1
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van der Haven DLH, Köhler S, Schreiner E, In 't Veld PJ. Closed-Form Coexistence Equation for Phase Separation of Polymeric Mixtures in Dissipative Particle Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7485-7498. [PMID: 34196184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, no extensive study of the phase diagram for binary fluid mixtures in dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) has been published. This is especially pertinent for newer parameterization schemes where the self-self interaction, or the effective volume, of different particle types is varied. This work presents an exhaustive study of the parameter space concerning DPD particles with soft interaction potentials. Moreover, we propose a closed-form coexistence equation or binodal curve that is inspired by the Flory-Huggins model. This equation describes the phase diagram of all binary mixtures made up out of monomers, homopolymers, and the mixtures thereof when self-self interactions are varied. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the equation on simulated data, including validation simulations, is 1.02%. The equation can a priori predict the phase separation of mixtures using only DPD interaction parameters. The proposed coexistence equation can therefore be used to directly validate interaction parameters resulting from novel parameterization schemes, including coarse graining and equations of state, without the need for additional simulations. Finally, it is shown that the choice of bond potential markedly influences phase behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingeman L H van der Haven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Köhler
- Polymer Physics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
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2
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Okada K, Brumby PE, Yasuoka K. The influence of random number generation in dissipative particle dynamics simulations using a cryptographic hash function. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250593. [PMID: 33905444 PMCID: PMC8078758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The tiny encryption algorithm (TEA) is widely used when performing dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) calculations in parallel, usually on distributed memory systems. In this research, we reduced the computational cost of the TEA hash function and investigated the influence of the quality of the random numbers generated on the results of DPD calculations. It has already been established that the randomness, or quality, of the random numbers depend on the number of processes from internal functions such as SHIFT, XOR and ADD, which are commonly referred to as “rounds”. Surprisingly, if we choose seed numbers from high entropy sources, with a minimum number of rounds, the quality of the random numbers generated is sufficient to successfully perform accurate DPD simulations. Although it is well known that using a minimal number of rounds is insufficient for generating high-quality random numbers, the combination of selecting good seed numbers and the robustness of DPD simulations means that we can reduce the random number generation cost without reducing the accuracy of the simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshiro Okada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University,Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Paul E. Brumby
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University,Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Yasuoka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University,Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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3
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Abstract
High-order charge transfer is incorporated into the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method using a charge transfer state with fractional charges. This state is used for a partition analysis of properties based on segments that may be different from fragments in FMO. The partition analysis is also formulated for calculations without fragmentation. All development in this work is limited to density-functional tight-binding. The analysis is applied to a water cluster, crambin (PDB: 1CBN), and two complexes of Trp-cage (1L2Y) with ligands. The contributions of functional groups in ligands are obtained, providing useful information for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
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4
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Influences of interface structure on tribological properties of engineering polymer blends: a review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Polymer blends have been widely used as tribological materials for replacements of traditional metals and ceramics. Polymer blends consist of the reinforced phase, the matrix phase and interfaces between reinforced and matrix phase. Although the interface structure of polymer blends is usually small in size, it is one of the key factors for deciding the physical and tribological properties of polymer blends. Thus, this review highlights the most recent trends in the field of influences of interface structure on tribological properties of engineering polymer blends. Emphasis is given to the improvement methods of interfacial compatibility of polymer blends and the behavior variation of interface structure during friction process.
