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Mansourkhani Z, Tamini BK, Pishevar Mofrad MH, Karimi M. Comparison of psychological reactions, fear of negative evaluation and mood-emotional alexithymia in successful and unsuccessful people in addiction recovery: a survey of Baluchestan in Iran. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38842598 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2024.2360734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine psychological responses, fear of negative evaluation, and mood-related alexithymia in individuals in addiction recovery who have succeeded versus those who have not. This study employed a causal-comparative design. The research focused on all individuals who sought treatment for addiction at clinics within a specific district in Zahedan city, Iran. Out of the group, 100 individuals were chosen (50 who successfully stopped their addiction and 50 who were unsuccessful in their attempts to quit) through convenience sampling. Data were gathered using the depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Lori's fear of negative evaluation scale, and Toronto's mood-emotional alexithymia scale. Data were examined through both descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance. Based on the results, successful and unsuccessful individuals in addiction recovery showed varying levels of depression, stress, fear of negative evaluation, and having no fear of negative evaluation (p < .01). In simpler terms, unsuccessful individuals in addiction recovery scored higher in depression, stress, fear of negative evaluation, inability feeling emotions, inability to express feelings compared to successful individuals. But successful individuals in addiction recovery obtained higher mean scores than unsuccessful individuals in addiction recovery on having no fear of negative evaluation. According to the findings psychological reactions, fear of negative evaluation and mood-emotional alexithymia play a significant role in addiction treatment and can be helpful in addiction recovery in unsuccessful people in addiction recovery. It is feasible to enhance the effectiveness of addiction recovery by implementing interventions that target the reduction of depression, stress, fear of negative evaluation, and alexithymia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mansourkhani
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Bahman Kord Tamini
- Department of Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Karimi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Zahedan, Zahedan, Iran
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2
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Ginat-Frolich R, Gilboa-Schechtman E, Huppert JD, Aderka IM, Alden LE, Bar-Haim Y, Becker ES, Bernstein A, Geva R, Heimberg RG, Hofmann SG, Kashdan TB, Koster EHW, Lipsitz J, Maner JK, Moscovitch DA, Philippot P, Rapee RM, Roelofs K, Rodebaugh TL, Schneier FR, Schultheiss OC, Shahar B, Stangier U, Stein MB, Stopa L, Taylor CT, Weeks JW, Wieser MJ. Vulnerabilities in social anxiety: Integrating intra- and interpersonal perspectives. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 109:102415. [PMID: 38493675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
What are the major vulnerabilities in people with social anxiety? What are the most promising directions for translational research pertaining to this condition? The present paper provides an integrative summary of basic and applied translational research on social anxiety, emphasizing vulnerability factors. It is divided into two subsections: intrapersonal and interpersonal. The intrapersonal section synthesizes research relating to (a) self-representations and self-referential processes; (b) emotions and their regulation; and (c) cognitive biases: attention, interpretation and judgment, and memory. The interpersonal section summarizes findings regarding the systems of (a) approach and avoidance, (b) affiliation and social rank, and their implications for interpersonal impairments. Our review suggests that the science of social anxiety and, more generally, psychopathology may be advanced by examining processes and their underlying content within broad psychological systems. Increased interaction between basic and applied researchers to diversify and elaborate different perspectives on social anxiety is necessary for progress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Idan M Aderka
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Lynn E Alden
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Amit Bernstein
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronny Geva
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Richard G Heimberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Todd B Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ernst H W Koster
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | - Jon K Maner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Florida, United States of America
| | - David A Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Mental Health Research & Treatment, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Pierre Philippot
- Department of Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Rodebaugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Franklin R Schneier
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Ben Shahar
- The Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, United States of America
| | - Lusia Stopa
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Charles T Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, United States of America
| | - Justin W Weeks
- Department of Psychology, Nebraska Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Matthias J Wieser
