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Leve ZD, Iwuoha EI, Ross N. The Synergistic Properties and Gas Sensing Performance of Functionalized Graphene-Based Sensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1326. [PMID: 35207867 PMCID: PMC8877958 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The detection of toxic gases has long been a priority in industrial manufacturing, environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, and national defense. The importance of gas sensing is not only of high benefit to such industries but also to the daily lives of people. Graphene-based gas sensors have elicited a lot of interest recently, due to the excellent physical properties of graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Graphene oxide and rGO have been shown to offer large surface areas that extend their active sites for adsorbing gas molecules, thereby improving the sensitivity of the sensor. There are several literature reports on the promising functionalization of GO and rGO surfaces with metal oxide, for enhanced performance with regard to selectivity and sensitivity in gas sensing. These synthetic and functionalization methods provide the ideal combination/s required for enhanced gas sensors. In this review, the functionalization of graphene, synthesis of heterostructured nanohybrids, and the assessment of their collaborative performance towards gas-sensing applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natasha Ross
- SensorLab, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (Z.D.L.); (E.I.I.)
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Wang Z, Gao X, Zhao Y. Mechanisms of Antioxidant Activities of Fullerenols from First-Principles Calculation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8183-8190. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Jørgensen JH, Čabo AG, Balog R, Kyhl L, Groves MN, Cassidy AM, Bruix A, Bianchi M, Dendzik M, Arman MA, Lammich L, Pascual JI, Knudsen J, Hammer B, Hofmann P, Hornekaer L. Symmetry-Driven Band Gap Engineering in Hydrogen Functionalized Graphene. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10798-10807. [PMID: 28024374 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Band gap engineering in hydrogen functionalized graphene is demonstrated by changing the symmetry of the functionalization structures. Small differences in hydrogen adsorbate binding energies on graphene on Ir(111) allow tailoring of highly periodic functionalization structures favoring one distinct region of the moiré supercell. Scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that a highly periodic hydrogen functionalized graphene sheet can thus be prepared by controlling the sample temperature (Ts) during hydrogen functionalization. At deposition temperatures of Ts = 645 K and above, hydrogen adsorbs exclusively on the HCP regions of the graphene/Ir(111) moiré structure. This finding is rationalized in terms of a slight preference for hydrogen clusters in the HCP regions over the FCC regions, as found by density functional theory calculations. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that the preferential functionalization of just one region of the moiré supercell results in a band gap opening with very limited associated band broadening. Thus, hydrogenation at elevated sample temperatures provides a pathway to efficient band gap engineering in graphene via the selective functionalization of specific regions of the moiré structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Holm Jørgensen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Antonija Grubišić Čabo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Richard Balog
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
- CIC nanoGUNE and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation of Science , Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Line Kyhl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Michael N Groves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Andrew Martin Cassidy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Albert Bruix
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Marco Bianchi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Maciej Dendzik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | | | - Lutz Lammich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - José Ignacio Pascual
- CIC nanoGUNE and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation of Science , Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | | | - Bjørk Hammer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Philip Hofmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Liv Hornekaer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO, Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
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Feng W, Long P, Feng Y, Li Y. Two-Dimensional Fluorinated Graphene: Synthesis, Structures, Properties and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500413. [PMID: 27981018 PMCID: PMC5115570 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated graphene, an up-rising member of the graphene family, combines a two-dimensional layer-structure, a wide bandgap, and high stability and attracts significant attention because of its unique nanostructure and carbon-fluorine bonds. Here, we give an extensive review of recent progress on synthetic methods and C-F bonding; additionally, we present the optical, electrical and electronic properties of fluorinated graphene and its electrochemical/biological applications. Fluorinated graphene exhibits various types of C-F bonds (covalent, semi-ionic, and ionic bonds), tunable F/C ratios, and different configurations controlled by synthetic methods including direct fluorination and exfoliation methods. The relationship between the types/amounts of C-F bonds and specific properties, such as opened bandgap, high thermal and chemical stability, dispersibility, semiconducting/insulating nature, magnetic, self-lubricating and mechanical properties and thermal conductivity, is discussed comprehensively. By optimizing the C-F bonding character and F/C ratios, fluorinated graphene can be utilized for energy conversion and storage devices, bioapplications, electrochemical sensors and amphiphobicity. Based on current progress, we propose potential problems of fluorinated graphene as well as the future challenge on the synthetic methods and C-F bonding character. This review will provide guidance for controlling C-F bonds, developing fluorine-related effects and promoting the application of fluorinated graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
| | - Peng Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education Tianjin 300072 P.R China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials Tianjin 300072 P.R China
