1
|
Kawasaki A, Anderson JSM. Warning! The negative divergence of the stress-tensor does not always yield the Ehrenfest force. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:234120. [PMID: 38117022 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been assumed that the negative divergence of all stress tensors in common use yields the same force. This work finds that this is untrue, and, in fact, can vary wildly. We demonstrate this for the hydrogen atom, the one-particle isotropic harmonic oscillator, and a particle in an infinite spherical well where the exact density, pair-density, and the first order reduced density matrix are known for ground and excited states without any approximation. The Ehrenfest stress-tensor is introduced as any stress-tensor whose negative divergence will yield the corresponding Ehrenfest force for the same system when the exact wave-function is utilized. Stress-tensors within the literature are examined to show those that are Ehrenfest stress-tensors. Those that differ are demonstrated by how they differ within an exact formulation. The proof that the negative divergence of an Ehrenfest stress-tensor yields the Ehrenfest force is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Airi Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan
| | - James S M Anderson
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Universidad 300, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shaik S, Danovich D, Hiberty PC. On The Nature of the Chemical Bond in Valence Bond Theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:090901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0095953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective outlines a panoramic description of the nature of the chemical bond according to valence bond theory. It describes single bonds, and charge-shift bonds (CSBs) in which the entire/most of the bond energy arises from the resonance between the covalent and ionic structures of the bond. Many CSBs are homonuclear bonds. Hypervalent molecules are CSBs. Then we describe multiply bonded molecules with emphasis on C2 and 3O2. The perspective outlines an effective methodology of peeling the electronic structure to the necessary minimum: a structure with a quadruple bond, and two minor structures with double bonds, which stabilize the quadruple bond by resonance. 3O2 is chosen because it is a persistent diradical. The persistence of 3O2 is due to the large CSB resonance interaction of the π-3-electron bonds. Subsequently, we describe the roles of π vs. σ in the geometric preferences in unsaturated molecules, and their Si-based analogs. Then, the perspective discusses bonding in clusters of univalent metal-atoms, which possess only parallel spins, and are nevertheless bonded due to multiple resonance interactions. The bond energy reaches ~40 kcal/mol for a pair of atoms (in n+1Cun; n~10-12). The final subsection discusses singlet excited states in ethene, ozone and SO2. It demonstrates the capability of the breathing-orbital VB method to yield an accurate description of a variety of excited states using 10 or less VB structures. Furthermore, the method underscores covalent structures which play a key role in the correct description and bonding of these excited states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Wu X, Su P, Wu W. Exploring the nature of electron-pair bonds: an energy decomposition analysis perspective. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:294004. [PMID: 35487208 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac6bd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the nature of electron-pair bonds is explored from an energy decomposition perspective. The recently developed valence bond energy decomposition analysis (VB-EDA) scheme is extended for the classification of electron-pair bonds, which divides the bond dissociation energy into frozen, reference state switch, quasi-resonance and polarization terms. VB-EDA investigations are devoted to a series of electron-pair bonds, including the covalent bonds (H-H, H3C-CH3, H3C-H, and H2N-NH2), the ionic bonds (Na-Cl, Li-F), the charge-shift (CS) bonds (HO-OH, F-F, Cl-Cl, Br-Br, H-F, F-Cl, H3Si-F and H3Si-Cl), and the inverted central carbon-carbon bond in [1.1.1] propallene. It is shown that the VB-EDA approach at the VBSCF level is capable of predicting the characters of the electron-pair bonds. The perspective from VB-EDA illustrates that a relatively high value of quasi-resonance term indicates a CS bond while a large portion of polarization term suggests a classical covalent bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifeng Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao ZY, Wang GL, Chen XD, Qi CB, Sun XL. Quantum chemical study of reaction mechanism between plutonium and nitrogen. J Mol Model 2021; 27:363. [PMID: 34825997 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of the reaction between plutonium and nitrogen is helpful in further understanding the interaction between plutonium and air molecules. Currently, there is no research on the microscopic reaction mechanism of plutonium nitridation reactions. Therefore, the microscopic mechanism of the Pu with N2 gas phase reaction is explored in this study, based on density functional theory (DFT) using different basis functions. In this paper, the geometry of stationary points on the potential energy surface is optimized. In addition, the transition states are verified by frequency analysis and intrinsic reaction coordination (IRC). Finally, we obtained the reaction potential energy curve and micro reaction pathways. Analysis of the reaction mechanism shows that the reaction of Pu with N2 has two pathways. Pathway 1 (Pu + N2 → R1 → TS1 → PuN2) has a T-shaped transition state and pathway 2 (Pu + N2 → R2 → TS2 → PuN + N) has an L-shaped transition state. Both transition states have only one imaginary frequency. According to the comparison of the energy at each stagnation point along the two pathways, and the heat energy emitted by the two reaction paths, we found that pathway 1 is the main reaction pathway. The nature of Pu-N bonding evolution along the pathways was studied by atoms in molecules (AIM) and electron localization function (ELF) topological approaches. In order to analyze the role of the plutonium atom 5f orbital in the reaction, the variation in density state along the pathways was measured. Results show that the 5f orbital mainly contributes to the formation of Pu-N bonds, and the influence of temperature on the reaction rate is revealed by calculating the rate constants of the two reaction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Zhao
