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Vinci V, Domenico C, Luca M, Silvia G, Alessandra V, Barbara C, Valeria B, Andrea B, Mattia S, Federico B, Andrea Vittorio Emauele L, Marco K. The evolution of breast prostheses. Breast J 2020; 26:1801-1804. [PMID: 32609401 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Every year approximately 1.5 million prostheses are implanted worldwide for breast augmentation and reconstructive indications. The modern breast implant as we know was released to the open market in 1963. It has gone through intense phases of development which have improved the initially primitive and limited devices to current-day devices, which exhibit a tremendous range of surface textures, sizes, gel consistencies, and anatomical shapes. This article explores the evolution of breast implants providing historical facts and technical details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriano Vinci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maione Luca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giannasi Silvia
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano [Milan], Italy
| | | | - Catania Barbara
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano [Milan], Italy
| | - Bandi Valeria
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano [Milan], Italy
| | - Battistini Andrea
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA IT, Plastic Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano [Milan], Italy
| | - Siliprandi Mattia
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano [Milan], Italy
| | - Barbera Federico
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA IT, Plastic Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano [Milan], Italy
| | - Lisa Andrea Vittorio Emauele
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Klinger Marco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Kaoutzanis C, Winocour J, Unger J, Gabriel A, Maxwell GP. The Evolution of Breast Implants. Semin Plast Surg 2019; 33:217-223. [PMID: 31632203 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1696985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast augmentation remains one of the most commonly performed aesthetic procedures in the United States and worldwide. Throughout the last few decades, the implants used for this procedure have undergone significant advancements, which has allowed surgeons to provide safer and more aesthetically pleasing outcomes. This article discusses the history of breast implants since their invention in 1962. Particular emphasis is given to the evolution of silicone implants with its many challenges, which has resulted in the development of the currently used fourth- and fifth-generation devices. Knowledge of these advances will allow physicians to more critically evaluate their results, and also will encourage them to provide more up-to-date scientific data on these devices to further improve the clinical outcomes of their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Kaoutzanis
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julian Winocour
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jacob Unger
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Allen Gabriel
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California
| | - G Patrick Maxwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Tradeoffs in Implant Selection for Reconstructive Surgery and Adjuncts Utilized to Maximize Aesthetic Outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144:51S-59S. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000005950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shauly O, Gould DJ, Patel KM. Microtexture and the Cell/Biomaterial Interface: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Capsular Contracture and Prosthetic Breast Implants. Aesthet Surg J 2019; 39:603-614. [PMID: 30124780 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjy178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of textured breast implants over smooth implants has been widely shown to have a lower incidence of capsular contracture. However, the impact of micropatterning techniques on the incidence of postoperative patient morbidity has not been comprehensively investigated. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to examine the incidence of capsular contracture, seroma, and implant rippling among the 3 major micropatterning techniques applied in the manufacturing of textured breast implants. METHODS Literature searches of PubMed/Medline and Embase between 1995 and 2017 were performed, and 19 studies were selected for analysis. Data from each study were extracted into a form including mean age, study design, population size, mean follow-up, number of capsular contracture cases, number of seroma cases, and number of rippling cases. Meta-analysis was performed separately for studies that included capsular contracture rates for foam textured implants, imprinted textured implants, and salt-loss textured implants. RESULTS The pooled rate of capsular contracture rates in primary augmentation patients was 3.80% (95% CI, 2.19-5.40) for imprinted textured implants, 4.90% (95% CI, 3.16-6.64) for foam textured implants, 5.27% (95% CI, 3.22-7.31) for salt-loss textured implants, and 15.56% (95% CI, 13.31-18.16) for smooth implants. The results of each meta-analysis were summarized on a forest plot depicting the distribution of capsular contracture rates from each study. CONCLUSIONS Micropatterning of prosthetic implants could drastically reduce postoperative patient morbidity given the advent of recent technologies that allow for more detailed texturing of implant surfaces. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Orr Shauly
