin-states. At thermal equilibrium at room temperature the normalized population difference of the spin-states, called the Boltzmann polarization, is only on the order of 10-5. Parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) is an efficient and cost-effective hyperpolarization method, which has widespread applications in Chemistry, Physics, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Medical Imaging. PHIP creates its signal-enhancements by means of a reversible (SABRE) or irreversible (classic PHIP) chemical reaction between the parahydrogen, a catalyst, and a substrate. Here, we first give a short overview about parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization techniques and then review the current literature on method developments and applications of various flavors of the PHIP experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Franziska Theiss
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Jonas Lins
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Yuliya A Miloslavina
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Laura Wienands
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alexey Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Alexandra Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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Überrück T, Adams M, Granwehr J, Blümich B. A compact X-Band ODNP spectrometer towards hyperpolarized 1H spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 314:106724. [PMID: 32278774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The demand for compact benchtop NMR systems that can resolve chemical shift differences in the ppm to sub-ppm range is growing. However due to material and size restrictions these magnets are limited in field strength and thus in signal intensity and quality. The implementation of standard hyperpolarization techniques is a next step in an effort to boost the signal. Here we present a compact Overhauser Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (ODNP) setup with a permanent magnet that can resolve 1H chemical shift differences in the ppm range. The assembly of the setup and its components are described in detail, and the functionality of the setup is demonstrated experimentally with ODNP enhanced relaxation measurements yielding a maximal enhancement of -140 for an aqueous 4-hydroxy-TEMPO solution. Additionally, 1H spectroscopic resolution and significant enhancements are demonstrated on acetic acid as a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Überrück
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Adams
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Josef Granwehr
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung - Grundlagen der Elektrochemie (IEK-9), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Shchepin RV, Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Feldman MA, Kovtunova LM, Bukhtiyarov VI, Kovtunov KV, Goodson BM, Koptyug IV, Chekmenev EY. Robust Imidazole‐
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Synthesis for High‐Resolution Low‐Field (0.05 T)
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N Hyperpolarized NMR Spectroscopy. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Shchepin
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
| | - Danila A. Barskiy
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
| | - Matthew A. Feldman
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
| | - Larisa M. Kovtunova
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging International Tomography Center (ITC), SB RAS 3 A Institutskaya St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Materials Technology Center Carbondale IL 62901 United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging International Tomography Center (ITC), SB RAS 3 A Institutskaya St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskiy Prospekt 14 119991 Moscow Russia
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Barskiy DA, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, He P, Groome KA, Best QA, Shi F, Goodson BM, Shchepin RV, Truong ML, Coffey AM, Waddell KW, Chekmenev EY. In situ and ex situ low-field NMR spectroscopy and MRI endowed by SABRE hyperpolarization. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:4100-7. [PMID: 25367202 PMCID: PMC4287267 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By using 5.75 and 47.5 mT nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, up to 10(5)-fold sensitivity enhancement through signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) was enabled, and subsecond temporal resolution was used to monitor an exchange reaction that resulted in the buildup and decay of hyperpolarized species after parahydrogen bubbling. We demonstrated the high-resolution low-field proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pyridine in a 47.5 mT magnetic field endowed by SABRE. Molecular imaging (i.e. imaging of dilute hyperpolarized substances rather than the bulk medium) was conducted in two regimes: in situ real-time MRI of the reaction mixture (in which pyridine was hyperpolarized), and ex situ MRI (in which hyperpolarization decays) of the liquid hyperpolarized product. Low-field (milli-Tesla range, e.g. 5.75 and 47.5 mT used in this study) parahydrogen-enhanced NMR and MRI, which are free from the limitations of high-field magnetic resonance (including susceptibility-induced gradients of the static magnetic field at phase interfaces), potentially enables new imaging applications as well as differentiation of hyperpolarized chemical species on demand by exploiting spin manipulations with static and alternating magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A. Barskiy
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia)
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia)
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3 A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia)
| | - Ping He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901 (USA)
| | - Kirsten A. Groome
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901 (USA)
| | - Quinn A. Best
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901 (USA)
| | - Fan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901 (USA)
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901 (USA)
| | - Roman V. Shchepin
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21 st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (USA)
| | - Milton L. Truong
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21 st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (USA)
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21 st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (USA)
| | - Kevin W. Waddell
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21 st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (USA)
