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Molecular characteristics of the photosensitizer TONS504: Comparison of its singlet oxygen quantum yields and photodynamic antimicrobial effect with those of methylene blue. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 221:112239. [PMID: 34116319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
TONS504 (C51H58O5I2) is a chlorin derivative that exhibits a photodynamic antimicrobial effect (PAE) on various infectious keratitis pathogens. However, the molecular characteristics of TONS504 are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics of TONS504 by comparing its singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields and PAE with those of methylene blue (MB). To measure the 1O2 quantum yields, TONS504 and MB were dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline and phosphate-buffered saline containing 1% Triton X-100. The solutions were then activated by a Nd:YAG laser with an average output power of 8 mW. Near-infrared 1O2 luminescence was detected as an indicator of the 1O2 quantum yields. To evaluate the PAE, TONS504 and MB were activated by a light-emitting diode with a total light energy of 30 J/cm2. We compared the minimum molar concentration of each photosensitizer to show apparent PAEs on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. TONS504 exhibited higher 1O2 quantum yields than MB in PBS/Triton X-100 but not in PBS. S. aureus and C. albicans were reduced by TONS504 at lower concentrations than by MB, but this was not the case for P. aeruginosa. Our results provide insight on the molecular characteristics of TONS504 and suggest that TONS504 has excellent 1O2 quantum yields and PAE. Compared with MB, TONS504 in PBS has stronger efficacy toward some infectious keratitis pathogens but not others.
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Kurnianda V, Fujimura H, Kanna Y, Tanaka J. Photooxidation Products from a Marine Cadinane Sesquiterpenoid. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viqqi Kurnianda
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujimura
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yoko Kanna
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Nishimura T, Hara K, Honda N, Okazaki S, Hazama H, Awazu K. Determination and analysis of singlet oxygen quantum yields of talaporfin sodium, protoporphyrin IX, and lipidated protoporphyrin IX using near-infrared luminescence spectroscopy. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 35:1289-1297. [PMID: 31853809 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy (PDT), singlet oxygen ([Formula: see text]) is the main species responsible for promoting tumor cell death. The determination of the quantum yield (ΦΔ) of a photosensitizer (PS) is important for dosimetry. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the [Formula: see text] generated by the PS by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The ΦΔ of different PS species were measured by the detection of near-infrared [Formula: see text] luminescence. From the measurement results, the ΦΔ of talaporfin sodium, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), and lipidated PpIX (PpIX lipid) were measured as 0.53, 0.77, and 0.87, respectively. In addition, the ΦΔ values of PpIX in a hypoxic and oxic solution were evaluated, since tumors are associated with regions of hypoxia. The measured ΦΔ indicated a same value at high (DO: 20%) and low (DO: 1%) oxygen concentrations. Using the measured ΦΔ, the amount of [Formula: see text] generated by the PSs was estimated using [[Formula: see text]] = D*ΦΔ, where D* is the total excited PS concentration. The generated [Formula: see text] amounts were little different at the high and the low oxygen concentrations, and the generated [Formula: see text] amount for each PS was different depending on each ΦΔ. The NIRS measurement determined the ΦΔ of talaporfin sodium, PpIX, and PpIX lipid. The quantitative evaluation based on the measured ΦΔ will support the development of PDT treatment monitoring and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Hara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norihiro Honda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hisanao Hazama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunio Awazu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Soitamo A, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Photoinhibition in marine picocyanobacteria. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 161:97-108. [PMID: 28370227 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria have different antenna compositions although they are genetically near to each other, and different strains thrive in very different illumination conditions. We measured growth and photoinhibition of PSII in two low-light and one high-light Prochlorococcus strains and in one Synechococcus strain. All strains were found to be able to shortly utilize moderate or even high light, but the low-light strains bleached rapidly in moderate light. Measurements of photoinhibition in the presence of the antibiotic lincomycin showed that a low-light Prochlorococcus strain was more sensitive than a high-light strain and both were more sensitive than the marine Synechococcus. The action spectrum of photoinhibition showed an increase from blue to ultraviolet wavelengths in all strains, suggesting contribution of manganese absorption to photoinhibition, but blue light caused less photoinhibition in marine cyanobacteria than expected on the basis of earlier results from plants and cyanobacteria. The visible-light part of the action spectrum resembled the absorption spectrum of the organism, suggesting that photosynthetic antenna pigments, especially divinyl chlorophylls, have a more important role as photoreceptors of visible-light photoinhibition in marine cyanobacteria than in other photoautotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Soitamo
