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Li X, Fu YH, Wei N, Yu RJ, Bhatti H, Zhang L, Yan F, Xia F, Ewing AG, Long YT, Ying YL. Emerging Data Processing Methods for Single-Entity Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316551. [PMID: 38411372 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry is a powerful tool that enables the study of electrochemical processes at interfaces and provides insights into the intrinsic chemical and structural heterogeneities of individual entities. Signal processing is a critical aspect of single-entity electrochemical measurements and can be used for data recognition, classification, and interpretation. In this review, we summarize the recent five-year advances in signal processing techniques for single-entity electrochemistry and highlight their importance in obtaining high-quality data and extracting effective features from electrochemical signals, which are generally applicable in single-entity electrochemistry. Moreover, we shed light on electrochemical noise analysis to obtain single-molecule frequency fingerprint spectra that can provide rich information about the ion networks at the interface. By incorporating advanced data analysis tools and artificial intelligence algorithms, single-entity electrochemical measurements would revolutionize the field of single-entity analysis, leading to new fundamental discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Huan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Wei
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ru-Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Huma Bhatti
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430034, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
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2
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Oladeji AV, Courtney JM, Rees NV. Copper deposition on metallic and non‐metallic single particles via impact electrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Chen G, Wang X, Wang S, Song L. Retrieving the Lost Information of Au Aggregated Nanoparticles during Electrode Collision on an Inverted Ultramicroelectrode. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoli Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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Mun SK, Lee S, Kim DY, Kwon SJ. Various Current Responses of Single Silver Nanoparticle Collisions on a Gold Ultramicroelectrode Depending on the Collision Conditions. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2434-2440. [PMID: 28662286 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Collisions of silver nanoparticles (NPs) with a more electrocatalytic gold or platinum ultramicroelectrode (UME) surface have been observed by using an electrochemical method. Depending on the applied potential to the UME, the current response to the collision of Ag NPs on the UME resulted in various shape changes. A staircase decrease, a blip decrease, and a blip increase of the hydrazine oxidation current were obtained at an applied potential of 0.33, 0.80, and 1.3 V, respectively. Different collision behaviors of Ag NPs on the UME surface were suggested for each shape of current response. Ag NP attachment, which hindered the diffusion flux to the UME, caused a staircase decrease of the electrocatalytic current. Instantaneous blocking of the hydrazine oxidation by Ag NP collision and, following recovery of the current by means of oxidation of Ag NP, caused a blip decrease of the electrocatalytic current. The formation of a higher oxidation state of Ag on the Ag NP and its electrocatalytic hydrazine oxidation resulted in a blip increase of the electrocatalytic current. The analysis of the current response of a single NP collision experiment can be a useful tool to understand the various behaviors of NPs on the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Kyu Mun
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
| | - Seong Jung Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Korea
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Steinberg S, Hodge V, Schumacher B, Sovocool W. Sampling for silver nanoparticles in aqueous media using a rotating disk electrode: evidence for selective sampling of silver nanoparticles in the presence of ionic silver. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:99. [PMID: 28176261 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amendment of a carbon paste electrode consisting of graphite and Nujol®, with a variety of organic and inorganic materials, allows direct adsorption of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous solution in either open or close circuit modes. The adsorbed AgNPs are detected by stripping voltammetry. Detection limits of less than 1 ppb Ag are achievable with a rotating disk system. More than one silver peak was apparent in many of the stripping voltammograms. The appearance of multiple peaks could be due to different species of silver formed upon stripping or variation in the state of aggregation or size of nanoparticles. With most of these packing materials, dissolved Ag+ was also extracted from aqueous solution, but, with a packing material made with Fe(II,III) oxide nanoparticles, only AgNPs were extracted. Therefore, it is the best candidate for determination of metallic AgNPs in aqueous environmental samples without interference from Ag+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Steinberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4003, USA.
