1
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Loos PF, Jacquemin D. A mountaineering strategy to excited states: Accurate vertical transition energies and benchmarks for substituted benzenes. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1791-1805. [PMID: 38661240 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to expand the existing QUEST database of accurate vertical transition energies [Véril et al. WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci. 2021, 11, e1517], we have modeled more than 100 electronic excited states of different natures (local, charge-transfer, Rydberg, singlet, and triplet) in a dozen of mono- and di-substituted benzenes, including aniline, benzonitrile, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, nitrobenzene, among others. To establish theoretical best estimates for these vertical excitation energies, we have employed advanced coupled-cluster methods including iterative triples (CC3 and CCSDT) and, when technically possible, iterative quadruples (CC4). These high-level computational approaches provide a robust foundation for benchmarking a series of popular wave function methods. The evaluated methods all include contributions from double excitations (ADC(2), CC2, CCSD, CIS(D), EOM-MP2, STEOM-CCSD), along with schemes that also incorporate perturbative or iterative triples (ADC(3), CCSDR(3), CCSD(T)(a) ⋆ , and CCSDT-3). This systematic exploration not only broadens the scope of the QUEST database but also facilitates a rigorous assessment of different theoretical approaches in the framework of a homologous chemical series, offering valuable insights into the accuracy and reliability of these methods in such cases. We found that both ADC(2.5) and CCSDT-3 can provide very consistent estimates, whereas among less expensive methods SCS-CC2 is likely the most effective approach. Importantly, we show that some lower order methods may offer reasonable trends in the homologous series while providing quite large average errors, and vice versa. Consequently, benchmarking the accuracy of a model based solely on absolute transition energies may not be meaningful for applications involving a series of similar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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2
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Bai FY, Liu XH, Meng TT, Yu Z, Wang YC, Ni S, Zhao Z. Atmospheric chemistry of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde: Initiated by photo-excitation, OH-oxidation, and small TiO 2 clusters adsorption catalysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:123-137. [PMID: 38105041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The fate of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (2-NBA) is of interest in atmospheric chemistry as it is a semi-volatile organic compound with high photosensitivity. This study presents a quantum chemical study of the gas-phase reactions of 2-NBA photo-excitation and OH-oxidation in the absence and presence of small TiO2 clusters. To further understand the unknown photolysis mechanism, the photo-reaction pathways of ground singlet state and the lying excited triplet state of 2-NBA were investigated including the initial and subsequent reactions of proton transfer, direct CO, NO2, and HCO elimination routes in the presence of O2 and NO. Meanwhile, the OH-mediated degradation of 2-NBA proceeded via five H-extraction and six OH-addition channels by indirect mechanism, which follows a succession of reaction steps initiated by the formation of weakly stable intermediate complexes. The H-extraction from the -CHO group was the dominant pathway with a negative activation energy of -1.22 kcal/mol. The calculated rate coefficients at 200-600 K were close to the experimental data in literature within 308-352 K, and the kinetic negative temperature independence was found in both experimental literature and computational results. Interestingly, 2-NBA was favored to be captured onto small TiO2 clusters via six adsorption configurations formed via various combination of three types of bonds of Ti···O, Ti···C, and O···H between the molecularly adsorbed 2-NBA and TiO2 clusters. Comparison indicted that the chemisorptions of aldehyde oxygen have largest energies. The results suggested adsorption conformations have a respectable impact on the catalysis barrier. This study is significant for understanding the atmospheric chemistry of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yang Bai
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Xiang-Huan Liu
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Ting-Ting Meng
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yi-Chen Wang
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Shuang Ni
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China.
