Amino-functionalized MIL-88B(Fe)-based porous carbon for enhanced adsorption toward ciprofloxacin pharmaceutical from aquatic solutions

Production of MgFe2O4/activated carbons derived from a harmful grass Cynodon dactylon and their utilization for ciprofloxacin removal

Cynodon dactylon, an invasive species, exhibits its robust adaptability, reproduction and nutrient regime against the local species. Taking advantage of this harmful grass as a raw precursor to produce valuable materials for wastewater treatment has paid much attention. Herein, we report on the fabrication of Cynodom dactylon derived MgFe2O4@AC with a main goal of effective removal of ciprofloxacin antibiotic from water. Our findings showed that MgFe2O4@ACK1 composites attained mesoporous textures, high specific surface areas (884.3-991.6 m2 g-1), and MgFe2O4-20%@ACK1 was the most effective with a very high removal efficiency of 96.7%. The Elovich model was suitable for describing the kinetic of adsorption with (Radj)2 of 0.9988. Meanwhile, the isotherm data obeyed the Langmuir model corresponding to (Radj)2 of 0.9993. Qmax value of MgFe2O4-20%@ACK1 was determined at 211.67 mg g-1. The proposed adsorption mechanism primarily comprises five routes as follows, (i) pore-filling, (ii) π-π interaction, (iii) electrostatic interaction, (iv) hydrogen bonding, and (v) hydrophobic interaction. MgFe2O4-20%@ACK1 adsorbent could reuse with three cycles. We recommend that MgFe2O4/ACs derived from Cynodom dactylon could be high-efficiency adsorbents for the elimination of antibiotics.

Occurrence, toxicity, impact and removal of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): A review

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently used pharmaceuticals for human therapy, pet therapeutics, and veterinary feeds, enabling them to enter into water sources such as wastewater, soil and sediment, and seawater. The control of NSAIDs has led to the advent of the novel materials for treatment techniques. Herein, we review the occurrence, impact and toxicity of NSAIDs against aquatic microorganisms, plants and humans. Typical NSAIDs, e.g., ibuprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, naproxen and aspirin were detected at high concentrations in wastewater up to 2,747,000 ng L-1. NSAIDs in water could cause genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, locomotive disorders, body deformations, organs damage, and photosynthetic corruption. Considering treatment methods, among adsorbents for removal of NSAIDs from water, metal-organic frameworks (10.7-638 mg g-1) and advanced porous carbons (7.4-400 mg g-1) were the most robust. Therefore, these carbon-based adsorbents showed promise in efficiency for the treatment of NSAIDs.

Advancements in electrochemical technologies for the removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in wastewater: A review

In recent times, the need to make water safer and cleaner through the elimination of recalcitrant pharmaceutical residues has been the aim of many studies. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and levofloxacin are among the commonly detected pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Since the presence of these pharmaceuticals in water bodies poses serious risks to living organisms, it is vital to adopt effective wastewater treatment techniques for their complete removal. Electrochemical technologies such as photoelectrocatalysis, electro-Fenton, electrocoagulation, and electrochemical oxidation have been established as techniques capable of the complete removal of organics including pharmaceuticals from wastewater. Hence, this review presents discussions on the recent progress (literature within 2018-2022) in the applications of common electrochemical processes for the degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics from wastewater. The fundamentals of these processes are highlighted while the results obtained using the processes are critically discussed. Furthermore, the inherent advantages and limitations of these processes in the mineralization of fluoroquinolone antibiotics are clearly emphasized. Additionally, appropriate recommendations are made toward improving electrochemical technologies for the complete removal of these pharmaceuticals with minimal energy consumption. Therefore, this review will serve as a bedrock for future researchers concerned with wastewater treatments to make informed decisions in the selection of suitable electrochemical techniques for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater.