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Reuter J, Grocholewski A, Steil R. Associations between olfactory reference disorder and social phobia - results of an internet-based study. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1248496. [PMID: 38515962 PMCID: PMC10954805 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1248496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the similar clinical features of Olfactory Reference Disorder (ORD) and Social Phobia (SP), or studies showing elevated comorbidity of the two disorders, and the conceptualization of ORD as a form of SP in the East Asian culture, to our knowledge, the relationship between ORD and SP has not been investigated. This study examined the association of ORD according to the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and SP in 225 German university / college students who completed self-ratings with regard to socio-demographic data and symptoms of SP and ORD within an anonymous internet-based survey. Symptoms of SP were assessed with the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Symptoms of ORD according to the ICD-11 were assessed with the Olfactory Reference Disorder Questionnaire (ORDQ), developed for this study. In our sample, 86.6% of the participants who met the self-rated features for ORD also met the self-rated criteria for current SP. ORD severity scores were significantly related to SP. Participants with and without self-reported ORD differed significantly in their SP total scores. SP severity was also significantly correlated with poorer insight of ORD-related beliefs, greater ORD-related avoidance of intimate relationships and higher levels of shame and fear of rejection due to body odor. These preliminary findings indicate that ORD could be closely related to SP and highlight the need for future research on the relationship of ORD and SP in order to gain a better understanding of the development, maintenance, treatment and classification of ORD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reuter
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Grocholewski
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Diagnostics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Regina Steil
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Fowler K. Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Canadian Adults: to what Extent Might Social Support Subdomains and Negative Social Interactions Predict Psychological Distress? Psychiatr Q 2023; 94:655-673. [PMID: 37768501 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-023-10055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) may involve persistent and unwarranted anxiety, fear, and rumination, combined with various somatic symptoms (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, muscle tension, and nausea) which may compel many to withdraw socially. While studies report an inverse relationship between social support and psychological distress among adults with GAD, those that assess the distinct influence of negative social relations, particularly by sex are limited. The primary aims of this study were to (a) assess and compare respondents with a lifetime of GAD in terms of levels of perceived social support (using the Social Provisions Scale - 10 Items (SPS-10) Scale), negative social interactions (using the Negative Social Interaction (NSI) Scale) and psychological distress (using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)), and (b) determine whether SPS-10 subdomains and NSIs predict psychological distress. Compared with a matched sample without GAD, respondents with GAD were more likely to be single, divorced, and have lower incomes. Respondents with GAD also had lower overall SPS-10 scores, and lower scores for each subdomain (i.e., 'guidance', 'reliable alliance', 'reassurance of worth', 'attachment', and 'social integration'), and higher NSI and K10 scores. Although no difference in psychological distress was observed between men and women with GAD, men had lower SPS-10 scores (overall and for each subdomain), while women had higher NSIs scores. A subsequent hierarchical regression for respondents with GAD revealed that 'social integration' and 'reassurance of worth' predicted lower psychological distress, while higher NSI scores predicted higher psychological distress. Finding implications and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fowler
- Student Wellness and Counselling Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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Asgarizadeh A, Sharp C, Ghanbari S. Shame-coping clusters: comparisons regarding attachment insecurities, mentalizing deficits, and personality pathology, controlling for general emotion dysregulation. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2023; 10:25. [PMID: 37679853 PMCID: PMC10485966 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-023-00231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND General Emotion Dysregulation (GED) is increasingly implicated as an underlying factor in personality pathology; however, the regulation of specific emotions, such as shame, has been relatively overlooked in the literature. We aimed to identify distinct clusters of shame-coping/regulation and compare them regarding attachment insecurities, mentalizing deficits, and personality pathology, controlling for GED. METHODS A convenience sample of 600 participants (351 females and 249 males) from the general population with ages ranging from 18 to 65 (M = 33.78, SD = 12.80) completed a battery of self-report instruments, measuring shame-coping styles, GED, attachment insecurities, mentalizing deficits, criteria A and B of the alternative model for personality disorders, and borderline personality traits. A two-stage clustering method was employed, with shame-coping styles as the clustering variables. The identified clusters were then compared for their effects on dependent variables using multivariate and univariate analyses. These comparisons were also performed after controlling for GED. RESULTS Multiple determination methods suggested a two-cluster solution: maladaptive and adaptive shame-coping. Attack-self, withdrawal, and attack-other styles were the main discriminators. Compared with the adaptive cluster, the maladaptive cluster was characterized by higher use of maladaptive and lower use of adaptive shame-coping styles. Multivariate analyses demonstrated significant differences for all the between-cluster comparisons, with and without GED as the covariate (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The current study provides evidence for the presence of homogenous clusters of shame-coping in community-based adults. Between-cluster contrasts after controlling for GED suggest that addressing shame-coping could have incremental utility over and above GED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Asgarizadeh
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Shahriari Square, Daneshjou Boulevard, Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Saeed Ghanbari
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Shahriari Square, Daneshjou Boulevard, Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