| | - Vernon Hodge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4003, USA
| | - Brian Schumacher
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV, 89119,, USA
| | - Wayne Sovocool
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV, 89119,, USA
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Tanner EEL, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. Nanoparticle Capping Agent Controlled Electron-Transfer Dynamics in Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2016; 22:5976-81. [PMID: 26997502 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a change in the mechanism of the oxidation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with the molecular weight of a poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) capping agent. Characterisation of the modified nanoparticles is undertaken using dynamic light scattering and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Electrochemical analyses reveal that the oxidation of 6000 molecular weight (MW) PEG is consistent with a polymer-gated mechanism, whilst for 2000 MW PEG the polymer does not hinder the oxidation. The 10,000 MW PEG Ag NPs are rendered almost electrochemically inactive. This study demonstrates the ability to alter and better understand the electron-transfer mechanism in a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) by systematically altering the capping agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden E L Tanner
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Richard G Compton
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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Bartlett TR, Sokolov SV, Compton RG. Electrochemical Nanoparticle Sizing Via Nano-Impacts: How Large a Nanoparticle Can be Measured? ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:600-5. [PMID: 26491639 PMCID: PMC4608527 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of nanoparticle (NP) sizing encompasses a wide array of techniques, with electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) having become the established methods for NP quantification; however, these techniques are not always applicable. A new and rapidly developing method that addresses the limitations of these techniques is the electrochemical detection of NPs in solution. The 'nano-impacts' technique is an excellent and qualitative in situ method for nanoparticle characterization. Two complementary studies on silver and silver bromide nanoparticles (NPs) were used to assess the large radius limit of the nano-impact method for NP sizing. Noting that by definition a NP cannot be larger than 100 nm in diameter, we have shown that the method quantitatively sizes at the largest limit, the lower limit having been previously reported as ∼6 nm.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Bartlett
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Stanislav V Sokolov
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Richard G Compton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
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Masitas RA, Khachian IV, Bill BL, Zamborini FP. Effect of surface charge and electrode material on the size-dependent oxidation of surface-attached metal nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13075-13084. [PMID: 25260111 DOI: 10.1021/la5029614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on the size-dependent oxidation of Au nanoparticles (NPs) electrodeposited directly on indium tin oxide-coated glass (glass/ITO) electrodes as compared to those chemically synthesized and electrostatically or drop-cast deposited onto aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS)-modified, or unmodified glass/ITO electrodes. The peak oxidation potential (Ep) of 54 nm diameter Au NPs shifts by as much as 155 mV negative when deposited electrostatically on the highly positively charged glass/ITO/APTES surface and oxidized at low pH as compared to their oxidation on more neutral glass/ITO or glass/ITO/MPTMS surfaces at all pH's and on glass/ITO/APTES at neutral pH. Electrodeposited Au NPs on glass/ITO of similar size also oxidize at more positive potentials due to the neutral electrode surface charge. Ag NPs show a similar charge dependence on their Ep. Interestingly, the Ep value of Au and Ag NPs smaller than about 10 nm in diameter is independent of surface charge. The Ep of 9 nm diameter citrate-capped Ag NPs attached to Au, Pt, glassy carbon (GC), and glass/ITO electrodes electrostatically through short amine-terminated organic linkers depends on the electrode material, following the order (vs Ag/AgCl) of Au (384 ± 7 mV) ≈ Pt (373 ± 12 mV) > GC (351 ± 2 mV) > glass/ITO (339 ± 1 mV). The underlying electrode material affects the Ag NP Ep even though the NPs are not directly interacting with it. In addition to size, the electrode material and its surface charge have a strong influence on the oxidation potential of surface-confined metallic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Masitas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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9
