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Kirk SR, Jenkins S. Tools for overcoming reliance on energy-based measures in chemistry: a tutorial review. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5861-5874. [PMID: 37564018 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of literature in the chemical sciences describes fundamental chemical and physical phenomena using scalar measures, such as the energy, even though many phenomena are beyond the scope of scalar-based considerations. This problem exists no matter how accurately the associated energies are calculated. The solution that is explained in this work is to remove the reliance on scalar quantum chemical measures and instead utilize the vector-based and full symmetry-breaking nature of next generation quantum theory of atoms in molecules (NG-QTAIM). The connection with experiment on neutral chiral molecules is explained. A selection of non-energy-based explanations are provided: the functioning of molecular devices, why the cis-effect is the exception rather than the rule, stereochemical phenomena including chiral discrimination, quantifying chiral character of formally achiral molecules, mixed S and R stereoisomer character and the effect of an applied electric field. Current and future developments along with suggestions for future avenues of investigation are discussed. This tutorial review provides the practical details required to implement NG-QTAIM for a range of phenomena that are not accessible with energy-based measures. Step-by-step worked examples are included with data sets and instructions for use of commercial and open-source software along with examples of how to interpret the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Kirk
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
| | - Samantha Jenkins
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
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Peng Y, Yu W, Feng X, Xu T, Früchtl H, van Mourik T, Kirk SR, Jenkins S. The Cis-Effect Explained Using Next-Generation QTAIM. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186099. [PMID: 36144830 PMCID: PMC9506152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used next-generation QTAIM (NG-QTAIM) to explain the cis-effect for two families of molecules: C2X2 (X = H, F, Cl) and N2X2 (X = H, F, Cl). We explained why the cis-effect is the exception rather than the rule. This was undertaken by tracking the motion of the bond critical point (BCP) of the stress tensor trajectories Tσ(s) used to sample the Uσ-space cis- and trans-characteristics. The Tσ(s) were constructed by subjecting the C1-C2 BCP and N1-N2 BCP to torsions ± θ and summing all possible Tσ(s) from the bonding environment. During this process, care was taken to fully account for multi-reference effects. We associated bond-bending and bond-twisting components of the Tσ(s) with cis- and trans-characteristics, respectively, based on the relative ease of motion of the electronic charge density ρ(rb). Qualitative agreement is found with existing experimental data and predictions are made where experimental data is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Peng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Tianlv Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Herbert Früchtl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Tanja van Mourik
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Steven R. Kirk
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Correspondence: (S.R.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Samantha Jenkins
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Correspondence: (S.R.K.); (S.J.)
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Xu T, Nie X, Li S, Yang Y, Früchtl H, van Mourik T, Kirk SR, Paterson MJ, Shigeta Y, Jenkins S. Chirality without Stereoisomers: Insight from the Helical Response of Bond Electrons. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1989-1995. [PMID: 34269504 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The association between molecular chirality and helical characteristics known as the chirality-helicity equivalence is determined for the first time by quantifying a chirality-helicity measure consistent with photoexcitation circular dichroism experiments. This is demonstrated using a formally achiral SN 2 reaction and a chiral SN 2 reaction. Both the achiral and chiral SN 2 reactions possess significant values of the chirality-helicity measure and display a Walden inversion, i. e. an inversion of the chirality between the reactant and product. We also track the chirality-helicity measure along the reaction path and discover the presence of chirality at the transition state and two intermediate structures for both reactions. We demonstrate the need for the chirality-helicity measure to differentiate between steric effects due to eclipsed conformations and chiral behaviors in formally achiral species. We explain the significance of this work for asymmetric synthetic reactions including the intermediate structures where the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) rules cannot be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlv Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Xing Nie
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Shuman Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Herbert Früchtl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Saint Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja van Mourik
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Saint Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R Kirk
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Martin J Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Samantha Jenkins
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Resource, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
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