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Fink-Lamotte J, Hoyer J, Platter P, Stierle C, Exner C. Shame on Me? Love Me Tender! Inducing and Reducing Shame and Fear in Social Anxiety in an Analogous Sample. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN EUROPE 2023; 5:e7895. [PMID: 38356896 PMCID: PMC10863638 DOI: 10.32872/cpe.7895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Shame is considered an important factor in the development and maintenance of many psychological disorders, e.g., social anxiety disorder, and an interesting target point for therapeutic intervention. Method In the present experimental study, we used an online-adopted Autobiographical Emotional Memory Task (AEMT) to induce shame and tested different micro-interventions (self-compassion, cognitive reappraisal, and a control intervention) with respect to their potential to reduce shame intensity. One-hundred-and-fifteen healthy subjects participated in the study and completed a series of self-report questionnaires on self-compassion, shame, and social anxiety. Results The experimental shame induction was well accepted and successful (with significantly heightened feelings of shame); there were no study drop-outs. There was a significant time*condition interaction, which was due the self-compassion-based intervention resulting in a significantly larger reduction of shame than the control condition (counting fishes). In addition, the main effect of the factor experimental condition was further moderated (enhanced) by trait social anxiety and trait self-compassion. Conclusion The findings demonstrate the usefulness of online-adopted AEMT for the experimental induction of shame. They suggest that especially self-compassion interventions can be beneficial in alleviating intense shame experiences, which is in accordance with self-compassion theory. Overall, the results are promising in the context of experimental shame research and its potential clinical impacts call for further replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Fink-Lamotte
- Clinical Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoyer
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pauline Platter
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Exner
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Lear MK, Smith SM, Pilecki B, Stauffer CS, Luoma JB. Social anxiety and MDMA-assisted therapy investigation: a novel clinical trial protocol. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1083354. [PMID: 37520237 PMCID: PMC10379654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1083354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a serious and prevalent psychiatric condition that heavily impacts social functioning and quality of life. Though efficacious treatments exist for SAD, remission rates remain elevated and a significant portion of those affected do not access effective treatment, suggesting the need for additional evidence-based treatment options. This paper presents a protocol for an open-label pilot study of MDMA-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) for social anxiety disorder. The study aims to assess preliminary treatment outcomes, feasibility and safety, and psychological and physiological processes of change in the treatment of SAD with MDMA-AT. A secondary aim includes the development of a treatment manual for MDMA-AT for SAD. Method The outlined protocol is a randomized, open-label delayed treatment study. We will recruit 20 participants who meet criteria with moderate-to-severe social anxiety disorder (SAD) of the generalized subtype. Participants will be randomly assigned to an immediate treatment (n = 10) or delayed treatment condition (n = 10). Those in the immediate treatment condition will proceed immediately to active MDMA-AT consisting of three preparation sessions, two medicine sessions in which they receive oral doses of MDMA, and six integration sessions over approximately a 16-week period. The delayed treatment condition will receive the same intervention after a 16-week delay. Our primary outcome is SAD symptom reduction as measured by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale administered by blinded raters at post-treatment and 6 month follow up. Secondary outcomes include changes in functional impairment, feasibility and safety measures, and novel therapeutic processes of change including shame and shame-related coping, belongingness, self-concealment, and self-compassion at post-treatment. Exploratory outcomes are also discussed. Discussion The results of this pilot trial advance the field's understanding of the acceptability and potential effectiveness of MDMA-AT for social anxiety disorder and provide an overview of relevant therapeutic mechanisms unique to SAD. We hope findings from this protocol will inform the design of subsequent larger-scale randomized controlled trials (RCT) examining the efficacy of MDMA-AT for SAD. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT05138068.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kati Lear
- Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research, and Training Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sarah M. Smith
- Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research, and Training Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brian Pilecki
- Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research, and Training Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Chris S. Stauffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jason B. Luoma
- Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research, and Training Center, Portland, OR, United States
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8
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Emotions in social anxiety disorder: A review. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 95:102696. [PMID: 36878132 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Extant cognitive behavioral models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) have primarily focused on cognitions and behaviors that maintain the disorder. Emotional aspects of SAD have been investigated but have not been sufficiently integrated into current models. To facilitate such integration, we reviewed the literature on emotional constructs (emotional intelligence, emotional knowledge, emotional clarity, emotion differentiation, and emotion regulation), and discrete emotions (anger, shame, embarrassment, loneliness, guilt, pride, and envy) in SAD and social anxiety. We present the studies conducted on these constructs, summarize the main findings, suggest areas for future research, discuss the findings in the context of existing models of SAD and attempt to integrate the findings into these existing models of the disorder. Clinical implications of our findings are also discussed.