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5
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Lavagnini E, Cook JL, Warren PB, Williamson MJ, Hunter CA. A Surface Site Interaction Point Method for Dissipative Particle Dynamics Parametrization: Application to Alkyl Ethoxylate Surfactant Self-Assembly. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5047-5055. [PMID: 32510951 PMCID: PMC7309324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Dissipative
particle dynamics (DPD) is a coarse-grained approach
to the simulation of large supramolecular systems, but one limitation
has been that the parameters required to describe the noncovalent
interactions between beads are not readily accessible. A first-principles
computational method has been developed so that bead interaction parameters
can be calculated directly from ab initio gas-phase
molecular electrostatic potential surfaces of the molecular fragments
that represent the beads. A footprinting algorithm converts the molecular
electrostatic potential surfaces into a discrete set of surface site
interaction points (SSIPs), and these SSIPs are used in the SSIMPLE
(surface site interaction model for the properties of liquids at equilibrium)
algorithm to calculate the free energies of transfer of one bead into
a solution of any other bead. The bead transfer free energies are
then converted into the required DPD interaction parameters for all
pairwise combinations of different beads. The reliability of the parameters
was demonstrated using DPD simulations of a range of alkyl ethoxylate
surfactants. The simulations reproduce the experimentally determined
values of the critical micelle concentration and mean aggregation
number well for all 22 surfactants studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Lavagnini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Joanne L Cook
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington CH63 3JW, U.K
| | - Patrick B Warren
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington CH63 3JW, U.K.,The Hartree Centre, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - Mark J Williamson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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6
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Huang LH, Wu CH, Hua CC, Huang TJ. Multiscale simulations of coupled composition-stress-morphology of binary polymer blend. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Arai N, Kobayashi Y, Yasuoka K. A biointerface effect on the self-assembly of ribonucleic acids: a possible mechanism of RNA polymerisation in the self-replication cycle. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6691-6698. [PMID: 32163058 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09537c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of intensive research, many questions remain on the formation and growth of the first cells on Earth. Here, we used computer simulation to compare the self-assembly process of ribonucleic acids in two environments: enclosed in a vesicle-cell membrane and in the bulk. The self-assembly was found to be more favoured in the former environment, and the origin of such a biointerface effect was identified. These results will contribute to a better understanding of the origin of life on the primitive Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Arai
- Department of Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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8
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Abstract
Basic concepts in the analysis of binding using the fragment molecular orbital method are discussed at length: polarization, desolvation, and interaction. The components in the pair interaction energy decomposition analysis are introduced, and the analysis is illustrated for a water dimer and a protein-ligand complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.
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9
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Fedorov DG. Solvent Screening in Zwitterions Analyzed with the Fragment Molecular Orbital Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:5404-5416. [PMID: 31461277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Based on induced solvent charges, a new model of solvent screening is developed in the framework of the fragment molecular orbital combined with the polarizable continuum model. The developed model is applied to analyze interactions in a prototypical zwitterionic system, sodium chloride in water, and it is shown that the large underestimation of the interaction in the original solvent screening based on local charges is successfully corrected. The model is also applied to a complex of the Trp-cage (PDB: 1L2Y ) miniprotein with an anionic ligand, and the physical factors determined protein-ligand binding in solution are unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat) , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1 , Tsukuba 305-8568 , Japan
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10
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Watanabe C, Watanabe H, Okiyama Y, Takaya D, Fukuzawa K, Tanaka S, Honma T. Development of an automated fragment molecular orbital (FMO) calculation protocol toward construction of quantum mechanical calculation database for large biomolecules . CHEM-BIO INFORMATICS JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1273/cbij.19.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- Education Center on Computational Science and Engineering, Kobe University
| | - Yoshio Okiyama
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN
- National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
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11
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Hideo D, Koji O, Takamitsu N, Sona S, Yuji M. A portable code for dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations with additional specific interactions. CHEM-BIO INFORMATICS JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1273/cbij.18.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doi Hideo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
| | - Okuwaki Koji
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
| | - Naito Takamitsu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
| | - Saitou Sona
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
| | - Mochizuki Yuji
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
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12
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Okuwaki K, Mochizuki Y, Doi H, Ozawa T. Fragment Molecular Orbital Based Parametrization Procedure for Mesoscopic Structure Prediction of Polymeric Materials. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:338-347. [PMID: 29285920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the analyses of miscibility behaviors of macromolecules and polymers, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations are generally performed. In these simulations, the so-called χ parameters describing the effective interactions among particles are crucial. It has been known that such parameters can be obtained within the classical or empirical force field frameworks. However, there is a potential problem that charge transfer and polarization occasionally occur. Additionally, satisfactory reference parameters are not available for some cases. Therefore, we developed a new procedure to evaluate the set of parameters by using the ab initio fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method which can provide the set of interaction energies among segments as polymer units. Moreover, we evaluated the anisotropy of molecules by using the FMO-based effective interaction parameters for three standard binary mixture systems (hexane-nitrobenzene, polyisobutylene-diisobutyl ketone, and polyisoprene-polystyrene). The calculated values showed good agreement with the experimental values with about 10% errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okuwaki
