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Zhou X, Liao J, Liu Y, Qin H, Xiao X. Symptom aggravation after withdrawal of metal chelating agent therapy in patients with Wilson's disease. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3170. [PMID: 37491953 PMCID: PMC10498091 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the aggravation of clinical symptoms after discontinuation of metal chelating agent therapy in Wilson's disease (WD) patients, analyze the causes of aggravation, and observe the prognosis. METHODS 40 WD patients (cerebral type 30 cases and hepatic type 10 cases) who stopped using metal chelating agent were selected, 40 WD patients with normal therapy, and 10 normal control cases were selected. All patients underwent neurological symptom evaluation using modified Young scale, Child-Pugh liver function grading, metal metabolism, and disease typing. Magnetic sensitivity imaging (SWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRS) were performed. According to the imaging results, WD patients were divided into metal deposition stage, fiber damage stage, and neuron necrosis stage. All patients were treated with metal chelating agent for 6 months. RESULTS The score of modified Young scale in drug withdrawal group was lower than that in normal treatment group before drug withdrawal (p = .032). The score of modified Young scale was higher after drug withdrawal than before (p = .011). The number of Child-Pugh B-grade patients after drug withdrawal was more than that before drug withdrawal and in normal treatment group. The proportion of patients in the stage of neuronal necrosis after drug withdrawal (25%) was higher than that before drug withdrawal (10%) (p = .025). After drug withdrawal, urine copper was significantly higher than that before drug withdrawal and in the normal treatment group (p = .032, .039). After the withdrawal group resumed metal chelating agent treatment, 34.2% of neurological symptoms worsened. CONCLUSIONS WD patients showed neurological symptoms aggravation and increased liver injury after metal chelating agent withdrawal. Increased metal deposition and new nerve injury occurred in the brain. After re-treatment, the aggravated neurological symptoms of WD patients are difficult to reverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxue Zhou
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Jian Liao
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yinjie Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Haolin Qin
- Department of ImagingThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xia Xiao
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
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Sotoudeh H, Sarrami AH, Wang JX, Saadatpour Z, Razaei A, Gaddamanugu S, Choudhary G, Shafaat O, Singhal A. Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Review. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:459-470. [PMID: 33624404 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy increases, there is an increased prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders and dementia. There are many ongoing research trials for early diagnosis and management of dementia, and neuroimaging is a critical part of such studies. However, conventional neuroimaging often fails to provide enough diagnostic findings in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. In this context, different MRI sequences are currently under investigation to facilitate the accurate diagnosis of such disorders. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is an innovative MRI technique that utilizes "magnitude" and "phase" images to produce an image contrast that is sensitive for the detection of susceptibility differences of the tissues. As many neurodegenerative disorders are associated with accelerated iron deposition and/or microhemorrhages in different parts of the brain, SWI can be applied to detect these diagnostic clues. For instance, in cerebral amyloid angiopathy, SWI can demonstrate cortical microhemorrhages, which are predominantly in the frontal and parietal regions. Or in Parkinson disease, abnormal swallow-tail sign on high-resolution SWI is highly diagnostic. Also, SWI is a useful sequence to detect the low signal intensity of precentral cortices in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Being familiar with SWI findings in neurodegenerative disorders is critical for an accurate diagnosis. In this paper, the authors review the technical parameters of SWI, physiologic, and pathologic iron deposition in the brain, and the role of SWI in the evaluation of neurodegenerative disorders in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Sotoudeh
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Jian-Xiong Wang
- Division of Physics and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL
| | - Zahra Saadatpour
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL
| | - Ali Razaei
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL
| | - Siddhartha Gaddamanugu
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) and VA Hospital, Birmingham, AL
| | - Gagandeep Choudhary
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL
| | - Omid Shafaat
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aparna Singhal
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL
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Study on different pathogenic factors in different disease stages of patients with Wilson disease. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3749-3756. [PMID: 33443665 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate in different stages of patients with Wilson disease (WD), there are different pathogenic factors such as metal deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in the brain. METHODS A total of 32 untreated WD patients and 10 normal controls were enrolled in the study. The neurological symptoms were evaluated using the modified Young scale. Liver function, metal metabolism, susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) examination were done. The clinical disease stages were divided into metal deposition period, fiber damage period, and neuronal necrosis period according to the imaging results. The content of 24-h urine copper, serum copper, and serum iron; and the levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were detected. RESULTS The contents of urinary copper in WD patients at neuronal necrosis stage were lower than those in patients at the metal deposition stage (P = 0.011) and fiber injury stage (P = 0.023). The contents of NOS (P = 0.039) and NO (P = 0.047) in WD patients at the stage of fiber injury were higher than those of the normal control, while GSH-PX (P = 0.025) and CAT (P = 0.041) were lower in the neuronal necrosis stage. In the stage of neuronal necrosis, the levels of IL-1 (P = 0.030) and TNF-α were higher than those of the normal control (P = 0.042). The neurological symptom scores in patients with fiber injury (P = 0.013) and neuron injury were higher than those with metal deposition (P = 0.026). CONCLUSION There are different pathogenic factors in different stages of WD. At the neuronal necrosis stage, copper deposition was decreased in WD patients. In the stage of fiber injury and neuronal necrosis, there is oxidative stress injury in WD patients. In the neuronal necrosis phase, WD patients have an inflammatory response.