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment modality in which a photosensitizing dye is administered and exposed to light to kill tumor cells via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A fundamental obstacle for PDT is the low specificity for staining solid tumors with dyes. Recently, a tumor targeting system guided by anaerobic bacteria was proposed for tumor imaging and treatment. Here, we explore the feasibility of the genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed, which is expressed in Escherichia coli, to treat tumors. Using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), we detected a lengthy ROS diffusion from the bodies of KillerRed-expressing bacteria in vitro, which demonstrated the feasibility of using bacteria to eradicate cells in their surroundings. In nude mice, Escherichia coli (E. coli) expressing KillerRed (KR-E. coli) were subcutaneously injected into xenografts comprising CNE2 cells, a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, and HeLa cells, a human cervical carcinoma cell line. KR-E. coli seemed to proliferate rapidly in the tumors as observed under an imaging system. When the intensity of fluorescence increased and the fluorescent area became as large as the tumor one day after KR-E. coli injection, the KR-E. coli-bearing tumor was irradiated with an orange light (λ = 540 − 580 nm). In all cases, the tumors became necrotic the next day and were completely eliminated in a few days. No necrosis was observed after the irradiation of tumors injected with a vehicle solution or a vehicle carrying the E. coli without KillerRed. In successfully treated mice, no tumor recurrence was observed for more than two months. E. coli genetically engineered for KillerRed expression are highly promising for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors when the use of bacteria in patients is cleared for infection safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Yan
- Medical Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Kanada
- Medical Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Medical Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Medical Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Susumu Terakawa
- Medical Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Suganami A, Toyota T, Okazaki S, Saito K, Miyamoto K, Akutsu Y, Kawahira H, Aoki A, Muraki Y, Madono T, Hayashi H, Matsubara H, Omatsu T, Shirasawa H, Tamura Y. Preparation and characterization of phospholipid-conjugated indocyanine green as a near-infrared probe. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7481-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Alterations in photosynthetic pigments and amino acid composition of D1 protein change energy distribution in photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:754-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Luminescence of singlet oxygen in photosystem II complexes isolated from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 containing monovinyl or divinyl chlorophyll a. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1299-305. [PMID: 22387397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The luminescence spectrum of singlet oxygen produced upon excitation at 674nm in the photochemically active photosystem II (PS II) complexes isolated from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 containing different types of chlorophyll, i.e., monovinyl (wild-type) or divinyl (genetically modified) chlorophyll a. The yield of singlet oxygen, estimated using methylene blue as the standard, from the divinyl-chlorophyll PS II complex was more than five times greater than that from the monovinyl-chlorophyll PS II complex. These results are consistent with the observed difference in the sensitivity towards high intensity of light between the two cyanobacterial strains. The yield of singlet oxygen appeared to increase with the level of triplet chlorophyll, in the divinyl-chlorophyll PS II complex. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Tardivo JP, Wainwright M, Baptista MS. Local clinical phototreatment of herpes infection in São Paulo. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 9:118-21. [PMID: 22594981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of topical photodynamic therapy in herpes simplex lesions in São Paulo is presented and discussed. Although previous attempts utilising this type of approach in the USA were discontinued in the early 1970s due to several presentations of post-treatment Bowen's disease, none of the cases from the clinic presented here have displayed any complications on follow-up. In addition, lesion recrudescence periods are generally much longer than with conventional approaches. This is thought to be due to improvements in the treatment protocol, viz. use of the non-toxic photosensitisers methylene blue and Hypericum perforatum extract in place of proflavine and neutral red in the original trials, differences in photosensitisation pathway and illumination of the treatment site with red rather than fluorescent/UV light. Post-treatment cosmesis is also excellent.