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Caldiroli A, Capuzzi E, Tagliabue I, Ledda L, Clerici M, Buoli M. New frontiers in the pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder in adults: an up-to-date comprehensive overview. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:207-219. [PMID: 36519357 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2159373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with scarce functioning and poor quality of life. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are currently first-line treatments, side effects are common and affect treatment compliance in approximately 50% of patients. This review aimed to summarize data on the efficacy of unlabeled molecules for SAD treatment. AREAS COVERED Research in the main psychiatric databases was conducted (PubMed, PsychINFO, and EMBASE-Ovid) to select studies investigating the efficacy of marketed molecules not labeled for SAD treatment. EXPERT OPINION Pregabalin at high doses (450-600 mg/day) appears to be a reliable alternative strategy for SAD treatment. Among the SSRIs not labeled for SAD, citalopram showed the most promising results. Quetiapine, levetiracetam, and other antidepressants/serotonergic agents, such as fluoxetine, duloxetine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, mirtazapine, atomoxetine, nefazodone, vilazodone, and buspirone, presented negative, limited, or contrasting results. Data on anticonvulsants, olanzapine, tiagabine, and ketamine were positive, but preliminary. The risk/benefit ratio must be considered in the prescription of unlabeled compounds; treatment with pregabalin may be associated with somnolence and dizziness. Future research may contribute to the identification of targeted molecules for the treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Caldiroli
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Enrico Capuzzi
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tagliabue
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Luisa Ledda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Buoli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Neuner F. Physical and social trauma: Towards an integrative transdiagnostic perspective on psychological trauma that involves threats to status and belonging. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 99:102219. [PMID: 36395560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Current theories of psychological trauma assume that posttraumatic symptoms originate from stress reactions caused by extremely adverse life experiences. Since the diagnosis of PTSD is restricted to events that involve threats to the physical or sexual integrity of a person, such as accidents and physical and sexual violence, these theories are not well suited to explain the psychopathological consequences of severe violations of one's social integrity, such as emotional abuse and bullying. However, it is evident that social threats contribute to a broad range of mental disorders and increase symptom severity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. The aim of the Physical and Social Trauma (PAST) framework is to extend current memory theories of psychological trauma to incorporate threats to a person's social integrity. Within this perspective, the harmful effects of events that involve social threats result from violations of core social motives such as the need for status and belonging that bring about intense affective reactions, including despair and defeat. Within associative threat structures, these emotions are tied to the stimulus characteristics of the experiences and can be re-activated in social situations. The resulting psychopathology transcends PTSD criteria and other current classifications and suggests a transdiagnostic perspective of psychological trauma. Implications for treatment and further directions for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neuner
- Bielefeld University, Department of Psychology, Postbox 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
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11
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Zha Y, Tang Q, Jin X, Cai X, Gong W, Shao Y, Weng X. Development of social anxiety cognition scale for college students: Basing on Hofmann's model of social anxiety disorder. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1080099. [PMID: 36743247 PMCID: PMC9892844 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1080099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To develop the Chinese version of the Social Anxiety Cognition Scale for College Students (SACS-CS) based on Hofmann's model of social anxiety disorder and examine its reliability and validity. Methods Based on literature analysis and structured interviews, a theoretical model was constructed and behavioral examples were collected. According to the results of participants' and experts' evaluations, the initial SACS-CS was developed. The study data were collected from a total of 500 valid participants, randomly divided into two samples. Sample 1 (n = 200) and sample 2 (n = 300) were considered for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), respectively. Internal reliability and validity were examined using all 500 participants, and temporal reliability was established using sample 3 (n = 70), who completed the scale again after 4 weeks. Results The SACS-CS consists of 21 items, grouped under four factors: self-perception, social skills, emotional control, and cost estimation. The four-factor model fits well. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale and the four factors ranged from 0.87 to 0.96, and the test-retest reliability ranged from 0.76 to 0.84. The scores of the scale and the four factors were significantly correlated with the score of the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (r = 0.54-0.64). Discussion The SACS-CS possesses good reliability and validity and can be applied in the cognitive assessment of college students' social anxiety. The scale could help people with different social anxiety disorder conditions receive more personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zha