Recent perspective of antibiotics remediation: A review of the principles, mechanisms, and chemistry controlling remediation from aqueous media

Antibiotic pollution is an ever-growing concern that affects the growth of plants and the well-being of animals and humans. Research on antibiotics remediation from aqueous media has grown over the years and previous reviews have highlighted recent advances in antibiotics remediation technologies, perspectives on antibiotics ecotoxicity, and the development of antibiotic-resistant genes. Nevertheless, the relationship between antibiotics solution chemistry, remediation technology, and the interactions between antibiotics and adsorbents at the molecular level is still elusive. Thus, this review summarizes recent literature on antibiotics remediation from aqueous media and the adsorption perspective. The review discusses the principles, mechanisms, and solution chemistry of antibiotics and how they affect remediation and the type of adsorbents used for antibiotic adsorption processes. The literature analysis revealed that: (i) Although antibiotics extraction and detection techniques have evolved from single-substrate-oriented to multi-substrates-oriented detection technologies, antibiotics pollution remains a great danger to the environment due to its trace level; (ii) Some of the most effective antibiotic remediation technologies are still at the laboratory scale. Thus, upscaling these technologies to field level will require funding, which brings in more constraints and doubts patterning to whether the technology will achieve the same performance as in the laboratory; and (iii) Adsorption technologies remain the most affordable for antibiotic remediation. However, the recent trends show more focus on developing high-end adsorbents which are expensive and sometimes less efficient compared to existing adsorbents. Thus, more research needs to focus on developing cheaper and less complex adsorbents from readily available raw materials. This review will be beneficial to stakeholders, researchers, and public health professionals for the efficient management of antibiotics for a refined decision.

An accuracy improved ratiometric SERS sensor for rhodamine 6G in chili powder using a metal-organic framework support

Internal standard molecule 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) embedded Au core-Ag shell nanorods (Au-MBA@Ag NRs) were prepared by a seed-mediated growth method, then loaded on octahedral MIL-88B-NH₂ to obtain a novel ratiometric SERS substrate of Au-MBA@Ag NRs/PSS/MIL-88B-NH₂ (AMAPM) for detecting rhodamine 6G (R6G) in chili powder. The porous structure and excellent adsorption ability of MIL-88B-NH₂, allowed for increased loading of Au-MBA@Ag NRs, thereby shortening the distance between adsorbed R6G and the "hot spot" resulting from local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au-MBA@Ag NRs. Based on the SERS characteristic peak ratio of R6G to 4-MBA, the ratiometric SERS substrate displayed improved accuracy and excellent performance for R6G detection, with a wide linear range of 5-320 nM and a low detection limit of 2.29 nM as well as fine stability, reproducibility and specificity. The proposed ratiometric SERS substrate offered a simple, fast and sensitive sensing strategy for R6G detection in chili powder, which demonstrated potential applications in food safety and the analysis of trace analytes in complex matrices.

Shrimp waste-derived porous carbon adsorbent: Performance, mechanism, and application of machine learning

Aquaculture generates significant amount of processing wastes (more than 500 million pounds annually in the United States), the bulk of which ends up in the environment or is used in animal feed. Proper utilization of shrimp waste can increase their economic value and divert them from landfills. In this study, shrimp waste was converted to a porous carbon (named SPC) via direct pyrolysis and activation. SPC was characterized, and its performance for adsorbing ciprofloxacin from simulated water, natural waters, and wastewater was benchmarked against a commercial powdered activated carbon (PAC). The surface area of SPC (2262 m²/g) exceeded that of PAC (984 m²/g) due to abundance of micropores and mesopores. The adsorption of ciprofloxacin by SPC was thermodynamically spontaneous (ΔG = -19 kJ/mol) and fast (k₁ = 1.05/min) at 25 °C. The capacity of SPC for ciprofloxacin (442 mg/g) was higher than that of PAC (181 mg/g). SPC also efficiently and simultaneously removed low concentrations (200 µg/L) of ciprofloxacin, long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and Cu ions from water. An artificial neural network function was derived to predict ciprofloxacin adsorption and identify the relative contribution of each input parameter. This study demonstrates a sustainable and commercially viable pathway to reuse shrimp processing wastes.