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Rees NV. Electrochemical insight from nanoparticle collisions with electrodes: A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Eloul S, Compton RG. Shielding of a Microdisc Electrode Surrounded by an Adsorbing Surface. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Kleijn SEF, Lai SCS, Koper MTM, Unwin PR. Electrochemistry of Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3558-86. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tschulik K, Batchelor-McAuley C, Toh HS, Stuart EJE, Compton RG. Electrochemical studies of silver nanoparticles: a guide for experimentalists and a perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:616-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tschulik K, Palgrave RG, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. 'Sticky electrodes' for the detection of silver nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:295502. [PMID: 23807154 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/29/295502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of nanoparticles in environmental systems is a task that requires reliable and affordable analytical methods. Here an approach using a cysteine-modified 'sticky' glassy carbon electrode is presented. The electrode is immersed in a silver nanoparticle containing electrolyte and left in this suspension without an applied potential, i.e. under open circuit condition, for a variable amount of time. The amount of silver nanoparticles immobilized on the electrode within this sticking time is then determined by oxidative stripping, yielding the anodic charge and thus the amount of Ag nanoparticles sticking to the electrode surface. When using a cysteine-modified glassy carbon electrode, significant and reproducible amounts of silver nanoparticles stick to the surface, which is not the case for unmodified glassy carbon surfaces. Additionally, proof-of-concept experiments are performed on real seawater samples. These demonstrate that also under simulated environmental conditions an increased immobilization and hence improved detection of silver nanoparticles on cysteine-modified glassy carbon electrodes is achieved, while no inhibitive interference with this complex matrix is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tschulik
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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15
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Neumann CCM, Batchelor-McAuley C, Tschulik K, Toh HS, Shumbula P, Pillay J, Tshikhudo R, Compton RG. The Surface Energy of Single Nanoparticles Probed via Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Teo WZ, Pumera M. Simultaneous Direct Voltammetric Determination of Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles from Their Mixture (CuO/NiO). ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Teo WZ, Ambrosi A, Pumera M. Direct electrochemistry of copper oxide nanoparticles in alkaline media. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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18
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Barnes EO, Compton RG. The rate of adsorption of nanoparticles on microelectrode surfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kleijn SEF, Serrano-Bou B, Yanson AI, Koper MTM. Influence of hydrazine-induced aggregation on the electrochemical detection of platinum nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:2054-2064. [PMID: 23320415 DOI: 10.1021/la3040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To study the catalytic activity of single nanoparticles (NPs) electrochemically, we investigated the applicability of a novel method for nanoparticle detection as a means to immobilize individual NPs. This method consists of analyzing the current steps that can be measured at an ultramicroelectrode (UME) when a colloid of NPs is injected into an electrolyte containing an electroactive species, that is turned over at the NP but not the UME surface. We have measured these current steps for the hydrazine oxidation at Pt NPs landing on a lithographically fabricated Au UME, showing a mean step size comparable to theory and prior measurements. We found a reduced landing frequency with respect to values reported in the literature and those predicted from theory, while the current step distribution showed a long tail of large current steps. This could be explained by the particle aggregation, which would lower the effective NP concentration and therefore lower the landing frequency and would result in higher current steps when aggregates reach the electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of the Pt-modified Au UME showed a signal characteristic of the presence of Pt, while electron microscopy revealed aggregated NPs, after landings were performed in the presence of hydrazine or hydrogen gas. Conversely, no aggregates were found after particles were injected in absence of such reducing agents, while CV still suggested the presence of Pt, indicating individual particles. The finding, that landing nanoparticles in the presence of hydrazine yields NP aggregates on the surface, means that this particular method is currently not suited for the preparation of individually immobilized particles to facilitate catalysis studies at individual nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E F Kleijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zhou YG, Stuart EJ, Pillay J, Vilakazi S, Tshikhudo R, Rees NV, Compton RG. Electrode-nanoparticle collisions: The measurement of the sticking coefficients of gold and nickel nanoparticles from aqueous solution onto a carbon electrode. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Stuart EJ, Rees NV, Compton RG. Particle-impact voltammetry: The reduction of hydrogen peroxide at silver nanoparticles impacting a carbon electrode. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Dickinson EJ, Rees NV, Compton RG. Nanoparticle–electrode collision studies: Brownian motion and the timescale of nanoparticle oxidation. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Rees NV, Zhou YG, Compton RG. Making contact: charge transfer during particle–electrode collisions. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Stuart EJ, Zhou YG, Rees NV, Compton RG. Particle-impact nanoelectrochemistry: a Fickian model for nanoparticle transport. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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