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Tang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoru Jin
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinfei Cai
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Gong
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongcong Shao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yongcong Shao, ✉
| | - Xiechuan Weng
- Department of Neuroscience, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Xiechuan Weng, ✉
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12
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Ambusaidi A, Al-Huseini S, Alshaqsi H, AlGhafri M, Chan MF, Al-Sibani N, Al-Adawi S, Qoronfleh MW. The Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Social Anxiety Disorder: A Focused National Survey. CHRONIC STRESS 2022; 6:24705470221081215. [PMID: 35252735 PMCID: PMC8894948 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is among the most common anxiety disorders worldwide with data largely emerging from the Euro-American and Pacific Rim populations. In contrast, there is a dearth of studies among the populations of Arabian Gulf countries including Oman. This study has two interrelated aims: (i) to explore the prevalence of SAD among Omani adults, and (ii) to tease out the links between socio-demographic factors and SAD in Oman. Methods A cross-sectional study via an online survey was conducted among 1019 adult Omani nationals residing in Oman. The presence of SAD was assessed using the Arabic version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Results Nearly half the participants (45.9%, n = 468) exhibited “caseness” for SAD as defined by LSAS. In the multivariate logistic analysis, participants below 40 years of age were 1.6 times (OR = 1.568, p = .026) more likely to have caseness for SAD than those who were 40 and older. Women were 1.3 times (OR = 1.348, p = .038) more likely to exhibit caseness for SAD than men. Participants who had secondary or undergraduate education were respectively 1.5 times (OR = 1.45, p = .014) and 2.5 times (OR = 2.509, p < .001) to have caseness for SAD than those who were graduates. Conclusion The present data suggest that 45.9% of the participants reached the cut-off for caseness in LSAS, which is high compared to reports from other populations. The present accrued frequency is discussed within the context of the accrued response rate, socio-cultural factors as well as the tendency for self-reported measures to “produce” spurious results is also highlighted which, in turn, calls for studies that adopt more inclusive survey methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamal Ambusaidi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences/Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salim Al-Huseini
- Department of Psychiatry, Al-Massarah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hiba Alshaqsi
- Department of Psychiatry, Al-Massarah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Manal AlGhafri
- Department of Psychiatry, Al-Massarah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Moon-Fai Chan
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nasser Al-Sibani
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences/Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences/Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - M. Walid Qoronfleh
- Q3CG Research Institute (QRI), Research & Policy Division, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
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Luan YS, Zhan-Ling G, Mi L, Ying L, Lan B, Tong L. The Experience Among College Students with Social Anxiety Disorder in Social Situations: A Qualitative Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:1729-1737. [PMID: 35996629 PMCID: PMC9391929 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s371402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few individuals have focused on the experience of students during social events, especially among college students with social anxiety disorder. This study aimed to explore the anxiety experience among college students with social anxiety disorder in social situations. METHODS This qualitative interpretive study was conducted on college students who were diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and recruited from two colleges in Heilongjiang Province, China. A total of 7 participants were selected by purposive sampling with maximum variability. Data were collected through semistructured individual interviews, and data analysis was performed by using Colaizzi's 7-step analysis method. RESULTS The findings from the analysis of the interviews were classified into 4 themes and several main categories, including distorted self-awareness (3 main categories), fear of negative reaction from others (2 main categories), adverse reaction of body and mind (4 main categories) and strong desire to seek treatment. CONCLUSION In our study, we sought to understand the anxiety experience among college students with social anxiety disorder in social situations. The study results provide a reference for psychologists and clinical medical staff and establish a scientific basis for the prevention and intervention of social anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Song Luan
- Department of Nursing Science, Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine College, YanTai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao Zhan-Ling
- Department of Nursing Science, Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine College, YanTai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Mi
- Department of Nursing Science, Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine College, YanTai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, YanTai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, YanTai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Lan
- Department of Nursing Science, Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine College, YanTai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Nursing Science, Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine College, YanTai, People's Republic of China
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