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Garza KB, Grabowsky A, Moseley LE, Wright BM, Davis BR, Ford CR. Activities to promote empathy for patients among pharmacy learners: A scoping review. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:911-922. [PMID: 37633755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Provider empathy has been shown to be directly linked to improved patient outcomes. The objective of this scoping review of the literature was to identify and describe learning activities that promote empathy for patients among pharmacy learners. METHODS This scoping review was conducted using the following inclusion criteria: publication in English, activities conducted in any academic pharmacy training program (professional degree program, experiential, residency, or fellowship), description of the learning activity(ies) provided, and focus on the experience of empathy/caring/compassion for patients, either human or animal. Articles were excluded if they focused only on skills such as empathic responding or if they did not describe the learning experience. All study designs other than reviews were included. RESULTS The scoping review revealed 89 full-text articles that met the inclusion criteria. Included studies demonstrated a wide variety of approaches to the design of learning experiences as well as methods of measurement of empathy. Various types of learning modalities have been used to develop empathy in pharmacy learners, with reflection being the most common. A large proportion of studies that assessed empathy development used quasi-experimental or qualitative designs and did not report tests of statistical significance, which would make it difficult to compare the effectiveness of the different learning activities. IMPLICATIONS A variety of approaches have been used among pharmacy learners to develop empathy for patients. Due to the high level of variability in approaches, more rigorous studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of these learning activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Garza
- Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 4306b Walker Building, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Adelia Grabowsky
- Ralph Brown Draughon Library, 231 Mell Street, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Lindsey E Moseley
- Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 2229 Walker Building, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Bradley M Wright
- Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 2229 Walker Building, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Brandy R Davis
- Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, 1330 Walker Building, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Channing R Ford
- Jacksonville State University, Graduate School, 700 Pelham Rd., North Jacksonville, AL 36365, United States.
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Robinson R, Meluski K, Hellem T, Hedwig T, Hansen N, Adams J, Nies M, Salazar K. Rapid Scoping Review: Empathy in Health Sciences Curriculum. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101429. [PMID: 37239715 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Empathy, the process of coming to know, understand, and care for another person, is a skill that can be learned; however, there is not a shared definition of empathy or understanding of how to operationalize empathy into practice. Healthcare worker empathy has been shown to have a beneficial effect on both patient health outcomes and the emotional wellness of healthcare workers. Empathic care is associated with more efficient, cost-effective, improved healthcare, and increased provider trust. The purpose of this rapid scoping review is to identify, compare, and contrast empathy training offered to select healthcare professional students (e.g., nurses, nurse practitioners, and pharmacists) as part of the general curriculum or as an elective. We utilized a rapid scoping review approach to identify potentially relevant peer-reviewed articles and studies for inclusion. Six electronic databases were searched, including: MEDLINE; EMBASE; PUBMed; CINAHL; EBSCOHOST; and ERIC, covering the past 10 years. A total of 4977 citations, 3480 abstracts, and 428 papers were screened. Fifty studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Of those, 21 primarily non-randomized experimental studies published between 2012 and 2021 were included in the final review. Over 80 percent of the training took place in the classroom setting and utilized active learning strategies. There is little consensus on how to best train future healthcare providers to provide empathic care to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Robinson
- College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Kelleen Meluski
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Tracy Hellem
- Mark and Robyn Jones College of Nursing, Montana State University, Missoula, MT 59717, USA
| | - Travis Hedwig
- College of Health, University of Alaska, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Natalie Hansen
- College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Meridian, ID 83642, USA
| | - Jennifer Adams
- College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Meridian, ID 83642, USA
| | - Mary Nies
- College of Health, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - Krista Salazar
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Sahin-Bayindir G, Sukut O, Yilmaz S, Kutlu Y. The Turkish validity and reliability of the Kiersma-Chen empathy scale. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:1096-1102. [PMID: 34216006 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to establish the Turkish validity and reliability of the Kiersma-Chen empathy scale (KCES) and determine its psychometric properties. DESIGN AND METHODS This methodological study was carried out with 227 nursing students between April and May 2019. FINDINGS The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the total scale is 0.854, the test-retest coefficient was high for the total scale (r = 0.989), and total-item correlations ranged between 0.398 and 0.712. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The KCES-TR is a valid and reliable scale to measure empathy in nursing students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Sahin-Bayindir
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Sukut
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevil Yilmaz
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kutlu