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Visscher LE, Cheng M, Chhaya M, Hintz ML, Schantz JT, Tran P, Ung O, Wong C, Hutmacher DW. Breast Augmentation and Reconstruction from a Regenerative Medicine Point of View: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:281-293. [PMID: 28437235 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Breast reconstruction and augmentation are very common procedures, yet the prevailing current methods utilize silicone implants that may have significant local complications requiring reoperation. Lipofillling is increasingly used to contour and is considered safe, however, its utility is limited by significant volume loss. A new approach could offer an alternative and increase the scope of patient choice. A small number of teams around the world are investigating a breast tissue engineering (TE) paradigm. Conventional breast TE concepts are based on seeding a scaffold with the patients' own stem cells. However, the clinical viability of many of these approaches is limited by their costs in relevant volumes. In this article the state of the art of tissue-engineered breast reconstruction is reviewed and future perspectives are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke E Visscher
- 1 Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Australia .,2 School of Medicine, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Cheng
- 1 Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Australia .,3 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Mohit Chhaya
- 1 Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Australia
| | - Madeline L Hintz
- 1 Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Australia
| | - Jan-Thorsten Schantz
- 4 Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , München, Germany
| | - Phong Tran
- 1 Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Australia
| | - Owen Ung
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia .,5 Surg 1, Breast Endocrine Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clement Wong
- 2 School of Medicine, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia .,5 Surg 1, Breast Endocrine Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- 1 Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Australia .,6 ARC Centre in Additive Biomanufacturing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
Breast Augmentation remains as one of the most common procedures performed in the United States. This article explores the evolution of breast implants with special emphasis on the advancement of the silicone implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Patrick Maxwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Allen Gabriel
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Abstract
Breast augmentation remains one of the most common procedures performed in the United States. However, shape, feel, safety, and longevity of the implants remain important areas of research. The data provided by manufacturers show the safety and efficacy of these medical devices. Clinicians should strive to provide ongoing data and sound science to continue to improve clinical outcomes in the future. This article explores the evolution of breast implants with special emphasis on the advancement of silicone implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Gabriel
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 11175 Campus Street, Suite 21126, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - G Patrick Maxwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 11175 Campus Street, Suite 21126, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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A retrospective analysis of ruptured breast implants. Arch Plast Surg 2014; 41:734-9. [PMID: 25396188 PMCID: PMC4228218 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2014.41.6.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rupture is an important complication of breast implants. Before cohesive gel silicone implants, rupture rates of both saline and silicone breast implants were over 10%. Through an analysis of ruptured implants, we can determine the various factors related to ruptured implants. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 72 implants that were removed for implant rupture between 2005 and 2014 at a single institution. The following data were collected: type of implants (saline or silicone), duration of implantation, type of implant shell, degree of capsular contracture, associated symptoms, cause of rupture, diagnostic tools, and management. Results Forty-five Saline implants and 27 silicone implants were used. Rupture was diagnosed at a mean of 5.6 and 12 years after insertion of saline and silicone implants, respectively. There was no association between shell type and risk of rupture. Spontaneous was the most common reason for the rupture. Rupture management was implant change (39 case), microfat graft (2 case), removal only (14 case), and follow-up loss (17 case). Conclusions Saline implants have a shorter average duration of rupture, but diagnosis is easier and safer, leading to fewer complications. Previous-generation silicone implants required frequent follow-up observation, and it is recommended that they be changed to a cohesive gel implant before hidden rupture occurs.