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Strong MD, Hart MD, Tang TZ, Ojo BA, Wu L, Nacke MR, Agidew WT, Hwang HJ, Hoyt PR, Bettaieb A, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Stoecker BJ, Lucas EA, Lin D, Chowanadisai W. Role of zinc transporter ZIP12 in susceptibility-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phenotypes and mitochondrial function. FASEB J 2020; 34:10702-12725. [PMID: 32716562 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000772r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain zinc dysregulation is linked to many neurological disorders. However, the mechanisms regulating brain zinc homeostasis are poorly understood. We performed secondary analyses of brain MRI GWAS and exome sequencing data from adults in the UK Biobank. Coding ZIP12 polymorphisms in zinc transporter ZIP12 (SLC39A12) were associated with altered brain susceptibility weighted MRI (swMRI). Conditional and joint association analyses revealed independent GWAS signals in linkage disequilibrium with 2 missense ZIP12 polymorphisms, rs10764176 and rs72778328, with reduced zinc transport activity. ZIP12 rare coding variants predicted to be deleterious were associated with similar impacts on brain swMRI. In Neuro-2a cells, ZIP12 deficiency by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) depletion or CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing resulted in impaired mitochondrial function, increased superoxide presence, and detectable protein carbonylation. Inhibition of Complexes I and IV of the electron transport chain reduced neurite outgrowth in ZIP12 deficient cells. Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), and chemical antioxidants α-tocopherol, MitoTEMPO, and MitoQ restored neurite extension impaired by ZIP12 deficiency. Mutant forms of α-synuclein and tau linked to familial Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementia, respectively, reduced neurite outgrowth in cells deficient in ZIP12. Zinc and ZIP12 may confer resilience against neurological diseases or premature aging of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan D Strong
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Matthew D Hart
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Tony Z Tang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Babajide A Ojo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mariah R Nacke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Workneh T Agidew
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Hong J Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Peter R Hoyt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen L Clarke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Barbara J Stoecker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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A study of susceptibility-weighted imaging in patients with Wilson disease during the treatment of metal chelator. J Neurol 2020; 267:1643-1650. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zhou XX, Li XH, Chen DB, Wu C, Feng L, Qin HL, Pu XY, Liang XL. Injury factors and pathological features of toxic milk mice during different disease stages. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01459. [PMID: 31742933 PMCID: PMC6908887 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate different injury factors and pathological characteristics of the brain at different disease stages in toxic milk (TX) mice, an animal model of Wilson's disease (WD). METHODS Thirty TX mice (10 each at 3, 6 and 12 months old) and 30 age-matched C57 mice were used in this study. Corrected phase (CP) values were determined from susceptibility-weighted images. Myelin content was determined by measuring inhibition optical density values of Luxol fast blue-stained sections. Neurofilament protein 68 kDa (NF68), β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) levels, as well as copper and iron content, in brain nuclei of the TX mouse were evaluated. Gene amplification ratios for catalase (CAT), GSH peroxidase (GSH-PX), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mouse brain were also determined. RESULTS Compared with C57 mice, neuronal cell counts were decreased in 12-months-old TX mice (p = .011). Myelin content was decreased in the lenticular nucleus (p = .029), thalamus (p = .030), and brainstem (p = .034) of 6-months-old TX mice; decreases in the corresponding nuclei (p = .044, .037, and .032, respectively) were also found in 12-months-old TX mice. MBP values were lower in the lenticular nucleus and thalamus (p = .027 and .016, respectively) of 6-months-old TX mice and in the corresponding nuclei (p = .24 and .040) of 12-months-old TX mice. NF-68 values were lower in the lenticular nucleus and thalamus (p = .034 and .037, respectively) of 6-months-old TX mice and in the corresponding nuclei (p = .006 and .012) of 12-months-old TX mice. β-APP values were higher in the thalamus of 6-months-old (p = .037) and 12-months-old (p = .012) TX mice. Iron content was higher in the lenticular nucleus, thalamus, and cerebellum (p = .044, .038, and .029, respectively) of 6-months-old TX mice and in the corresponding nuclei (p = .017, .024, and .029) of 12-months-old TX mice. The NOS gene amplification multiple was higher (p = .039), whereas the SOD1 gene amplification multiple was lower (p = .041) in 12-months-old TX mice. There was no correlation between metal content or oxidation index and pathological index. CONCLUSIONS The pathological characteristics of the brains of TX mice may differ at different ages. Different pathogenic factors, including copper and iron deposition and abnormal oxidative stress, are present at different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xue Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The East Area of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Bang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Lin Qin