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21 st Ave South AA-1107, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310 (USA)
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Buntkowsky G, Gutmann T, Petrova MV, Ivanov KL, Bommerich U, Plaumann M, Bernarding J. Dipolar induced para-hydrogen-induced polarization. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2014; 63-64:20-29. [PMID: 25218522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analytical expressions for the signal enhancement in solid-state PHIP NMR spectroscopy mediated by homonuclear dipolar interactions and single pulse or spin-echo excitation are developed and simulated numerically. It is shown that an efficient enhancement of the proton NMR signal in solid-state NMR studies of chemisorbed hydrogen on surfaces is possible. Employing typical reaction efficacy, enhancement-factors of ca. 30-40 can be expected both under ALTADENA and under PASADENA conditions. This result has important consequences for the practical application of the method, since it potentially allows the design of an in-situ flow setup, where the para-hydrogen is adsorbed and desorbed from catalyst surfaces inside the NMR magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marina V Petrova
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ute Bommerich
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Dept. of Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Bernarding
- Dept. of Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Türschmann P, Colell J, Theis T, Blümich B, Appelt S. Analysis of parahydrogen polarized spin system in low magnetic fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:15411-21. [PMID: 24947652 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of spin systems polarized either thermally or by parahydrogen exhibit strikingly different field dependencies. Thermally polarized spin systems show the well-known roof effect, observed when reducing magnetic field strengths which precludes the independent determination of chemical shift differences and J-coupling constants at low-fields. Quantum mechanical analysis of the NMR spectra with respect to polarization method, pulsed state preparation, and transition probabilities reveals that spectra of parahydrogen polarized systems feature an "inverse roof effect" in the regime where the chemical shift difference δν is smaller than J. This inverse roof effect allows for the extraction of both J-coupling and chemical shift information down to very low fields. Based on a two-spin system, the observed non-linear magnetic field dependence of the splitting of spectral lines is predicted. We develop a general solution for the steady state density matrix of a parahydrogen polarized three-spin system including a heteronucleus which allows explaining experimentally observed (1)H spectra. The analysis of three-spin density matrix illustrates two pathways for an efficient polarization transfer from parahydrogen to (13)C nuclei. Examination of the experimental data facilitates the extraction of all relevant NMR parameters using single-scan, high-resolution (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy at low fields at a fraction of the cost associated with cryogenically cooled high-field NMR spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Türschmann
- Institut für Technische und Markomolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Glöggler S, Colell J, Appelt S. Para-hydrogen perspectives in hyperpolarized NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 235:130-142. [PMID: 23932399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The first instance of para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) in an NMR experiment was serendipitously observed in the 1980s while investigating a hydrogenation reaction (Seldler et al., 1983; Bowers and Weitekamp, 1986, 1987; Eisenschmid et al., 1987) [1-4]. Remarkably a theoretical investigation of the applicability of para-hydrogen as a hyperpolarization agent was being performed in the 1980's thereby quickly providing a theoretical basis for the PHIP-effect (Bowers and Weitekamp, 1986) [2]. The discovery of signal amplification by a non-hydrogenating interaction with para-hydrogen has recently extended the interest to exploit the PHIP effect, as it enables investigation of compounds without structural alteration while retaining the advantages of spectroscopy with hyperpolarized compounds [5]. In this article we will place more emphasis of the future applications of the method while only briefly discussing the efforts that have been made in the understanding of the phenomenon and the development of the method so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Glöggler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E Young Drive East, Young Hall 2056, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Theis T, Blanchard JW, Butler MC, Ledbetter MP, Budker D, Pines A. Chemical analysis using J-coupling multiplets in zero-field NMR. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Blanchard JW, Ledbetter MP, Theis T, Butler MC, Budker D, Pines A. High-Resolution Zero-Field NMR J-Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3607-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312239v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-3220, United States
| | - Micah P. Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-7300, United States
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-3220, United States
| | - Mark C. Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-3220, United States
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-7300, United States
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-3220, United States
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Koptyug IV. MRI of mass transport in porous media: drying and sorption processes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 65:1-65. [PMID: 22781314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