Sustainable adsorbents for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: A review

Over the previous three decades, the worldwide use of pharmaceuticals has surged by more than 2.5 times. Although being considered essential to save many lives, pharmaceuticals have also emerged as a large source of complex environmental contaminants in recent decades. Consequently, the pharmaceuticals and their breakdown products are ending up into the water bodies thus progressively contaminating them and the surrounding environments. Based on recent studies concentrations in water sources are typically >0.1 μg/l and the concentration in treated water is typically >0.05 μg/l. These pharma drugs are removed from aquatic systems by processes such as oxidation, Ultraviolet degradation, reverse osmosis and nano-filtration. However, hazardous sludge creation, incomplete removal, expensive capital and operating costs, and the need for professional operating and maintenance personnel have all limited the economic sustainability of these systems. As a result, the presence of pharmaceuticals in water necessitates even more advanced technologies of purification to harvest clean water, yet present approaches are constrained by their high costs, low reusability, and disposal issues. Here, we review sustainable adsorbents for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater. In this comprehensive review, an evaluation of water contamination caused by pharmaceutical compounds is discussed. An overview of current research on the employment of sustainable adsorbents for the removal of the major pharmaceuticals prevalent in water sources. Numerous aspects of high adsorption efficiencies of these pharmaceutical compounds with such sustainable adsorbents were observed; however, other factors, such as adsorbent regeneration and cost evaluation, must be taken into account in order to assess the true applicability of adsorbents.

Synthesis and Characterization Bimetallic Organic Framework CoxFex(BDC) and Adsorption Cationic and Anionic Dyes

Co-doped Fe-MOF bimetallic organic framework materials at different ratios were synthesized based on the solvothermal method, and we evaluated their morphological characteristics by modern analytical methods such as SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and isotherm of nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET). The specific surface area of the 0.3 CoFe-MOF sample (280.9 m2/g) is much larger than the Fe-MOF and samples at other ratios. The post-synthesized materials were evaluated for their ability to absorb various dyes, including Methylene Blue (MB), Methyl orange (MO), Congo red (CR), and Rhodamine (RhB), and evaluated for the effects of pH, the initial concentration of the dye solution, time, and dose of adsorbent. The results show that the 0.3 CoFe-MOF material has a high adsorption capacity that is superior to both the original Fe-MOF and the CoFe-MOFs at other ratios. The highest adsorption capacity of MB dye by 0.3 CoFe-MOF reaches up to 562.1 mg/g at pH 10, the initial concentration of MB of 200 mg/L, after 90 min. The charged properties of the dyes and the charged nature of the bimetallic organic frameworks are best demonstrated through the adsorption of dye mixtures. The adsorption efficiency on the mixed system of cationic (MB) and anionic (MO) dyes yielded the highest removal efficiency of 70% and 81%, respectively, after 30 min. Therefore, the research has opened up the potential application of M/Fe-MOF modified materials and CoFe-MOF in organic dyes adsorption in wastewater treatment for environmental protection.

Waste expanded polystyrene modified with H2SO4/biodegradable chelating agent for reuse: As a highly efficient adsorbent to remove fluoroquinolone antibiotic from water

Untreated wastewater containing fluoroquinolone antibiotics poses serious hazards to aquatic species and human health; therefore, treatment of waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a crucial environmental matter. In this study, waste EPS was modified with a H₂SO₄/biodegradable chelating agent, [S,S]-ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS), and used for highly efficient adsorption of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin. When ciprofloxacin of 25 mg/L was used, the H₂SO₄-modified EPS (EPS_H2SO4) adsorbed 60.5% of the ciprofloxacin. During sulfonation, adding a low dose of EDDS markedly improved the adsorption ability of EPS_H2SO4+EDDS. The optimal modification conditions were 95% H₂SO₄, 0.002 M EDDS, 80 °C, and 40 min. The increased adsorbent doses enhanced the adsorption. Approximately 0.2 g/L of EPS_H2SO4+EDDS could effectively adsorb 97.8% of the ciprofloxacin (554.3 mg/g) within 30 min. Solution pH₀ greatly influenced the adsorption, and the most suitable pH₀ was 6. The Langmuir isotherm accurately described the adsorption behaviors of both EPS_H2SO4 and EPS_H2SO4+EDDS (R² = 0.997-0.998). The adsorption ability of EPS_H2SO4+EDDS (q_max = 1250 mg/g) was 32 times higher than that of EPS_H2SO4 (q_max = 38.6 mg/g). A total of 1 M HCl effectively regenerated the exhausted adsorbent. The optimal solid/liquid ratio and time were 0.08 g/20 mL and 60 min, respectively. The regenerated EPS_H2SO4+EDDS maintained a high adsorption ability (87.2%) after 10 regeneration cycles. The results thus indicate that the EPS_H2SO4+EDDS adsorption-regeneration process is a potential approach to remove ciprofloxacin from water.