- Department of Radiology, The East Area of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Pu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Urology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu J, Zhang M. Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Artificial Intelligence in Studies of Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2658-2667. [PMID: 31083923 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. It has a delitescent onset and a slow progress. The clinical manifestations of PD in patients are highly heterogeneous. Thus, PD diagnosis process is complex and mainly depends on the professional knowledge and experience of the physician. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could detect the small changes in the brain of PD patients, and quantitative analysis of brain MRI may improve the clinical diagnosis efficiency. However, due to the complexity of clinical courses in PD and the high dimensionality in multimodal MRI data, traditional mathematical analysis could not effectively extract the huge information in them. Up to now, the accuracy of PD diagnosis in large sample size is still unsatisfying. As artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming more mature, varieties of statistical models and machine learning (ML) algorithms have been used for quantitative imaging data analysis to explore a diagnostic result. This review aims to state an overview of existing research recently that used statistical ML/AI methods to perform quantitative analysis of MR image data for the study of PD diagnosis. First we review the recent research in three subareas: diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and subtyping of PD. Then we described the overall workflow from MR image to classification result. Finally, we summarized a critical assessment of the current research and provide some recommendations for likely future research developments and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, No.88 Jiefang Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou 31000, China
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, No.88 Jiefang Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou 31000, China
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Zhou XX, Li XH, Chen DB, Wu C, Feng L, Chu JP, Yang ZY, Li XB, Qin H, Li GD, Huang HW, Liang YY, Liang XL. The asymmetry of neural symptoms in Wilson's disease patients detecting by diffusion tensor imaging, resting-state functional MRI, and susceptibility-weighted imaging. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00930. [PMID: 29761003 PMCID: PMC5943770 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cause of the motor asymmetry in Wilson's disease (WD) patients using functional MRI. METHODS Fifty patients with WD and 20 age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Neurological symptoms were scored using the modified Young Scale. All study subjects underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) of the brain. Six regions of interest (ROI) were chosen. Fiber volumes between ROIs on DTI, corrected phase (CP) values on SWI, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), and regional homogeneity (REHO) values on rs-fMRI were determined. Asymmetry index (right or left value/left or right value) was evaluated. RESULTS Asymmetry of rigidity, tremor, choreic movement, and gait abnormality (asymmetry index = 1.33, 1.39, 1.36, 1.40), fiber tracts between the GP and substantia nigra (SN), GP and PU, SN and thalamus (TH), SN and cerebellum, head of the caudate nucleus (CA) and SN, PU and CA, CA and TH, TH and cerebellum (asymmetry index = 1.233, 1.260, 1.269, 1.437, 1.503, 1.138, 1.145, 1.279), CP values in the TH, SN (asymmetry index = 1.327, 1.166), ALFF values, and REHO values of the TH (asymmetry index = 1.192, 1.233) were found. Positive correlation between asymmetry index of rigidity and fiber volumes between the GP and SN, SN and TH (r = .221, .133, p = .043, .036), and tremor and fiber volumes between the CA and TH (r = .045, p = .040) was found. CONCLUSIONS The neurological symptoms of patients with WD were asymmetry. The asymmetry of fiber projections may be the main cause of motor asymmetry in patients with WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xue Zhou
- Department of Neurology The East Area of the First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Xun-Hua Li
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ding-Bang Chen
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jian-Ping Chu
- Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhi-Yun Yang
- Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Xin-Bei Li
- Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Haolin Qin
- Department of Radiology The East Area of the First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Gui-Dian Li
- Department of Radiology The East Area of the First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Hai-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ying-Ying Liang
- Department of Neurology The East Area of the First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Xiu-Ling Liang
- Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China