- Graduate School, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xian, Shanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Nuclear Science and Technology Laboratory, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xian, Shanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Dan Chen
- Graduate School, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xian, Shanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Bao Qi
- Graduate School, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xian, Shanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Li Sun
- Nuclear Science and Technology Laboratory, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xian, Shanxi, 710025, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Goffitzer DJ, Xiang M, Chen Y, Jiang W, Diefenbach M, Zhu H, Holthausen MC, Roesky HW. 1-Aza-2,4-disilabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes with Superelongated C-N σ-Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8244-8248. [PMID: 34037391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two silylene molecules oxidatively react under formal [1 + 2 + 1]-cycloaddition to the C≡N bond of nitriles to yield 1-aza-2,4-disilabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (L)(Cl)Si[μ-η1,2-NC(p-RC6H4)]Si(Cl)(L) (L = PhC(NtBu)2, R = CF3 (2), F (3), Cl (4), Br (5)). The strongly folded bicyclic SiCNSi cores in 2-5 feature inverted bridgehead carbon atoms and superelongated C-N bonds [1.745(12) to 1.801(2) Å], exceeding the lengths of C-N single bonds in known silaaziridines by up to 23%. Detailed bonding analysis discloses C-N bonding interactions, sharing far-reaching similarities with the central C-C bond in [1.1.1]propellane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Daniel J Goffitzer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Meiyu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shaik S, Danovich D, Galbraith JM, Braïda B, Wu W, Hiberty PC. Charge‐Shift Bonding: A New and Unique Form of Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 9190401 Jerusalem Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 9190401 Jerusalem Israel
| | - John Morrison Galbraith
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Physics, Marist College 3399 North Road Poughkeepsie NY 12601 USA
| | - Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Theorique Sorbonne Universite, UMR7616 CNRS Paris 75252 France
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Philippe C. Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Bat. 349 Université de Paris-Sud 91405 Orsay Cédex France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shaik S, Danovich D, Galbraith JM, Braïda B, Wu W, Hiberty PC. Charge-Shift Bonding: A New and Unique Form of Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:984-1001. [PMID: 31476104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Charge-shift bonds (CSBs) constitute a new class of bonds different than covalent/polar-covalent and ionic bonds. Bonding in CSBs does not arise from either the covalent or the ionic structures of the bond, but rather from the resonance interaction between the structures. This Essay describes the reasons why the CSB family was overlooked by valence-bond pioneers and then demonstrates that the unique status of CSBs is not theory-dependent. Thus, valence bond (VB), molecular orbital (MO), and energy decomposition analysis (EDA), as well as a variety of electron density theories all show the distinction of CSBs vis-à-vis covalent and ionic bonds. Furthermore, the covalent-ionic resonance energy can be quantified from experiment, and hence has the same essential status as resonance energies of organic molecules, e.g., benzene. The Essay ends by arguing that CSBs are a distinct family of bonding, with a potential to bring about a Renaissance in the mental map of the chemical bond, and to contribute to productive chemical diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John Morrison Galbraith
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12601, USA
| | - Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Theorique, Sorbonne Universite, UMR7616 CNRS, Paris, 75252, France
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Philippe C Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Bat. 349, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cédex, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bin X, Xu T, Kirk SR, Jenkins S. The directional bonding of [1.1.1]propellane with next generation QTAIM. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Nozaki H, Fujii Y, Ichikawa K, Watanabe T, Aihara Y, Tachibana A. Theoretical study of lithium ionic conductors by electronic stress tensor density and electronic kinetic energy density. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:1924-34. [PMID: 27232445 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the electronic structure of lithium ionic conductors, Li3PO4 and Li3PS4, using the electronic stress tensor density and kinetic energy density with special focus on the ionic bonds among them. We find that, as long as we examine the pattern of the eigenvalues of the electronic stress tensor density, we cannot distinguish between the ionic bonds and bonds among metalloid atoms. We then show that they can be distinguished by looking at the morphology of the electronic interface, the zero surface of the electronic kinetic energy density. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Nozaki
