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Barros ILE, Veiga FF, de Castro-Hoshino LV, Souza M, Malacrida AM, Diniz BV, dos Santos RS, Bruschi ML, Baesso ML, Negri M, Svidzinski TIE. Performance of Two Extracts Derived from Propolis on Mature Biofilm Produced by Candida albicans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010072. [PMID: 36671272 PMCID: PMC9854723 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the Candida genus represent the third most common cause of onychomycosis, the most frequent and difficult to treat nail infection. Onychomycosis has been attributed to fungi organized in biofilm and some natural products have proved promising for its treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of propolis extract (PE) and its by-product (WPE) on 7-day preformed biofilms produced by Candida albicans in polystyrene microplates, as well as in an ex vivo model on human nail fragments. The cytotoxicity and permeation capacity were also assessed. Firstly, multiple parameters were evaluated over 7 days to elucidate the dynamics of biofilm formation by C. albicans. The cell viability and total biomass did not vary much from the beginning; however, days 3 and 4 were crucial in terms of metabolic activity, which was significantly increased, and the levels of extracellular matrix components, wherein proteins and nucleic acids experienced an increase, but polysaccharide levels dropped. Architecturally, one-day biofilm showed a monolayer of organized cells (blastoconidia, hyphae, and pseudohyphae), while in the seven-day biofilm there was a three-dimensional well-structured and complex biofilm. This yeast was also able to form a biofilm on both surfaces of the nail, without an additional nutritional source. Both extracts showed excellent antibiofilm activity against the 7-day preformed biofilm and were not toxic to Vero cells at concentrations compatible with the antifungal and antibiofilm activities. Both extracts permeated the experimentally infected nail, with WPE being more efficient. The results of this study, taken together, reinforce the potential of these natural products, containing propolis, as a safe option for the topical treatment of onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Letícia Esteves Barros
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Flávia Franco Veiga
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Monique Souza
- Department of Physics, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Milene Malacrida
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Vesco Diniz
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Said dos Santos
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State Unversity of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State Unversity of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Mauro Luciano Baesso
- Department of Physics, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Inez Estivalet Svidzinski
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Gupta AK, Wang T, Cooper EA. Dermatophytomas: Clinical Overview and Treatment. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070742. [PMID: 35887497 PMCID: PMC9323405 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytomas are characterized as a hyperkeratotic fungal mass in the subungual space, showing as dense white or yellow, typically in longitudinal streaks or patches. Masses can be visualized by traditional microscopy or histology. Newer technologies such as dermoscopy and optical coherence tomography also provide visual features for dermatophytoma diagnosis. The density of fungal mass, and lack of adherence to the nail structures, as well as possible biofilm development, may play a role in the reduction in drug penetration and subsequent lack of efficacy with traditional oral therapies such as terbinafine and itraconazole. A combination of drug treatment with mechanical or chemical debridement/avulsion has been recommended to increase efficacy. The topical antifungal solutions such as tavaborole, efinaconazole, and luliconazole may reach the dermatophytoma by both the transungual and subungual routes, due to low affinity for keratin and low surface tension. Current data indicates these topicals may provide efficacy for dermatophytoma treatment without debridement/avulsion. Similarly, fosravuconazole (F-RVCZ) has an improved pharmacological profile versus ravuconazole and may be an improved treatment option versus traditional oral therapies. The availability of improved treatments for dermatophytomas is crucial, as resistance to traditional therapies is on the increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K. Gupta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
- Mediprobe Research Inc., 645 Windermere Road, London, ON N5X 2P1, Canada; (T.W.); (E.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-851-9715; Fax: +1-519-657-4233
| | - Tong Wang
- Mediprobe Research Inc., 645 Windermere Road, London, ON N5X 2P1, Canada; (T.W.); (E.A.C.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Cooper
- Mediprobe Research Inc., 645 Windermere Road, London, ON N5X 2P1, Canada; (T.W.); (E.A.C.)
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Costa PDS, Mendes V, Veiga FF, Negri M, Svidzinski TIE. Relevant insights into onychomycosis' pathogenesis related to the effectiveness topical treatment. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105640. [PMID: 35716926 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Onychomycosis (OM) is a fungal infection, responsible for about 50% of nail diseases. OM has been attributed to the ability of fungi to naturally organize themselves into biofilms on nail surfaces. However, little is known about the exact role of the biofilm in the etiopathogenesis of OM, as well as its influence in the permeation of a topical treatment. The objectives of this study were to review the literature for topical OM treatments in clinical trials, assess the efficiency of these treatments, and discuss factors that could affect the success of these treatments. First, a systematic search of articles published in the MEDLINE database (PubMed) between January 2010 and December 2019 was conducted, focusing on drugs under clinical trials for the topical treatment of OM. Of the publications selected, it was clear that none of them had considered the fungi organized in biofilm. Therefore, we reflected on some important variables involved in OM, such as the nail structure and the mechanism of fungal invasion. Some methods, such as histopathologic analysis and spectroscopy techniques, were found to be effective in the detection of nail biofilm, and could be used in future drug permeation studies. This review allowed us to conclude that novel antifungals for the topical treatment of OM must consider the drug to permeate through biofilm. Natural products, such as propolis, seem strong candidates in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyana de Souza Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Franco Veiga
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Colombo Avenue, 5790, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
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