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Pan Y, Shi K, Peng C, Wang W, Liu Z, Ji X. Evaluation of hydrophobic polyvinyl-alcohol formaldehyde sponges as absorbents for oil spill. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:8651-8659. [PMID: 24797603 DOI: 10.1021/am5014634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Macroporous materials are a class of absorbents used for oil spill cleanup. In this article, novel macroporous and hydrophobic polyvinyl formaldehyde (PVF-H) sponges were prepared by the reaction of stearoyl chloride with hydroxyl groups of hydrophilic PVF sponge at different temperatures. Attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the successfully anchoring of hydrophobic stearoyl groups on the PVF networks. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated that the as-prepared PVF-H had interconnected open-cell structures, and mercury intrusion porosimetry indicated that the average pore size ranged from 60 to 90 μm and porosity was greater than 94.8%. Such PVF-H sponges can absorb oil products effectively, such as toluene, n-hexane, kerosene, soybean oil, hydraulic oil, and crude oil up to 13.7 g·g(-1) to 56.6 g·g(-1), and this level of absorption was approximately 2-4 times higher than that absorbed by commercial polypropylene nonwoven mat. In low-viscosity oils, the samples can reach the saturated absorption amount only in 1 min, but in higher-viscosity oils, absorption equilibrium can be reached in 10 min. In a simulated oil slick system, these macroporous and hydrophobic sponges can still maintain high oil absorption capacities within the range of 14.4 g·g(-1) to 57.6 g·g(-1), whereas a relatively low absorption rate (approximately 20 min) indicated high absorption performance and excellent selectivity in the oil-water mixture. In addition, the absorbed oils were collected effectively only through a simple squeeze. The PVF-H sponges were subjected to 35 absorption-squeeze cycles and exhibited good reusability and 90% recovery for oils. The samples prepared at different temperatures differed in their absorption capacities to some extent. However, this new kind of macroporous and PVF-H sponges had excellent absorption performance on oil products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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Pan Y, Peng C, Wang W, Shi K, Liu Z, Ji X. Preparation and absorption behavior to organic pollutants of macroporous hydrophobic polyvinyl alcohol–formaldehyde sponges. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03278k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of macroporous hydrophobic polyvinyl alcohol–formaldehyde sponges (PVF–Gn–Hms) are preparedviathe reactions of hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol–formaldehyde (PVF) sponges with glutaraldehyde (GA) and fatty acyl chloride. Both ATR-IR and solid-state CP/MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Weicai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Kai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Xiangling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022, P.R. China
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Pan Y, Wang W, Peng C, Shi K, Luo Y, Ji X. Novel hydrophobic polyvinyl alcohol–formaldehyde foams for organic solvents absorption and effective separation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43907k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Initial experience with the use of foetal/neonatal bovine acellular dermal collagen matrix (SurgiMend™) for tissue-expander breast reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66:1195-201. [PMID: 23768943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is commonly used in staged breast reconstruction using tissue expanders (TEs). The literature on human ADM has reported variable outcomes, and there is a paucity of data for xenogenic sources of ADM. The aim of this study is to evaluate the early complications, risk factors and outcomes using SurgiMend™ in staged breast reconstruction. METHODS An Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved, retrospective analysis of a single surgeon's experience was performed. From August 2009 to May 2011, 65 patients underwent staged breast reconstruction using 95 sheets of SurgiMend™. The nominal TE fill volume was 383 ± 83 cc (range 250-550), mean intra-operative fill volume was 148 ± 86 cc (range 0-350) and mean final fill volume was 413 ± 176 cc (range 100-800). The mean clinic follow-up time was 16.9 ± 8.7 months; mean age was 50.9 ± 11.7 years; and average body mass index (BMI) was 26.0 ± 5.5 kg m(-2). Correlation with risk factors and clinical outcomes were analysed. RESULTS The incidences of postoperative complications were: haematoma 3.2%, seroma 7.5% and re-operation due to infection 2.1%. Age, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension had a significant correlation with an increased overall complication rate. With respect to early complications, such as infection requiring re-operation, diabetes demonstrated a trend with an odds ratio of 11.69. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the use of SurgiMend™ is associated with low early complication rates and is well tolerated in staged breast reconstruction.