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wollen J, Zhao A, Hinman B, Surati D, Wallace D. Improving pharmacy students' empathy and attitudes regarding opioid overdose and substance use disorder in a skills-based learning environment. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:604-611. [PMID: 35715101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Using a skills-based learning environment as a launch pad for developing empathy for patients with substance use disorder or at high risk for opioid overdose allows for learning continuity and early intervention. Empathy for this patient population may reduce bias and stigma associated with negative health outcomes. Previous studies have assessed empathy in pharmacy students, but not in the context of substance use disorder and opioid overdose harm reduction among first professional year pharmacy students in skills-based education. This cohort study aimed to measure the change in empathy and opioid overdose-related attitudes before and after a two-part skills-based learning activity that focused on drug diversion and opioid overdose treatment. METHODS First professional year pharmacy students were given a pre- and post-survey consisting of empathy and attitudes sections. The Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale (KCES) and the Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS) were used. The intervention was a skills-based learning activity with two segments, one that focused on naloxone counseling and the other focused on drug diversion. RESULTS The aggregate mean change in KCES and OOAS scores of the cohort increased by 1.837 (P = .014) and 2.349 (P = .008), respectively. Of note, students with lower baseline empathy and attitudes scores showed more improvement in both KCES and OOAS scores. CONCLUSIONS Students showed improvement in empathy and attitudes regarding opioid overdose and substance use disorder. A larger magnitude of improvement was noted with lower baseline scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wollen
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
| | - Alexa Zhao
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
| | - Breanna Hinman
- PGY1 Pharmacy Resident, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin St, MB 1-053, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Dhara Surati
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
| | - David Wallace
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
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Murry LT, Reist JC, Fravel MA, Knockel LE, Witry MJ. An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study of Standardized Patient Comments on Empathy and Student Communication Scores. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2022; 86:ajpe8642. [PMID: 34301573 PMCID: PMC8887057 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To quantify student pharmacists' communication ability based on scores from standardized patient (SP) communication rubrics, describe and categorize SP comments about student empathy, and test the relationship between students' communication scores and empathy.Methods. A concurrent mixed methods research design was used to assess a graded performance-based assessment (PBA) of student pharmacists that had been conducted at one college of pharmacy. The PBA rubrics (n=218) completed by SPs contained 20 assessment items and space for open-ended feedback. Scoring categories for communication assessment included: yes, inconsistent, no, and not applicable (N/A). Descriptive statistics were calculated for rubric scores. Feedback from standardized patients was analyzed and used to categorize student interactions during the encounter as reflecting high empathy, mixed empathy, or low empathy. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was used to test the relationship between empathy category and communication score.Results. Standardized patients had written comments on 141 of the 218 rubrics (64.7%). The mean communication score was 39.0±1.6 (range, 31-40) out of a maximum 40 points. The total scores for the low, mixed, and high empathy category transformations were 6 (4.3%), 95 (67.4%), and 40 (28.4%), respectively. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA were significant, suggesting that communication scores were different between empathy categories.Conclusion. There was a positive association between students' scores on communication rubrics and student empathy categorization, with student pharmacists exhibiting different levels of clinical empathy. While the PBA of interest was not specifically focused on empathy, SPs frequently provided feedback about empathy to students, suggesting that showing empathy during the encounter was important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Murry
- The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jeffrey C Reist
- The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Laura E Knockel
- The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mathew J Witry
- The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
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Clemens EJ, Reed JB, Baker ES, Baker CM. Effect of death and dying elective on student empathy and attitudes toward mortality. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:1627-1633. [PMID: 34895672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacy graduates should be equipped for one inevitable aspect of health care, mortality, yet only 10% of United States pharmacy curricula courses cover end-of-life (EoL) with limited evidence of effectiveness. This study's objective was to evaluate the impact of an EoL elective on student pharmacists' empathy and attitudes toward mortality and caring for terminally ill persons. METHODS First- through third-year student pharmacists enrolled in an EoL elective. Students completed pre- and post-course surveys on self-perceptions of empathy and mortality. Surveys included the following: Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale (KCES), which assesses empathy of pharmacy and nursing students; revised Collett-Lester Fear of Death and Dying Scale (CL-FODS), which measures fear related to death; and Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FATCOD-B), which measures health care professionals' attitudes toward EoL care. Anonymous identifiers were used to link pre- and post-course surveys and were collected with an online survey software. Data were analyzed using two-sided paired t-tests. RESULTS Twenty-seven student pharmacists completed the elective. The change in overall mean scores for KCES, CL-FODS, and FATCOD-B correlated with increased empathy, reduced fear of death, and increased positive attitudes toward caring for terminal patients (KCES pre-course = 86.15 vs. post-course = 90.37; CL-FODS pre-course = 93.70 vs. post-course = 75.15; FATCOD-B pre-course = 115.89 vs. post-course = 124.04). CONCLUSIONS After the EoL elective, student empathy and attitudes toward mortality and caring for terminally ill persons improved. Implementing EoL concepts in pharmacy curricula should be explored to better prepare graduates in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Clemens
- Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Franciscan Alliance ACO, 700 E Southport Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46227-8553, United States.
| | - Jason B Reed
- Assistant Professor of Library Science, Purdue University Libraries and School of Information Studies, 340 Centennial Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2124, United States.
| | - Emma S Baker
- Purdue College of Pharmacy Third-Year PharmD Student, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2091, United States.
| | - Chelsea M Baker
- Associate Director of Professional Program Laboratories, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-209, United States.
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