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Bldg. C3, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto-Shi, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fujii
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Bldg. C3, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto-Shi, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ichikawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Bldg. C3, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto-Shi, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Taku Watanabe
- AR Center, Samsung R&D Institute Japan, Minoh Semba Center Bldg, Semba Nishi 2-1-11, Minoh, Osaka, 562-0036, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aihara
- AR Center, Samsung R&D Institute Japan, Minoh Semba Center Bldg, Semba Nishi 2-1-11, Minoh, Osaka, 562-0036, Japan
| | - Akitomo Tachibana
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Bldg. C3, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto-Shi, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Magalhães CM, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence as an Excitation Source in the Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Critical Review. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2286-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Magalhães
- Centro de Investigação em Química; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; R. Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; R. Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Química; Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; R. Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; R. Campo Alegre 687 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Danovich D, Wu W, Braïda B, Hiberty PC, Shaik S. Charge-Shift Bonding Emerges as a Distinct Electron-Pair Bonding Family from Both Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Theories. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 10:2410-8. [PMID: 26580761 DOI: 10.1021/ct500367s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The charge-shift bonding (CSB) concept was originally discovered through valence bond (VB) calculations. Later, CSB was found to have signatures in atoms-in-molecules and electron-localization-function and in experimental electron density measurements. However, the CSB concept has never been derived from a molecular orbital (MO)-based theory. We now provide a proof of principle that an MO-based approach enables one to derive the CSB family alongside the distinctly different classical family of covalent bonds. In this bridging energy decomposition analysis, the covalent-ionic resonance energy, RECS, of a bond is extracted by cloning an MO-based purely covalent reference state, which is a constrained two-configuration wave function. The energy gap between this reference state and the variational TCSCF ground state yields numerical values for RECS, which correlate with the values obtained at the VBSCF level. This simple MO-based method, which only takes care of static electron correlation, is already sufficient for distinguishing the classical covalent or polar-covalent bonds from charge-shift bonds. The equivalence of the VB and MO-based methods is further demonstrated when both methods are augmented by dynamic correlation. Thus, it is shown from both MO and VB perspectives that the bonding in the CSB family does not arise from electron correlation. Considering that the existence of the CSB family is associated also with quite a few experimental observations that we already reviewed ( Shaik , S. , Danovich , D. , Wu , W. , and Hiberty , P. C. Nat. Chem. , 2009 , 1 , 443 - 449 ), the new bonding concept has passed by now two stringent tests. This derivation, on the one hand, supports the new concept and on the other, it creates bridges between the two main theories of electronic structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Benoît Braïda
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , UMR 7616, LCT, F-75005, Paris, France.,CNRS , UMR 7616, LCT, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe C Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Groupe de Chimie Théorique, Université de Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8000 , 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nozaki H, Ikeda Y, Ichikawa K, Tachibana A. Electronic stress tensor analysis of molecules in gas phase of CVD process for GeSbTe alloy. J Comput Chem 2015; 36:1240-51. [PMID: 25906966 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the electronic structure of molecules which may exist in gas phase of chemical vapor deposition process for GeSbTe alloy using the electronic stress tensor, with special focus on the chemical bonds between Ge, Sb, and Te atoms. We find that, from the viewpoint of the electronic stress tensor, they have intermediate properties between alkali metals and hydrocarbon molecules. We also study the correlation between the bond order which is defined based on the electronic stress tensor, and energy-related quantities. We find that the correlation with the bond dissociation energy is not so strong while one with the force constant is very strong. We interpret these results in terms of the energy density on the "Lagrange surface," which is considered to define the boundary surface of atoms in a molecule in the framework of the electronic stress tensor analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Nozaki
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikeda
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ichikawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Akitomo Tachibana
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