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3
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Lau N, Ghosh D, Bourne-Worster S, Kumar R, Whitaker WA, Heitland J, Davies JA, Karras G, Clark IP, Greetham GM, Worth GA, Orr-Ewing AJ, Fielding HH. Unraveling the Ultrafast Photochemical Dynamics of Nitrobenzene in Aqueous Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10407-10417. [PMID: 38572973 PMCID: PMC11027148 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds are major constituents of the brown carbon aerosol particles in the troposphere that absorb near-ultraviolet (UV) and visible solar radiation and have a profound effect on the Earth's climate. The primary sources of brown carbon include biomass burning, forest fires, and residential burning of biofuels, and an important secondary source is photochemistry in aqueous cloud and fog droplets. Nitrobenzene is the smallest nitroaromatic molecule and a model for the photochemical behavior of larger nitroaromatic compounds. Despite the obvious importance of its droplet photochemistry to the atmospheric environment, there have not been any detailed studies of the ultrafast photochemical dynamics of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution. Here, we combine femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry calculations to investigate the primary steps following the near-UV (λ ≥ 340 nm) photoexcitation of aqueous nitrobenzene. To understand the role of the surrounding water molecules in the photochemical dynamics of nitrobenzene, we compare the results of these investigations with analogous measurements in solutions of methanol, acetonitrile, and cyclohexane. We find that vibrational energy transfer to the aqueous environment quenches internal excitation, and therefore, unlike the gas phase, we do not observe any evidence for formation of photoproducts on timescales up to 500 ns. We also find that hydrogen bonding between nitrobenzene and surrounding water molecules slows the S1/S0 internal conversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
A. Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Deborin Ghosh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | | | - Rhea Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - William A. Whitaker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Jonas Heitland
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Julia A. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Gabriel Karras
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Graham A. Worth
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Helen H. Fielding
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
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4
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Crane S, Garrow M, Lane PD, Robertson K, Waugh A, Woolley JM, Stavros VG, Paterson MJ, Greaves SJ, Townsend D. The Value of Different Experimental Observables: A Transient Absorption Study of the Ultraviolet Excitation Dynamics Operating in Nitrobenzene. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6425-6436. [PMID: 37494478 PMCID: PMC10424241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Excess energy redistribution dynamics operating in nitrobenzene under hexane and isopropanol solvation were investigated using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) with a 267 nm pump and a 340-750 nm white light continuum probe. The use of a nonpolar hexane solvent provides a proxy to the gas-phase environment, and the findings are directly compared with a recent time-resolved photoelectron imaging (TRPEI) study on nitrobenzene using the same excitation wavelength [L. Saalbach et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 2021, 125, 7174-7184]. Of note is the observation of a 1/e lifetime of 3.5-6.7 ps in the TAS data that was absent in the TRPEI measurements. This is interpreted as a dynamical signature of the T2 state in nitrobenzene─analogous to observations in the related nitronaphthalene system, and additionally supported by previous quantum chemistry calculations. The discrepancy between the TAS and TRPEI measurements is discussed, with the overall findings providing an example of how different spectroscopic techniques can exhibit varying sensitivity to specific steps along the overall reaction coordinate connecting reactants to photoproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart
W. Crane
- Institute
of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Malcolm Garrow
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Paul D. Lane
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Kate Robertson
- Institute
of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Alex Waugh
- Institute
of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Jack M. Woolley
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Stuart J. Greaves
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute
of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
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5
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Saalbach L, Kotsina N, Crane SW, Paterson MJ, Townsend D. Ultraviolet Excitation Dynamics of Nitrobenzenes. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7174-7184. [PMID: 34379417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron imaging was used to investigate nonadiabatic processes operating in the excited electronic states of nitrobenzene and three methyl-substituted derivatives: 3,5-, 2,6-, and 2,4-dimethylnitrobenzene. The primary goal was evaluating the dynamical impact of the torsional angle between the NO2 group and the benzene ring plane-something previously implicated in mediating the propensity for branching into different photodissociation pathways (NO vs NO2 elimination). Targeted, photoinitiated release of NO radicals is of interest for clinical medicine applications, and there is a need to establish basic structure-dynamics-function principles in systematically varied model systems following photoexcitation. Within our 200 ps experimental detection window, we observed no significant differences in the excited-state lifetimes exhibited by all species under study using a 267 nm pump and ionization with an intense 400 nm probe. In agreement with previous theoretical predictions, this suggests that the initial energy redistribution dynamics within the singlet and triplet manifolds are driven by motions localized predominantly on the NO2 group. Our findings also imply that both NO and NO2 elimination occur from a vibrationally hot ground state on extended (nanosecond) timescales, and any variations in NO vs NO2 branching upon site-selective methylation are due to steric effects influencing isomerization prior to dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Saalbach
