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Tran S, Tran KC, Saenz Rodriguez A, Kong W. Kinetic energy distributions of atomic ions from disintegration of argon containing nanoclusters in moderately intense nanosecond laser fields: Coulomb explosion or hydrodynamic expansion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8631-8640. [PMID: 38436420 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05894h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
We report kinetic energies (KE) of multiply charged atomic ions (MCAI) from interactions of moderately intense nanosecond lasers at 532 nm with argon containing clusters, including neat and doped clusters with a trace amount of trichlorobenzene. We develop a mathematical method to retrieve speed and thereby kinetic energy information from analyzing the time-of-flight profiles of the MCAI. This method should be generally applicable in detections of energetic charged particles with high velocities, a realm where velocity map imaging is inadequate. From this analysis, we discover that the KE of MCAI from doped clusters demonstrates a quadratic dependence on the charge of the atomic ions, while for neat clusters, the dependence is cubic. This result confirms the nature of the cluster disintegration process to be dominated by Coulomb explosion. This result bears more similarity to reports from extreme vacuum ultraviolet (EUV) fields with similar intensities, than to reports from near infrared (NIR) intense laser fields. However, the charge state distribution from our experiment is the opposite: we observe more higher charge state ions than reported in EUV fields, and our charge state distribution is actually similar to those reported in NIR fields. We also report a significant effect of the external electric field on the charge state distribution of the atomic ions: the presence of an electric field can significantly increase the charge from the atomic ions, as shown by a three-fold reduction in the average kinetic energy per charge. Although molecular dynamics simulations have been implemented for experiments in the EUV and NIR, our results allude to the need of a concerted effort in this regime of moderately intense nanosecond laser fields. The significant decrease in charge state distribution and the significant increase in KE from doped clusters, compared with neat clusters, is a telltale sign that the true interaction time between the laser field and the cluster may be substantially shorter than the duration of the laser, a welcome relief for molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
| | - Kim C Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
| | - Axel Saenz Rodriguez
- Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
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Yao Y, Zhang J, Kong W. Effects of aromatic molecules inside argon clusters on the formation of multiply charged atomic ions in moderately intense nanosecond laser fields. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:044307. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0096594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the effect of two molecular species, fluorene (C13H10) and 1, 3, 5-trichlorobenzene (C6H3Cl3, 3ClB), embedded in atomic argon clusters, on the generation of multiply charged atomic ions (MCAI) in moderately intense nanosecond laser fields at 532 nm. The near resonant-enhancement of two photon absorption in the two aromatic species produces only a few low charge state (+2) atomic ions in a neat molecular cluster, but enclosure of the same cluster with layers of Ar can significantly increase the charge state of MCAI. The yields of singly charged atomic ions from the molecular species, such as H+, C+, and Cl+, are positively correlated to the number of molecules inside an Ar cluster, but the yields of the MCAI and Ar+ demonstrate opposite behaviors. A higher number of aromatic molecules is actually detrimental to the production of Ar+ and of MCAI. Results of exponential fittings of the yields of MCAI at different laser intensities reveal a systematic change for the exponent of Ar+: with increasing concentrations of 3ClB in Ar clusters, the exponent decreases and eventually reaches the same value as those of MCAI. These results are consistent with our previous hypothesis that the formation mechanism of MCAI may be different from that of singly charged species, and that the strong resonance of Ar3+ may play an important role in the overall energy absorption. Moreover, the effect of the molecular core seems to change the formation mechanism of Ar+ to that of MCAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Yao
- Oregon State University, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhang
- Chemistry, Oregon State University, United States of America
| | - Wei Kong
- Chemistry, Oregon State University, United States of America
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Das S, Sharma P, Singh R, Vatsa RK, Tripathi VK. Multiple ionisation and Coulomb explosion in terawatt photoexcitation of Xenon clusters: An experimental and theoretical study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vatsa RK, Mathur D. Generation of Multiply Charged Argon Ions in Nanosecond Laser Field Ionization of Argon Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9842-9845. [PMID: 33207882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zhang and co-workers ( J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 1100-1105) have recently reported results of experiments involving irradiation of argon clusters doped with bromofluorene chromophores by nanosecond-long pulses of 532 nm laser light. Multiply charged ions of atomic argon (Arn+, 1 ≤ n ≤ 7) and carbon (Cn+, 1 ≤ n ≤ 4) are observed, which are sought to be rationalized using an evaporation model. The distinguishing facet of exploding clusters being progenitors of energetic ions and electrons constitutes the key driver for contemporary research in laser-cluster interactions; it is, therefore, important to point out inconsistencies that are intrinsic to the model of Zhang and co-workers. In light of similar reports already in the literature, we show that their model is of limited utility in describing the dynamics that govern how fast, multiply charged atomic ions result from laser irradiation of gas-phase clusters. We posit that it is plasma behavior that underpins cluster heating and cluster explosion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Vatsa
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Deepak Mathur
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