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Maxwell GP, Gabriel A. Efficacy of acellular dermal matrices in revisionary aesthetic breast surgery: a 6-year experience. Aesthet Surg J 2013; 33:389-99. [PMID: 23439064 DOI: 10.1177/1090820x13478967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmentation mammaplasty and augmentation mastopexy are associated with a substantial primary and secondary revision rate. Capsular contracture (CC), implant malposition, ptosis, asymmetry, and rippling are the main reasons for revisionary surgery in these patients. Traditional corrective techniques have not been completely reliable in preventing or treating these complications. Recently, acellular dermal matrices (ADM) have been used to assist with revisionary surgery with promising results. OBJECTIVE The authors review their 6-year experience using ADM for revisionary surgery in aesthetic patients and evaluate long-term outcomes with this approach. METHODS Patients who underwent revisionary breast augmentation or augmentation mastopexy with ADM in conjunction with standard techniques over a 6-year period between October 2005 and December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Only patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included in the analysis. RESULTS A total of 197 revisions were performed (197 patients). Reasons for revision included CC (61.8%), implant malposition (31.2%), rippling (4.8%), ptosis (4.8%), implant exposure (1.6%), and breast wound (0.5%). The mean ± SD follow-up period was 3.1 ± 1.1 years (range, 0.1-6.1 years). The complication rate was 4.8%, including Baker grade III/IV CC (1.6%), infection (1.6%), implant malposition (0.5%), hematoma (0.5%), and seroma (0.5%). Most (98%) revisions were successful, with no recurrence of the presenting complaint. CONCLUSIONS The use of ADM in conjunction with standard techniques for the reinforcement of weak tissue in revision augmentation and augmentation mastopexy patients appears to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Patrick Maxwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA
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Abstract
Breast augmentation is one of the most commonly-performed cosmetic procedures worldwide. Unfortunately, many women require revisionary surgery related to unsatisfactory results or complications such as capsular contracture, implant malposition, and ptosis. While, historically, surgeons have relied on often-imperfect native tissue to correct these deformities, acellular dermal matrix (ADM) offers a new option for solving these difficult aesthetic problems. In this article, the authors provide background information about the role of ADM in providing excellent and lasting results to cosmetic breast augmentation patients, and they describe their method of subpectoral revisionary augmentation with ADM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Patrick Maxwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Long-term stability of adipose tissue generated from a vascularized pedicled fat flap inside a chamber. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127:2283-2292. [PMID: 21617462 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3182131c3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies demonstrate the generation and short-term survival of adipose tissue; however, long-term persistence remains elusive. This study evaluates long-term survival and transferability of de novo adipose constructs based on a ligated vascular pedicle and tissue engineering chamber combination. METHODS Defined adipose tissue flaps were implanted into rats in either intact or perforated domed chambers. In half of the groups, the chambers were removed after 10 weeks and the constructs transferred on their vascular pedicle to a new site, where they were observed for a further 10 weeks. In the remaining groups, the tissue construct was observed for 20 weeks inside the chamber. Tissue volume was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging and histologic measures, and constructs were assessed for stability and necrosis. Sections were assessed histologically and for proliferation using Ki-67. RESULTS At 20 weeks, volume analysis revealed an increase in adipose volume from 0.04 ± 0.001 ml at the time of insertion into the chambers to 0.27 ± 0.004 ml in the closed and 0.44 ± 0.014 ml in the perforated chambers. There was an additional increase of approximately 10 to 15 percent in tissue volume in flaps that remained in chambers for 20 weeks, whereas the volume of the transferred tissue not in chambers remained unaltered. Histomorphometric assessment of the tissues documented no signs of hypertrophy, fat necrosis, or atypical changes of the newly generated tissue. CONCLUSION This study presents a promising new method of generating significant amounts of mature, vascularized, stable, and transferable adipose tissue for permanent autologous soft-tissue replacement.
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Reply. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181b4628a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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