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Katz I, Shtirberg L, Shakour G, Blank A. Earth field NMR with chemical shift spectral resolution: theory and proof of concept. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 219:13-24. [PMID: 22595293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new method for obtaining an NMR signal in the Earth's magnetic field (EF) is presented. The method makes use of a simple pulse sequence with only DC fields which is much less demanding than previous approaches in terms of the pulses' rise and fall times. Furthermore, it offers the possibility of obtaining NMR data with enough spectral resolution to allow retrieving high resolution molecular chemical shift (CS) information - a capability that was not considered possible in EF NMR until now. Details of the pulse sequence, the experimental system, and our specially tailored EF NMR probe are provided. The experimental results demonstrate the capability to differentiate between three types of samples made of common fluorine compounds, based on their CS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Katz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Gordji-Nejad A, Colell J, Glöggler S, Blümich B, Appelt S. Studies of ⁶Li-NMR properties in different salt solutions in low magnetic fields. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 214:10-14. [PMID: 22055979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article we report the longitudinal relaxation times (T(1)) of various (6)Li salts ((6)LiI, (6)LiCl and (6)LiNO(3)) in D(2)O and H(2)O, measured in low magnetic fields (B(0)=3.5mT). This investigation serves the purpose of clarifying the relaxation behavior of different (6)Li solutions and different concentrations. The measurement were undertaken to establish a framework for future applications of hyperpolarized (6)Li in medical imaging, biological studies and investigations of lithium ion batteries. Time will pass during the transport of hyperpolarized lithium ions to the sample, which leads to a polarization loss. In order to store polarization as long as possible, it is necessary to examine which (6)Li salt solution has the longest relaxation time T(1). Longitudinal relaxation times of (6)Li salts in D(2)O and H(2)O were investigated as a function of concentration and the most extended T(1) was found for (6)LiI in D(2)O and H(2)O. In agreement with the theory the relaxation time T(1) of all (6)Li salts increase with decreasing concentration. In the case of (6)LiI in H(2)O an inverse behavior was observed. We assume that the prolonged T(1) times occur due to formation of (6)LiOH upon the solution of (6)LiI in H(2)O, which settles as a precipitate. By diluting the solution, the precipitate continuously dissolves and approaches T(1) of (6)LiOH (T(1)∼28s), leading to a shorter T(1) relaxation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gordji-Nejad
- Central Institute for Electronics, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Ledbetter MP, Theis T, Blanchard JW, Ring H, Ganssle P, Appelt S, Blümich B, Pines A, Budker D. Near-zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:107601. [PMID: 21981529 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.107601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in near zero field, where the Zeeman interaction can be treated as a perturbation to the electron mediated scalar interaction (J coupling). This is in stark contrast to the high-field case, where heteronuclear J couplings are normally treated as a small perturbation. We show that the presence of very small magnetic fields results in splitting of the zero-field NMR lines, imparting considerable additional information to the pure zero-field spectra. Experimental results are in good agreement with first-order perturbation theory and with full numerical simulation when perturbation theory breaks down. We present simple rules for understanding the splitting patterns in near-zero-field NMR, which can be applied to molecules with nontrivial spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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Gong Q, Gordji-Nejad A, Blümich B, Appelt S. Trace analysis by low-field NMR: breaking the sensitivity limit. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7078-82. [PMID: 20701300 DOI: 10.1021/ac101738f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity poses a persistent challenge to NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Nonhydrogenative para-hydrogen induced polarization (NH-PHIP) has recently emerged as an efficient method to substantially increase the sensitivity of high-field NMR. Here, we report the feasibility of applying NH-PHIP in the low-field NMR. A trace amount of pyridine of just a few nanoliters ( approximately 12 nmol) in a 0.4 mL NMR sample (a concentration of 31 microM or 10(16)/cm(3)) could be measured in a single scan by NH-PHIP. There is a striking difference in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between thermal prepolarization and NH-PHIP: The SNR of the prepolarized (1)H NMR signal decreases linearly with decreasing (1)H concentration ([(1)H]) while the SNR in NH-PHIP experiments first increases with decreasing [(1)H], then remains constant over 2 orders of magnitude, and finally decreases linearly with decreasing [(1)H]. A hitherto unknown potential opens up for trace analysis by low-field NMR in the bio-, chemical, and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Gong
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Glöggler S, Müller R, Colell J, Emondts M, Dabrowski M, Blümich B, Appelt S. Para-hydrogen induced polarization of amino acids, peptides and deuterium–hydrogen gas. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13759-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20992b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lingwood MD, Siaw TA, Sailasuta N, Ross BD, Bhattacharya P, Han S. Continuous flow Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization of water in the fringe field of a clinical magnetic resonance imaging system for authentic image contrast. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2010; 205:247-54. [PMID: 20541445 PMCID: PMC4724375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe and demonstrate a system to generate hyperpolarized water in the 0.35 T fringe field of a clinical 1.5 T whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnet. Once generated, the hyperpolarized water is quickly and continuously transferred from the 0.35 T fringe to the 1.5 T center field of the same magnet for image acquisition using standard MRI equipment. The hyperpolarization is based on Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), which effectively and quickly transfers the higher spin polarization of free radicals to nuclear spins at ambient temperatures. We visualize the dispersion of hyperpolarized water as it flows through water-saturated systems by utilizing an observed -15-fold DNP signal enhancement with respect to the unenhanced (1)H MRI signal of water at 1.5 T. The experimental DNP apparatus presented here is readily portable and can be brought to and used with any conventional unshielded MRI system. A new method of immobilizing radicals to gel beads via polyelectrolyte linker arms is described, which led to superior flow Overhauser DNP performance compared to previously presented gels. We discuss the general applicability of Overhauser DNP of water and aqueous solutions in the fringe field of commercially available magnets with central fields up to 4.7 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Lingwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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