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Tian X, Kang X, Yan F, Feng L, Huo X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Lv X, Ma X, Yuan J, Peng J, Dai L. ROS-dependent catalytic mechanism of melatonin metabolism and its application in the measurement of reactive oxygen. Front Chem 2024; 11:1229199. [PMID: 38293248 PMCID: PMC10824942 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1229199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (Mel) is an endogenous active molecule whose metabolism progress significantly influences its bioactivity. However, the detailed metabolic pathway of Mel in the pathological state has not yet been fully illustrated. In this study, 16 metabolites of Mel in cancer cells and human liver microsomes were identified, of which seven novel metabolites were newly discovered. Among them, 2-hydroxymelatonin (2-O-Mel), as the major metabolite in cancer cells, was revealed for the first time, which was different from the metabolite found in the human liver. Furthermore, CYP1A1/1A2- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated 2-hydroxylation reactions of Mel were verified to be the two metabolic pathways in the liver and cancer cells, respectively. ROS-dependent formation of 2-O-Mel was the major pathway in cancer cells. Furthermore, the underlying catalytic mechanism of Mel to 2-O-Mel in the presence of ROS was fully elucidated using computational chemistry analysis. Therefore, the generation of 2-O-Mel from Mel could serve as another index for the endogenous reactive oxygen level. Finally, based on the ROS-dependent production of 2-O-Mel, Mel was successfully used for detecting the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin in human blood. Our investigation further enriched the metabolic pathway of Mel, especially for the ROS-dependent formation of 2-O-Mel that serves as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for the rational use of Mel in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangge Tian
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Houli Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xia Lv
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinsong Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Dai
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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2
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Liu S, Hirao H. Energy Decomposition Analysis of the Nature of Coordination Bonding at the Heme Iron Center in Cytochrome P450 Inhibition. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200360. [PMID: 35514038 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug compounds or their metabolic intermediates (MIs) sometimes inhibit the function of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) by forming a coordination bond with the Fe(III) heme or Fe(II) heme of P450s. Such inhibition is one of the major causes of drug-drug interactions (DDIs), a subject of longstanding academic and practical interest. However, such coordination bonding is not fully understood at the quantum mechanical level, thus hampering rational improvement of the accuracy of DDI-related predictions. In this work, we employed density functional theory (DFT) and the generalized Kohn-Sham energy decomposition analysis (GKS-EDA) scheme to investigate the nature of the coordination bonding formed in the reversible and quasi-irreversible inhibition of P450s. The GKS-EDA results highlighted a previously unrecognized role of the electron correlation effect in P450 inhibition. The correlation effect tends to be larger in Fe(II) complexes of MI-type inhibitors and is particularly prominent for the nitrosoalkane ligand. An additional natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis provided insight into the relative significance of the σ donation and π backdonation effects in various heme-inhibitor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Liu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen, School of Life and Health Sciences, CHINA
| | - Hajime Hirao
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen, School of Life and Health Sciences, …, Shenzhen, CHINA
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3
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Jaladanki CK, Khatun S, Gohlke H, Bharatam PV. Reactive Metabolites from Thiazole-Containing Drugs: Quantum Chemical Insights into Biotransformation and Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1503-1517. [PMID: 33900062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drugs containing thiazole and aminothiazole groups are known to generate reactive metabolites (RMs) catalyzed by cytochrome P450s (CYPs). These RMs can covalently modify essential cellular macromolecules and lead to toxicity and induce idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions. Molecular docking and quantum chemical hybrid DFT study were carried out to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the biotransformation of thiazole (TZ) and aminothiazole (ATZ) groups leading to RM epoxide, S-oxide, N-oxide, and oxaziridine. The energy barrier required for the epoxidation is 13.63 kcal/mol, that is lower than that of S-oxidation, N-oxidation, and oxaziridine formation (14.56, 17.90, and 20.20, kcal/mol respectively). The presence of the amino group in ATZ further facilitates all the metabolic pathways, for example, the barrier for the epoxidation reaction is reduced by ∼2.5 kcal/mol. Some of the RMs/their isomers are highly electrophilic and tend to form covalent bonds with nucleophilic amino acids, finally leading to the formation of metabolic intermediate complexes (MICs). The energy profiles of these competitive pathways have also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Samima Khatun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), and Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
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4
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Mirzaei MS, Ivanov MV, Taherpour AA, Mirzaei S. Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Computational Insights. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:959-987. [PMID: 33769041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) refers to the metabolic bioactivation of a xenobiotic by cytochrome P450s to a highly reactive intermediate which subsequently binds to the enzyme and leads to the quasi-irreversible or irreversible inhibition. Xenobiotics, mainly drugs with specific functional units, are the major sources of MBI. Two possible consequences of MBI by medicinal compounds are drug-drug interaction and severe toxicity that are observed and highlighted by clinical experiments. Today almost all of these latent functional groups (e.g., thiophene, furan, alkylamines, etc.) are known, and their features and mechanisms of action, owing to the vast experimental and theoretical studies, are determined. In the past decade, molecular modeling techniques, mostly density functional theory, have revealed the most feasible mechanism that a drug undergoes by P450 enzymes to generate a highly reactive intermediate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and detailed picture of computational advances toward the elucidation of the activation mechanisms of various known groups with MBI activity. To this aim, we briefly describe the computational concepts to carry out and analyze the mechanistic investigations, and then, we summarize the studies on compounds with known inhibition activity including thiophene, furan, alkylamines, terminal acetylene, etc. This study can be reference literature for both theoretical and experimental (bio)chemists in several different fields including rational drug design, the process of toxicity prevention, and the discovery of novel inhibitors and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saeed Mirzaei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 67149-67346