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University , 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University , 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hideo Doi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University , 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Taku Ozawa
- JSOL Corporation , 2-5-24 Harumi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0053, Japan
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13
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SHINSHO E, OKUWAKI K, DOI H, MOCHIZUKI Y, FURUISHI T, FUKUZAWA K, YONEMOCHI E. Formation Mechanism of Lipid Membrane and Vesicle Using Small Angle X-ray Scattering and Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) Method. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji SHINSHO
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa,Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Koji OKUWAKI
- College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo DOI
- College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji MOCHIZUKI
- College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Takayuki FURUISHI
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa,Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori FUKUZAWA
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa,Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Etsuo YONEMOCHI
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa,Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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14
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OKUWAKI K, DOI H, MOCHIZUKI Y, OZAWA T, YASUOKA K, FUKUZAWA K. Development and Application of FMO Calculation − DPD Simulation Conbination Scheme. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji OKUWAKI
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University (3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan)
| | - Hideo DOI
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo (4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan)
- Present address: Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Yuji MOCHIZUKI
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University (3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan)
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo (4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan)
| | - Taku OZAWA
- JSOL Corporation (2-5-24 Harumi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0053, Japan)
| | - Kenji YASUOKA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University (3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 223-8522 Japan)
| | - Kaori FUKUZAWA
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo (4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University (2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan)
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15
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OKUWAKI K, DOI H, MOCHIZUKI Y. An automated framework to evaluate effective interactionparameters for dissipative particle dynamics simulations basedon the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2017-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji OKUWAKI
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo DOI
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji MOCHIZUKI
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8503, Japan
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16
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Okuwaki K, Mochizuki Y, Doi H, Kawada S, Ozawa T, Yasuoka K. Theoretical analyses on water cluster structures in polymer electrolyte membrane by using dissipative particle dynamics simulations with fragment molecular orbital based effective parameters. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34582-34595. [PMID: 35548624 PMCID: PMC9086946 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07428c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesoscopic structures of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) affect the performances of fuel cells. Nafion® with the Teflon® backbone has been the most widely used of all PEMs, but sulfonated poly-ether ether-ketone (SPEEK) having an aromatic backbone has drawn interest as an alternative to Nafion. In the present study, a series of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations were performed to compare Nafion and SPEEK. These PEM polymers were modeled by connected particles corresponding to the hydrophobic backbone and the hydrophilic moiety of sulfonic acid group. The water particle interacting with Nafion particles was prepared as well. The crucial interaction parameters among DPD particles were evaluated by a series of calculations based on the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method in a non-empirical way (Okuwaki et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 2018, 122, 338–347). Through the DPD simulations, the water and hydrophilic particles aggregated, forming cluster networks surrounded by the hydrophobic phase. The structural features of formed water clusters were investigated in detail. Furthermore, the differences in percolation behaviors between Nafion and SPEEK revealed much better connectivity among water clusters by Nafion. The present FMO-DPD simulation results were in good agreement with available experimental data. The mesoscopic structures of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) affect the performances of fuel cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okuwaki
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules
- Faculty of Science
- Rikkyo University
- Toshima-ku
- Japan
| | - Yuji Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules
- Faculty of Science
- Rikkyo University
- Toshima-ku
- Japan
| | - Hideo Doi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules
- Faculty of Science
- Rikkyo University
- Toshima-ku
- Japan
| | - Shutaro Kawada
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules
- Faculty of Science
- Rikkyo University
- Toshima-ku
- Japan
| | | | - Kenji Yasuoka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
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17
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DOI H, SAITOU S, OKUWAKI K, NAITO T, MOCHIZUKI Y. Development and Performance Evaluation of a Simulation Code for Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) CAMUS. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2017-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo DOI
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi ikebukuro, Toshima ku, Tokyo 171-8501,
| | - Sona SAITOU
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi ikebukuro, Toshima ku, Tokyo 171-8501,
| | - Koji OKUWAKI
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi ikebukuro, Toshima ku, Tokyo 171-8501,
| | - Takamitsu NAITO
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi ikebukuro, Toshima ku, Tokyo 171-8501,
| | - Yuji MOCHIZUKI
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi ikebukuro, Toshima ku, Tokyo 171-8501,
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4 - 6 - 1 Komaba, Meguro - ku, Tokyo 153 - 8503, Japan
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