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Tracing photoionisation behaviour of methyl iodide in gas phase: From isolated molecule to molecular aggregate. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sharma P, Das S, Vatsa RK. Tailoring Ion Charge State Distribution in Tetramethyltin Clusters under Influence of Moderate Intensity Picosecond Laser Pulse: Role of Laser Wavelength and Rate of Energy Deposition. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2361-2370. [PMID: 28733969 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Systematic manipulation of ionic-outcome in laser-cluster interaction process has been realized for studies carried out on tetramethyltin (TMT) clusters under picosecond laser conditions, determined by choice of laser wavelength and intensity. As a function of laser intensity, TMT clusters exhibit gradual enhancement in overall ionization of its cluster constituents, up to a saturation level of ionization, which was distinct for different wavelengths (266, 355, and 532 nm). Simultaneously, systematic appearance of higher multiply charged atomic ions and shift in relative abundance of multiply charged atomic ions towards higher charge state was observed, using time-of-flight mass spectrometer. At saturation level, multiply charged atomic ions up to (C2+, Sn2+) at 266 nm, (C4+, Sn4+) at 355 nm, and (C4+, Sn6+) at 532 nm were detected. In addition, at 355 nm intra-cluster ion chemistry within the ionized cluster leads to generation of molecular hydrogen ion (H2+) and triatomic molecular hydrogen ion (H3+). Generation of multiply charged atomic ions is ascribed to efficient coupling of laser pulse with the cluster media, facilitated by inner-ionized electrons produced within the cluster, at the leading edge of laser pulse. Role of inner-ionized electrons is authenticated by measuring kinetic energy distribution of electrons liberated upon disintegration of excessively ionized cluster, under the influence of picosecond laser pulse. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Sharma
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
| | - Soumitra Das
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Rajesh K Vatsa
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, 400 085, India
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Badani P, Das S, Sharma P, Vatsa RK. Mass spectrometric and charge density studies of organometallic clusters photoionized by gigawatt laser pulses. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:188-212. [PMID: 25962722 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Clusters on exposure to nanosecond laser pulses of gigawatt intensity exhibit a variety of photo-chemical processes such as fragmentation, intracluster reaction, ionization, Coulomb explosion, etc. Present article summarizes the experimental results obtained in our laboratory utilizing time-of-flight mass spectrometer which deal with one such aspect of cluster photochemistry related to generation of multiply charged atomic ions upon excessive ionization of cluster constituents (Coulomb explosion) at low intensity laser field (∼109 W/cm2 ). To understand the mechanism of laser-cluster interaction, laser as well as cluster parameters were varied. Mass spectrometric studies were carried out at different laser wavelength as well as varying the nature of cluster constituents, backup pressure, nozzle diameter, etc. In addition, charge density measurements were also preformed to get information about the total number of ions generated upon laser-cluster interaction as a function of laser wavelength. In case of pure molecular clusters, the charge state of atomic ions as well as charge density was observed to enhance with increasing laser wavelength, signifying efficient coupling of the cluster medium with nanosecond laser pulse at longer wavelength. While in case of clusters doped with species having comparatively lower ionization energy, the efficiency of laser-cluster interaction was less, in contrast to studies carried out using femtosecond lasers. Results obtained in the present work have been rationalized on the basis of proposed three-stage cluster ionization mechanism, that is, multiphoton ionization ignited-inverse Bremsstrahlung heating and electron ionization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:188-212, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purav Badani
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Soumitra Das
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Pramod Sharma
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Vatsa
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India
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Wang W, Zhao W, Hua L, Hou K, Li H. Dependence of multiply charged ions on the polarization state in nanosecond laser-benzene cluster interaction. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sharma P, Das S, Vatsa RK. Role of electron heating in efficient interaction of a nanosecond laser with the cluster media: a case study on tetrahydrofuran cluster system. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of tetrahydrofuran clusters with nanosecond laser pulses has been investigated at 532 and 1064 nm, using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and home-built electron analyzer setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Sharma
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
| | - Soumitra Das
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
| | - Rajesh K. Vatsa
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
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Das S, Sharma P, Badani PM, Vatsa RK. Ionisation of methyl iodide clusters using nanosecond laser pulses: detection of multiply charged positive ions, negative ions and energetic electrons. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl iodide clusters have been ionised using laser pulses of intensity ∼109 W cm−2 at 266, 355, 532 and 1064 nm and the ions produced in the laser–cluster interaction were analysed with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Das
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - Pramod Sharma
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - Purav M. Badani
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - Rajesh K. Vatsa
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
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Das S, Badani PM, Sharma P, Vatsa RK. Diverse photochemical behavior of dibromodifluoromethane (CF2Br2) monomer and cluster under gigawatt intensity laser fields. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40703a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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