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Saha B, Bhattacharyya PK. Understanding reactivity, aromaticity and absorption spectra of carbon cluster mimic to graphene: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of doping B and/or N on the reactivity, aromaticity and absorption spectra of graphene and functionalized (–OH and –COOH) carbon cluster mimicking graphene is studied using DFT, DFRT and TD-DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapan Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Arya Vidyapeeth College
- Guwahati-781016
- India
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Wu BR, Yang CK. Electronic Structures of Clusters of Hydrogen Vacancies on Graphene. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15310. [PMID: 26468677 PMCID: PMC4606795 DOI: 10.1038/srep15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen vacancies in graphane are products of incomplete hydrogenation of graphene. The missing H atoms can alter the electronic structure of graphane and therefore tune the electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of the composite. We systematically studied a variety of well-separated clusters of hydrogen vacancies in graphane, including the geometrical shapes of triangles, parallelograms, hexagons, and rectangles, by first-principles density functional calculation. The results indicate that energy levels caused by the missing H are generated in the broad band gap of pure graphane. All triangular clusters of H vacancies are magnetic, the larger the triangle the higher the magnetic moment. The defect levels introduced by the missing H in triangular and parallelogram clusters are spin-polarized and can find application in optical transition. Parallelograms and open-ended rectangles are antiferromagnetic and can be used for nanoscale registration of digital information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Ru Wu
- Department of Natural science, Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, Kueishan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Kai Yang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Chengchi University, Taipei 11605, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
This perspective outlines the chemistry of graphene, including functionalization, doping, photochemistry, catalytic chemistry and supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiluan Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
| | - Gaoquan Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
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Li XB, Guo P, Wang D, Zhang Y, Liu LM. Adaptive cluster expansion approach for predicting the structure evolution of graphene oxide. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:224703. [PMID: 25494766 DOI: 10.1063/1.4903310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An adaptive cluster expansion (CE) method is used to explore surface adsorption and growth processes. Unlike the traditional CE method, suitable effective cluster interaction (ECI) parameters are determined, and then the selected fixed number of ECIs is continually optimized to predict the stable configurations with gradual increase of adatom coverage. Comparing with traditional CE method, the efficiency of the adaptive CE method could be greatly enhanced. As an application, the adsorption and growth of oxygen atoms on one side of pristine graphene was carefully investigated using this method in combination with first-principles calculations. The calculated results successfully uncover the structural evolution of graphene oxide for the different numbers of oxygen adatoms on graphene. The aggregation behavior of the stable configurations for different oxygen adatom coverages is revealed for increasing coverages of oxygen atoms. As a targeted method, adaptive CE can also be applied to understand the evolution of other surface adsorption and growth processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Bo Li
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pan Guo
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - D Wang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Li-Min Liu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
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Wang Z, Chang X, Lu Z, Gu M, Zhao Y, Gao X. A precision structural model for fullerenols. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00584h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An explicit structural model was developed and verified for fullerenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049, China
- Jiangxi Inorganic Membrane Materials Engineering Research Centre
| | - Xueling Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhanghui Lu
- Jiangxi Inorganic Membrane Materials Engineering Research Centre
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Min Gu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures
- Department of Physics
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingfa Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049, China
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Zheng JJ, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Gao X. Two-dimensional carbon compounds derived from graphyne with chemical properties superior to those of graphene. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1271. [PMID: 23429350 PMCID: PMC3572445 DOI: 10.1038/srep01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational studies considering both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects revealed that graphyne, a carbon material that has recently been of increasing interest, favours unprecedented homogeneous “in-plane” addition reactions. The addition of dichlorocarbene to the C(sp)-C(sp) bond, a site with outstanding regioselectivity in graphyne, proceeds via a stepwise mechanism. Due to their homogeneous nature, additions occurring at C(sp)-C(sp) bonds yield structurally ordered two-dimensional carbon compounds (2DCCs). 2DCCs have electronic band structures near the Fermi level that are similar to those of graphene and are either electrically semi-conductive or metallic depending on whether the reactions break the hexagonal symmetry. Notably, 2DCCs can be further functionalised through substitution reactions with little damage to the extended π-electron conjugation system. These results suggest that 2DCCs derived from graphyne have physical properties comparable to those of graphene and chemical properties superior to those of graphene. Therefore, 2DCCs are expected to be better suited to practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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