Local pH at the surface of hen egg white lysozyme

A novel c-type lysozyme from Litopenaeus vannamei exhibits potent antimicrobial activity

Lysozyme is relevant to the innate immune system as a vital protein for crustaceans. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a novel c-type lysozyme gene (LvLYZ) from the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The obtained full-length cDNA of LvLYZ was 990 bp and contained an open reading frame of 693 bp. Its deduced amino acid sequence consisted of 230 amino acids (aa) with a 17 aa signal peptide at the N-terminal and 130 aa functional domains. The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) indicated that the typical active sites in LvLYZ were similarly conserved as c-type lysozymes from other species. The transcription of LvLYZ appeared in all detected tissues and had relatively higher expression levels in hemocytes, hepatopancreas, gill and intestine. The mRNA expression profiles of LvLYZ were up-regulated in hemocyte and hepatopancreas post the stimulation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus or white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), respectively. The recombinant protein of LvLYZ (rLvLYZ) exhibited antibacterial activities against various microbes, including Escherichia coli, Vibrio splendidus, Micrococcaus luteus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. These results indicated that LvLYZ could cope with bacteria in L. vannamei and may play a significant role in immune response against invading pathogens.

Hydrolysis and decomposition of waste activated sludge with combined lysozyme and rhamnolipid treatment: Effect of pH

Effect of pH on waste activated sludge (WAS) hydrolysis and decomposition treating with lysozyme and rhamnolipid combined (Ly + RL) was investigated in this study. Results showed that Ly + RL system could significantly improve the release of soluble organic matters at the optimal RL dosage of 0.3 g/gSS and lysozyme dosage of 0.15 g/gSS. Alkali conditions showed better effect than that of acid on the release of soluble organics, improvement of WAS biodegradability and reduction of big floc size within Ly + RL treatment system and the optimal pH was 10. And 9591.6 mg/L soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), 1612.0 mg/L protein and 1211.6 mg/L polysaccharide were released at pH10 after 12 h co-digestion. 83.7% bacteria and 92.2% archaea were decomposed at pH10. Class Gammaproteobacteria (82.4%) was the predominant bacteria after treated by Ly + RL system, and the treated WAS was beneficial for the subsequent organics bio-degradation and volatile fatty acids accumulation.

Molecular characterization, expression and antimicrobial activities of a c-type lysozyme from the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain

Lysozyme is an important immune protein involved in the first line of defense for crustaceans. In the present study, a c-type lysozyme gene (SpLyzC) was cloned and characterized from the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. The full-length cDNA was 849 bp with an open reading frame of 669 bp, and encoded a polypeptide of 223 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 23.7 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.90. SpLyzC shared conserved active sites with c-type lysozymes from other species, detected in all tested tissues and had higher expression levels in hepatopancreas and gill tissues. The expression of SpLyzC was up-regulated in hepatopancreas and gill after infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. The density of bacteria in the hemolymph and the mortality of crabs increased following infection with V. parahaemolyticus after SpLyzC expression was silenced by injecting double-strand RNA of SpLyzC. The recombinant protein of the S. paramamosain c-type lysozyme (rSpLyzC) exhibited antibacterial activities against Micrococcus lysodeikticus, S. aureus, Vibrio harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. These results indicate that SpLyzC could help eliminate bacteria in S. paramamosain and may play an important role in resistance to bacterial infection.