de Silva P, Corminboeuf C. Simultaneous Visualization of Covalent and Noncovalent Interactions Using Regions of Density Overlap. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:3745-3756. [PMID: 25221443 PMCID: PMC4158806 DOI: 10.1021/ct500490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a density-dependent bonding descriptor that enables simultaneous visualization of both covalent and noncovalent interactions. The proposed quantity is tailored to reveal the regions of space, where the total electron density results from a strong overlap of shell, atomic, or molecular densities. We show that this approach is successful in describing a variety of bonding patterns as well as nonbonding contacts. The Density Overlap Regions Indicator (DORI) analysis is also exploited to visualize and quantify the concept of electronic compactness in supramolecular chemistry. In particular, the scalar field is used to compare the compactness in molecular crystals, with a special emphasis on quaterthiophene derivatives with enhanced charge mobilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr de Silva
- Laboratory for Computational
Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational
Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pinto da Silva L, Esteves da Silva JC. Structural and electronic characterization of a Fridericia heliota luciferin-related derivative, based on quantum chemistry. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Jacobsen H. The Local Kinetic Energy Profile of an Inverted CarbonCarbon Bond Reveals and Refines its Charge-Shift Character. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2522-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
18
|
Dioxetanones’ peroxide bond as a charge-shifted bond: implications in the chemiluminescence process. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
19
|
Gámez JA, Yañez M. [FAAF]− (A = O, S, Se, Te) or How Electrostatic Interactions Influence the Nature of the Chemical Bond. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:5211-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400248e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Gámez
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manuel Yañez
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, ES-28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
How does the ambiguity of the electronic stress tensor influence its ability to reveal the atomic shell structure. Theor Chem Acc 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-013-1392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
21
|
Tognetti V, Joubert L, Raucoules R, De Bruin T, Adamo C. Characterizing Agosticity Using the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules: Bond Critical Points and Their Local Properties. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5472-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp302264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tognetti
- IRCOF, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen et INSA de Rouen, 76821Mont St Aignan, Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Joubert
- IRCOF, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen et INSA de Rouen, 76821Mont St Aignan, Cedex, France
| | - Roman Raucoules
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie,
Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie
(UMR 7575), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris,
Cedex 05, France
- IFP, Direction Chimie et Physico-chimie Appliquées, 1-4 Avenue de Bois
Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, Cedex, France
| | - Theodorus De Bruin
- IFP, Direction Chimie et Physico-chimie Appliquées, 1-4 Avenue de Bois
Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, Cedex, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie,
Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie
(UMR 7575), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris,
Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bohórquez HJ, Boyd RJ, Matta CF. Molecular Model with Quantum Mechanical Bonding Information. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12991-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204100z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo J. Bohórquez
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Russell J. Boyd
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Chérif F. Matta
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3M 2J6
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Guevara-García A, Echegaray E, Toro-Labbe A, Jenkins S, Kirk SR, Ayers PW. Pointing the way to the products? Comparison of the stress tensor and the second-derivative tensor of the electron density. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:234106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3599935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
24
|
Abstract
In the electron-preceding picture of chemical change, the paramount problem is identifying favorable changes in electronic structure. The electronic stress tensor provides this information; its eigenvectors represent electronic normal modes, pointing the way towards energetically favorable (or unfavorable) chemical rearrangements. The resulting method is well founded in both density functional theory and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). Stress tensor analysis is a natural way to extend the QTAIM to address chemical reactivity. The definition and basic properties of the electronic stress tensor are reviewed and the inherent ambiguity of the stress tensor is discussed. Extending previous work in which the stress tensor was used to analyze hydrogen-bonding patterns, this work focuses on chemical bonding patterns in organic reactions. Other related material (charge-shift bonding, links to the second-density-derivative tensor) is summarized and reviewed. The stress tensor provides a multifaceted characterization of bonding and can be used to predict and describe bond formation and migration.
Collapse
|