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Nikoleta Kotsina
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Stuart W Crane
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Martin J Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.,Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
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6
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Loos PF, Comin M, Blase X, Jacquemin D. Reference Energies for Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Excitations. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3666-3686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Xavier Blase
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Inst NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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7
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Thurston R, Brister MM, Belkacem A, Weber T, Shivaram N, Slaughter DS. Time-resolved ultrafast transient polarization spectroscopy to investigate nonlinear processes and dynamics in electronically excited molecules on the femtosecond time scale. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:053101. [PMID: 32486703 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel experimental technique to investigate ultrafast dynamics in photoexcited molecules by probing the 3rd-order nonlinear optical susceptibility. A non-collinear 3-pulse scheme is developed to probe the ultrafast dynamics of excited electronic states using the optical Kerr effect. Optical homodyne and optical heterodyne detections are demonstrated to measure the 3rd-order nonlinear optical response for the S1 excited state of liquid nitrobenzene, which is populated by 2-photon absorption of a 780 nm 40 fs excitation pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Thurston
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matthew M Brister
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ali Belkacem
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Thorsten Weber
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Niranjan Shivaram
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel S Slaughter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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8
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Thurston R, Brister MM, Tan LZ, Champenois EG, Bakhti S, Muddukrishna P, Weber T, Belkacem A, Slaughter DS, Shivaram N. Ultrafast Dynamics of Excited Electronic States in Nitrobenzene Measured by Ultrafast Transient Polarization Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2573-2579. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Thurston
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew M. Brister
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Liang Z. Tan
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elio G. Champenois
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Said Bakhti
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pavan Muddukrishna
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thorsten Weber
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ali Belkacem
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel S. Slaughter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Niranjan Shivaram
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Jhang WR, Lai HY, Lin YC, Lee C, Lee SH, Lee YY, Ni CK, Tseng CM. Triplet vs πσ* state mediated N–H dissociation of aniline. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:141101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5121350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ru Jhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Ying Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chin Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Yu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Cheikh W, Rózsa ZB, Camacho López CO, Mizsey P, Viskolcz B, Szőri M, Fejes Z. Urethane Formation with an Excess of Isocyanate or Alcohol: Experimental and Ab Initio Study. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101543. [PMID: 31546721 PMCID: PMC6835639 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinetic and mechanistic investigation of the alcoholysis of phenyl isocyanate using 1-propanol as the alcohol was undertaken. A molecular mechanism of urethane formation in both alcohol and isocyanate excess is explored using a combination of an accurate fourth generation Gaussian thermochemistry (G4MP2) with the Solvent Model Density (SMD) implicit solvent model. These mechanisms were analyzed from an energetic point of view. According to the newly proposed two-step mechanism for isocyanate excess, allophanate is an intermediate towards urethane formation via six-centered transition state (TS) with a reaction barrier of 62.6 kJ/mol in the THF model. In the next step, synchronous 1,3-H shift between the nitrogens of allophanate and the cleavage of the C–N bond resulted in the release of the isocyanate and the formation of a urethane bond via a low-lying TS with 49.0 kJ/mol energy relative to the reactants. Arrhenius activation energies of the stoichiometric, alcohol excess and the isocyanate excess reactions were experimentally determined by means of HPLC technique. The activation energies for both the alcohol (measured in our recent work) and the isocyanate excess reactions were lower compared to that of the stoichiometric ratio, in agreement with the theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Cheikh
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Borbála Rózsa
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary.
| | | | - Péter Mizsey
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary.
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary.
| | - Milán Szőri
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Fejes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros A/2, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary.
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