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Abstract
Singlet oxygen is the primary agent of photooxidative stress in microorganisms. In photosynthetic microorganisms, sensitized generation by pigments of the photosystems is the main source of singlet oxygen and, in nonphotosynthetic microorganisms, cellular cofactors such as flavins, rhodopsins, quinones, and porphyrins serve as photosensitizer. Singlet oxygen rapidly reacts with a wide range of cellular macromolecules including proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA, and thereby further reactive substances including organic peroxides and sulfoxides are formed. Microorganisms that face high light intensities or exhibit potent photosensitizers have evolved specific mechanisms to prevent photooxidative stress. These mechanisms include the use of quenchers, such as carotenoids, which interact either with excited photosensitizer molecules or singlet oxygen itself to prevent damage of cellular molecules. Scavengers like glutathione react with singlet oxygen. Despite those protection mechanisms, damage by reactions with singlet oxygen on cellular macromolecules disturbs cellular functions. Microorganisms that regularly face photooxidative stress have evolved specific systems to sense singlet oxygen and tightly control the removal of singlet oxygen reaction products. Responses to photooxidative stress have been investigated in a range of photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic microorganisms. However, detailed knowledge on the regulation of this response has only been obtained for the phototrophic alpha-proteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. In this organism and in related proteobacteria, the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor RpoE is released from the cognate antisigma factor ChrR in the presence of singlet oxygen and triggers the expression of genes providing protection against photooxidative stress. Recent experiments show that singlet oxygen acts as a signal, which is sensed by yet unknown components and leads to proteolysis of ChrR. RpoE induces expression of a second alternative sigma factor, RpoH(II), which controls a large set of genes that partially overlaps with the heat-shock response controlled by RpoH(I). In addition to the transcriptional control of gene regulation by alternative sigma factors, a set of noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs) appear to affect the synthesis of several proteins involved in the response to photooxidative stress. The interaction of mRNA targets with those sRNAs is usually mediated by the RNA chaperone Hfq. Deletion of the gene encoding Hfq leads to a singlet oxygen-sensitive phenotype, which underlines the control of gene regulation on the posttranscriptional level by sRNAs in R. sphaeroides. Hence, a complex network of different regulatory components controls the defense against photooxidative stress in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Glaeser
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Neverov KV, Santabarbara S, Krasnovsky AA. Phosphorescence study of chlorophyll d photophysics. Determination of the energy and lifetime of the photo-excited triplet state. Evidence of singlet oxygen photosensitization. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 108:101-106. [PMID: 21573948 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll d (Chl d) is the major pigment in both photosystems (PSI and II) of the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina, whose pigment composition represents an interesting alternative in oxygenic photosynthesis. While abundant information is available relative to photophysical properties of Chl a , the understanding of Chl d photophysics is still incomplete. In this paper, we present for the first time a characterization of Chl d phosphorescence, which accompanies radiative deactivation of the photoexcited triplet state of this pigment. Reliable information was obtained on the energy and lifetime of the Chl d triplet state in frozen solutions at 77 K using diethyl ether and aqueous dispersions of Triton X100 as solvents. It is shown that triplet Chl d is effectively populated upon photoexcitation of pigment molecules and efficiently sensitizes singlet oxygen phosphorescence in aerobic solutions under ambient conditions. The data obtained are compared with the previous results of the phosphorescence studies of Chl a and Pheo a, and their possible biological implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V Neverov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninskii pr., 33, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
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Molecular environments of divinyl chlorophylls in Prochlorococcus and Synechocystis: Differences in fluorescence properties with chlorophyll replacement. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:471-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tomo T, Allakhverdiev SI, Mimuro M. Constitution and energetics of photosystem I and photosystem II in the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:333-40. [PMID: 21530298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This mini review presents current topics of discussion about photosystem (PS) I and PS II of photosynthesis in the Acaryochloris marina. A. marina is a photosynthetic cyanobacterium in which chlorophyll (Chl) d is the major antenna pigment (>95%). However, Chl a is always present in a few percent. Chl d absorbs light with a wavelength up to 30 nm red-shifted from Chl a. Therefore, the chlorophyll species of the special pair in PS II has been a matter of debate because if Chl d was the special pair component, the overall energetics must be different in A. marina. The history of this field indicates that a purified sample is necessary for the reliable identification and characterization of the special pair. In view of the spectroscopic data and the redox potential of pheophytin, we discuss the nature of special pair constituents and the localization of the enigmatic Chl a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tomo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Sciences, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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Recent developments in the detection of singlet oxygen with molecular spectroscopic methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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