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Duyn JH, Schenck J. Contributions to magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3546. [PMID: 27240118 PMCID: PMC5131875 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3546 10.1002/nbm.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the major contributors to the subtle magnetic properties of brain tissue and how they affect MRI contrast. With the increased availability of high-field scanners, the use of magnetic susceptibility contrast for the study of human brain anatomy and function has increased dramatically. This has not only led to novel applications, but has also improved our understanding of the complex relationship between MRI contrast and magnetic susceptibility. Chief contributors to the magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue have been found to include myelin as well as iron. In the brain, iron exists in various forms with diverse biological roles, many of which are now only starting to be uncovered. An interesting aspect of magnetic susceptibility contrast is its sensitivity to the microscopic distribution of iron and myelin, which provides opportunities to extract information at spatial scales well below MRI resolution. For example, in white matter, the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons can provide tissue contrast that is dependent on the axonal orientation and reflects the relative size of intra- and extra-axonal water compartments. The extraction of such ultrastructural information, together with quantitative information about iron and myelin concentrations, is an active area of research geared towards the characterization of brain structure and function, and their alteration in disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff H. Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular
Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John Schenck
- MRI Technologies and Systems, General Electric
Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Schenectady, New York 12309, USA
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10
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Duyn JH, Schenck J. Contributions to magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3546. [PMID: 27240118 PMCID: PMC5131875 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the major contributors to the subtle magnetic properties of brain tissue and how they affect MRI contrast. With the increased availability of high-field scanners, the use of magnetic susceptibility contrast for the study of human brain anatomy and function has increased dramatically. This has not only led to novel applications, but has also improved our understanding of the complex relationship between MRI contrast and magnetic susceptibility. Chief contributors to the magnetic susceptibility of brain tissue have been found to include myelin as well as iron. In the brain, iron exists in various forms with diverse biological roles, many of which are now only starting to be uncovered. An interesting aspect of magnetic susceptibility contrast is its sensitivity to the microscopic distribution of iron and myelin, which provides opportunities to extract information at spatial scales well below MRI resolution. For example, in white matter, the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons can provide tissue contrast that is dependent on the axonal orientation and reflects the relative size of intra- and extra-axonal water compartments. The extraction of such ultrastructural information, together with quantitative information about iron and myelin concentrations, is an active area of research geared towards the characterization of brain structure and function, and their alteration in disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff H. Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular
Imaging, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John Schenck
- MRI Technologies and Systems, General Electric
Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Schenectady, New York 12309, USA
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Cai G, Huang X, Ye Q, Xiong W, Duan Q. Wilson's disease patient with iron metabolism discharge barriers: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:349-351. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Luo B, Wang S, Rao R, Liu X, Xu H, Wu Y, Yang X, Liu W. Conjugation Magnetic PAEEP-PLLA Nanoparticles with Lactoferrin as a Specific Targeting MRI Contrast Agent for Detection of Brain Glioma in Rats. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:227. [PMID: 27119155 PMCID: PMC4848283 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of malignant brain gliomas is largely based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast agents. In recent years, nano-sized contrast agents have been developed for improved MRI diagnosis. In this study, oleylamine-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (OAM-MNPs) were synthesized with thermal decomposition method and encapsulated in novel amphiphilic poly(aminoethyl ethylene phosphate)/poly(L-lactide) (PAEEP-PLLA) copolymer nanoparticles. The OAM-MNP-loaded PAEEP-PLLA nanoparticles (M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs) were further conjugated with lactoferrin (Lf) for glioma tumor targeting. The Lf-conjugated M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs (Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs) were characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The average size of OAM-MNPs, M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs, and Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs were 8.6 ± 0.3, 165.7 ± 0.6, and 218.2 ± 0.4 nm, with polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.185 ± 0.023, 0.192 ± 0.021, and 0.224 ± 0.036, respectively. TEM imaging showed that OAM-MNPs were monodisperse and encapsulated in Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs. TGA analysis showed that the content of iron oxide nanoparticles was 92.8 % in OAM-MNPs and 45.2 % in Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs. VSM results indicated that both OAM-MNPs and Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs were superparamagnetic, and the saturated magnetic intensity were 77.1 and 74.8 emu/g Fe. Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs exhibited good biocompatibility in cytotoxicity assay. The high cellular uptake of Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs in C6 cells indicated that Lf provided effective targeting for the brain tumor cells. The T 2 relaxation rate (r 2) of M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs and Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs were calculated to be 167.2 and 151.3 mM(-1) s(-1). In MRI on Wistar rat-bearing glioma tumor, significant contrast enhancement could clearly appear at 4 h after injection and last 48 h. Prussian blue staining of the section clearly showed the retention of Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs in tumor tissues. The results from the in vitro and in vivo MRI indicated that Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs possessed strong, long-lasting, tumor targeting, and enhanced tumor MRI contrast ability. Lf-M-PAEEP-PLLA-NPs represent a promising nano-sized MRI contrast agent for brain glioma targeting MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhua Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Rao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuhan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Wu ML, Chang HC, Chao TC, Chen NK. Efficient imaging of midbrain nuclei using inverse double-echo steady-state acquisition. Med Phys 2016; 42:4367-74. [PMID: 26133633 DOI: 10.1118/1.4922402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging of midbrain nuclei using T2- or T2*-weighted MRI often entails long echo time, leading to long scan time. In this study, an inverse double-echo steady-state (iDESS) technique is proposed for efficiently depicting midbrain nuclei. METHODS Thirteen healthy subjects participated in this study. iDESS was performed along with two sets of T2*-weighted spoiled gradient-echo images (SPGR1, with scan time identical to iDESS and SPGR2, using clinical scanning parameters as a reference standard) for comparison. Generation of iDESS composite images combining two echo signals was optimized for maximal contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the red nuclei and surrounding tissues. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were calculated from the occipital lobe. Comparison was also made using phase-enhanced images as in standard susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). RESULTS The iDESS images present significantly higher SNR efficiency (171.3) than SPGR1 (158.7, p = 0.013) and SPGR2 (95.5, p < 10(-8)). iDESS CNR efficiency (19.2) is also significantly greater than SPGR1 (6.9, p < 10(-6)) and SPGR2 (14.3, p = 0.0016). Compared with DESS, iDESS provides further advantage on enhanced phase information and hence improved contrast on SWI-processed images. CONCLUSIONS iDESS efficiently depicts midbrain nuclei with improved CNR efficiency, increased SNR efficiency, and reduced scan time and is less prone to susceptibility signal loss from air-tissue interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Long Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan and Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hing-Chiu Chang
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 501, Durham, North Carolina 27705 and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 406, Block K, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Tzu-Cheng Chao
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan and Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kuei Chen
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 501, Durham, North Carolina 27705
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14
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Takano K, Shiba N, Wakui K, Yamaguchi T, Aida N, Inaba Y, Fukushima Y, Kosho T. Elevation of neuron specific enolase and brain iron deposition on susceptibility-weighted imaging as diagnostic clues for beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration in early childhood: Additional case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:322-328. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Takano
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Naoko Shiba
- Department of Pediatrics; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Keiko Wakui
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Noriko Aida
- Department of Radiology; Kanagawa Children's Medical Center; Yokohama Japan
| | - Yuji Inaba
- Department of Pediatrics; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Fukushima
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Department of Medical Genetics; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
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15
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Differentiating multiple-system atrophy from Parkinson's disease. Clin Radiol 2015; 70:555-64. [PMID: 25752581 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to illustrate the differentiating features of multiple-system atrophy from Parkinson's disease at MRI. The various MRI sequences helpful in the differentiation will be discussed, including newer methods, such as diffusion tensor imaging, MR spectroscopy, and nuclear imaging.
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