Multifunctional ZnO nanoparticles bio-fabricated from Canna indica L. flowers for seed germination, adsorption, and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes

The potential of green nanomaterials for environmental and agricultural fields is emerging due to their biocompatible, eco-friendly, and cost-effective performance. We report the use of Canna indica flowers extract as new capping and stabilizing source to bio-fabricate ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs for dyes removal, seed germination. ZnO NPs was biosynthesized by ultrasound-assisted alkaline-free route to reach the critical green strategy. The physicochemical findings of ZnO revealed small crystallite size (27.82 nm), sufficient band-gap energy (3.08 eV), and diverse functional groups. Minimum‑run resolution IV approach found the most pivotal factors influencing on removal of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. Uptake studies pointed out that pseudo second-order, and Langmuir were the best fitted models. Dye molecules behaved monolayer adsorption on ZnO surface layers, and controlled by chemisorption. Natural solar light was used as effective source for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (94.23% of removal and 31.09 mg/g of uptake capacity). Compared with H₂O and ZnSO₄, ZnO NPs positively affected the growth of shoot and root lengths (10.2-27.8%) of bean seedlings in most cases. ZnO acts an agrochemical for boosting weight gain, and germination ratio. This study may be promising for developing the recyclable, multifunctional ZnO nanoparticles for environmental and agricultural applications.

The difference in the adsorption mechanisms of magnetic ferrites modified carbon nanotubes

Various ferrites modified carbon nanotubes (MFe₂O₄/CNTs; M = Co, Cu, Mn) were synthesized and characterized using TEM-EDS, FTIR, BET, TG-DTA, VSM, and XRD. MFe₂O₄/CNTs were used as adsorbents for removing ciprofloxacin (CIP), and the adsorption mechanism was revealed in a comparative manner based on the experimental results and density functional theory calculations. The adsorption capacities of CIP on MFe₂O₄/CNTs were 63.32 (Co), 61.60 (Cu), and 46.35 (Mn) mg/g, respectively. Different M components of MFe₂O₄ affected the adsorption behavior of CIP on them, while the specific surface area and total pore volume showed no significant impact. The investigation on the adsorption energy and the bond formation indicated that CIP was more favorably captured by CoFe₂O₄/CuFe₂O₄ than MnFe₂O₄. The local density of states of metal atoms and O atoms (from the ketone or carboxyl groups of CIP) showed that the d-band centers of Co and Cu atoms were above the Fermi level, while that of Mn was below the Fermi level, providing the fundamental understanding of the promoted O adsorption on CoFe₂O₄ and CuFe₂O₄ and restrained adsorption on MnFe₂O₄. This observation was supported by the electron localization function in terms of the stronger charge density overlap between Co-O/Cu-O than that of Mn-O.

Surfactant-assisted adsorption of uranyl ions in aqueous solution on TiO2/polythiophene nanocomposite

In this work, hexadecyltrimethylammonium-bromide (HTAB)-modified polythiophene (PTh)/TiO₂ nanocomposite (HTAB/PTh/TiO₂) was applied to remove uranyl ions (UO₂²⁺). FT-IR, XRD, ζ potential, TGA, SEM, and XPS were utilized to obtain the chemical and physical properties of HTAB/PTh/TiO₂. The effects of HTAB content, preparation temperature, and adsorption conditions on UO₂²⁺ removal were investigated comprehensively. And the UO₂²⁺ adsorption process on HTAB/PTh/TiO₂ was fitted to the Sips model with a saturated adsorption capacity of 234.74 mg/g, which was 6 times over TiO₂. The results suggested that the surfactant of HTAB can significantly improve the adsorption ability of TiO₂ for UO₂²⁺ ions. This work provides a strategy of surfactant modification for enhancing the separation and recovery ability of adsorbent toward UO₂²⁺ in the radioactive wastewater.