| | - Maxim V Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Avat Arman Taherpour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 67149-67346.,Medical Biology Research Centre, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 67149-67346
| | - Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Li J, Banerjee A, Preston DR, Shay BJ, Adhikary A, Sevilla MD, Loloee R, Staples RJ, Chavez FA. Thermally Induced Oxidation of [Fe II(tacn) 2](OTf) 2 (tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane). Eur J Inorg Chem 2017; 2017:5529-5535. [PMID: 30416372 PMCID: PMC6221196 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the spin-crossover (SC) properties of [FeII(tacn)2](OTf)2 (1) (tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane) [Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2013, 2115]. Upon heating under dynamic vacuum, 1 undergoes oxidation to generate a low spin iron(III) complex. The oxidation of the iron center was found to be facilitated by initial oxidation of the ligand via loss of an H atom. The resulting complex was hypothesized to have the formulation [FeIII(tacn)(tacn-H)](OTf)2 (2) where tacn-H is N-deprotonated tacn. The formulation was confirmed by ESI-MS. The powder EPR spectrum of the oxidized product at 77 K reveals the formation of a low-spin iron(III) species with rhombic spectrum (g = 1.98, 2.10, 2.19). We have indirectly detected H2 formation during the heating of 1 by reacting the headspace with HgO. Formation of water (1HNMR in anhydrous d6-DMSO) and elemental mercury were observed. To further support this claim, we independently synthesized [FeIII(tacn)2](OTf)3 (3) and treated it with one equiv base yielding 2. The structures of 3 was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Compound 2 also exhibits a low spin iron(III) rhombic signal (g = 1.97, 2.11, 2.23) in DMF at 77 K. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that 3 undergoes gradual spin increase from 2 to 400 K. DFT studies indicate that the deprotonated nitrogen in 2 forms a bond to iron(III) exhibiting double bond character (Fe-N, 1.807 Å).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
| | - Debra R Preston
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
| | - Brian J Shay
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA
| | - Amitiva Adhikary
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
| | - Michael D Sevilla
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
| | - Reza Loloee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1322, USA
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1044, USA
| | - Ferman A Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4477, USA
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6
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Jaladanki CK, Shaikh A, Bharatam PV. Biotransformation of Isoniazid by Cytochromes P450: Analyzing the Molecular Mechanism using Density Functional Theory. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2060-2073. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K. Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Akbar Shaikh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, 160 062 Punjab, India
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7
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Zhang X, Li XX, Liu Y, Wang Y. Suicide Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Cyclopropylamines via a Ring-Opening Mechanism: Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Makes a Difference. Front Chem 2017; 5:3. [PMID: 28197402 PMCID: PMC5281577 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-benzyl-N-cyclopropylamine (BCA) has been attracting great interests for decades for its partial suicide inactivation role to cytochrome P450 (P450) via a ring-opening mechanism besides acting as a role of normal substrates. Understanding the mechanism of such partial inactivation is vital to the clinical drug design. Thus, density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations were carried out on such P450-catalyzed reactions, not only on the metabolic pathway, but on the ring-opening inactivation one. Our theoretical results demonstrated that, in the metabolic pathway, besides the normal carbinolamine, an unexpected enamine was formed via the dual hydrogen abstraction (DHA) process, in which the competition between rotation of the H-abstracted substrate radical and the rotation of hydroxyl group of the protonated Cpd II moiety plays a significant role in product branch; In the inactivation pathway, the well-noted single electron transfer (SET) mechanism-involved process was invalidated for its high energy barrier, a proton-coupled electron transfer [PCET(ET)] mechanism plays a role. Our results are consistent with other related theoretical works on heteroatom-hydrogen (X-H, X = O, N) activation and revealed new features. The revealed mechanisms will play a positive role in relative drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhang
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou, China
| | - Yufang Liu
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University Xinxiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou, China
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8
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Xu K, Wang Y, Hirao H. Estrogen Formation via H-Abstraction from the O–H Bond of gem-Diol by Compound I in the Reaction of CYP19A1: Mechanistic Scenario Derived from Multiscale QM/MM Calculations. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Yong Wang
- State
Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research
Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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9
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Chuanprasit P, Goh SH, Hirao H. Benzyne Formation in the Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 by 1-Aminobenzotriazole and N-Benzyl-1-Aminobenzotriazole: Computational Insights. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratanphorn Chuanprasit
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Shu Hui Goh
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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