Copper on chitosan-modified cellulose filter paper as an efficient dip catalyst for ATRP of MMA

Achieving an efficient catalyst in the ATRP system with a simple design, preparation from available materials, and high recyclability is a significant challenging issue. To attain the goal, herein, we used chitosan (CS)-modified cellulose filter paper (FP) as a green support for the synthesis of dip catalyst. The preparation of this catalyst involved surface treatment of the FP strips by CS coating through a dipping method, which increased the affinity of the substrate for adsorbing copper ions in the next step. The Cu@CS-FP catalyst was prepared without the requirement of any ligands. The synthesized dip-catalyst, in the form of the strips, was employed for the first time in the ATRP reaction of methyl methacrylate to assay catalytic activity. Catalytic insertion/ removal (ON/OFF) experiments were carried out during the polymerization. A reasonable control over the molecular weight with high conversion (68%) and polydispersity index of 1.32 under mild reaction conditions were obtained. Significantly, because of the facile separation of the catalyst, the amount of copper that remained in the polymer was very low (2.7 ppm). Also, the recyclability of the catalyst was investigated for five runs. The conversion in the final run was 64% without a loss of catalyst efficiency.

MOF based engineered materials in water remediation: Recent trends

The significant upsurge in the demand for freshwater has prompted various developments towards water sustainability. In this context, several materials have gained remarkable interest for the removal of emerging contaminants from various freshwater sources. Among the currently investigated materials for water treatment, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), a developing class of porous materials, have provided excellent platforms for the separation of several pollutants from water. The structural modularity and the striking chemical/physical properties of MOFs have provided more room for target-specific environmental applications. However, MOFs limit their practical applications in water treatment due to poor processability issues of the intrinsically fragile and powdered crystalline forms. Nevertheless, growing efforts are recognized to impart macroscopic shapability to render easy handling shapes for real-time industrial applications. Furthermore, efforts have been devoted to improve the stabilities of MOFs that are subjected to fragile collapse in aqueous environments expanding their use in water treatment. Advances made in MOF based material design have headed towards the use of MOF based aerogels/hydrogels, MOF derived carbons (MDCs), hydrophobic MOFs and magnetic framework composites (MFCs) to remediate water from contaminants and for the separation of oils from water. This review is intended to highlight some of the recent trends followed in MOF based material engineering towards effective water regeneration.

Use of Nanocellulose extracted from grass for adsorption abatement of Ciprofloxacin and Diclofenac removal with phyto, and fish toxicity studies

The present study deals with the adsorption of antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (CPXO) and anti-inflammatory agent Diclofenac (DCF) on Grass nanocellulose (GNC) extracted from Cyprus rotundas grass. The adsorbent GNC was characterised using various microscopic, elemental and spectroscopic analysis to monitor the physicochemical alterations of the surface before and after adsorption. The size of the converted nanocellulose was found to be 40-50 nm. The experimental measures influencing the adsorption of CPXO and DCF that were optimised are initial solution pH, GNC dosage, temperature and initial concentration of the adsorbate. Halsey isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetic model agreed best with the experimental outcome for both the adsorbate. The maximum adsorption capacity of GNC were 227.223 and 192.307 mg/g for CPXO and DCF respectively. Phytotoxicity studies were performed using 6 different types of seeds to evaluate the effect of GNC treated effluent on plants. Similarly, acute fish toxicity on zebra fish analysis showed to have lesser mortality rate of the effluent after adsorption of CPXO and DCF on GNC.

Adsorptive separation of toxic metals from aquatic environment using agro waste biochar: Application in electroplating industrial wastewater

In this research, raw jujube seeds (RJS) treated with sulphuric acid followed by ultrasonic treatment such as ultrasonic assisted jujube seeds (UAJS) based biochar have been experimented as a viable material for treating Zn(II) and Pb(II) contaminated water. The adsorption ability of UAJS was compared with RJS through Langmuir adsorption capacity. The produced adsorbents were analysed by using BET surface area and thermogravimetric analyses. The removal kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic behaviours of metal ions adsorption by UAJS were studied. Adsorption equilibrium data were analysed using various equilibrium models and Freundlich isotherm was appropriate towards explain the adsorption characteristics. UAJS Langmuir capacity of 221.1 mg/g and 119.8 mg/g were obtained for Zn(II) ions and Pb(II) ions, respectively. The results observed that UAJS holds higher capacity as compared with RJS. The pseudo-first order model was relevant to address adsorption behaviour. The mechanism on the separation of metal ions by UAJS was tested using diffusion and Boyd models. The mechanism outcomes observed that the internal and external diffusion controlled the separation process. The thermodynamic results explain the separation process was viable, exothermic and natural. The electroplating industrial wastewater was also treated with UAJS biochar to remove the metal ions such as copper, nickel, chromium and zinc ions from wastewater. Desorption process showed that 0.1 N HCl provide the good results as compared with other desorbing agents. The adsorbent property is not lost till the maximum of 5 adsorption/desorption cycles. The produced UAJS can be a better adsorbent for treating the heavy metal polluted wastewater.

Removal of aqueous Cr(VI) by magnetic biochar derived from bagasse

We prepared a novel adsorbent functionalized by bagasse magnetic biochar (BMBC). To study the removal behaviors and mechanisms of Cr(VI) by BMBC, batch adsorption experiments were conducted by modifying variables, such as pH, adsorption time, BMBC dosages, initial Cr concentration, co-existing ions, and ionic strength, and characterizing BMBC before and after Cr(VI) adsorption. BMBC was primarily composed of Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ on bagasse boichar with an amorphous structure. The specific surface area of BMBC was 81.94 m² g⁻¹, and the pH_pzc of BMBC was 6.2. The fabricated BMBC showed high adsorption performance of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution. The maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of BMBC was 29.08 mg g⁻¹ at 25 ºC, which was much higher than that of conventional biochar sorbents. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and could be explained by the involvement of the Langmuir isotherm in monolayer adsorption. The crystalline structure of Fe₃O₄ in the BMBC changed slightly during the adsorption process; Fe₃O₄ improved the adsorption of Cr(VI) on BMB. The desorption capacity of Cr(VI) was 8.21 mg g⁻¹ when 0.2 mol L⁻¹ NaOH was used as the desorption solution. After being reused three times, the removal efficiency is still as high as 80.36%.

Metal-Organic-Framework FeBDC-Derived Fe3O4 for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Detection of Glucose

Present-day science indicates that developing sensors with excellent sensitivity and selectivity for detecting early signs of diseases is highly desirable. Electrochemical sensors offer a method for detecting diseases that are simpler, faster, and more accurate than conventional laboratory analysis methods. Primarily, exploiting non-noble-metal nanomaterials with excellent conductivity and large surface area is still an area of active research due to its highly sensitive and selective catalysts for electrochemical detection in enzyme-free sensors. In this research, we successfully fabricate Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) FeBDC-derived Fe₃O₄ for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. FeBDC synthesis was carried out using the solvothermal method. FeCl₂.4H₂O and Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H₂BDC) are used as precursors to form FeBDC. The materials were further characterized utilizing X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulting MOF yields good crystallinity and micro-rod like morphology. Electrochemical properties were tested using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) with a 0.1 M of Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS pH 7.4) solution as the supporting electrolyte. The measurement results show the reduction and oxidation peaks in the CV curve of FeBDC, as well as Fe₃O₄. Pyrolysis of FeBDC to Fe₃O₄ increases the peak of oxidation and reduction currents. The Fe₃O₄ sample obtained has a sensitivity of 4.67 µA mM⁻¹.cm⁻², a linear range between 0.0 to 9.0 mM, and a glucose detection limit of 15.70 µM.