Influence of formulation on the quality and stability of a freeze-dried Mandarin product

Impact of Disruption and Drying Conditions on Physicochemical, Functional and Antioxidant Properties of Powdered Ingredients Obtained from Brassica Vegetable By-Products

Reintroducing waste products into the food chain, thus contributing to circular economy, is a key goal towards sustainable food systems. Fruit and vegetable processing generates large amounts of residual organic matter, rich in bioactive compounds. In Brassicaceae, glucosinolates are present as secondary metabolites involved in the biotic stress response. They are hydrolysed by the enzyme myrosinase when plant tissue is damaged, releasing new products (isothiocyanates) of great interest to human health. In this work, the process for obtaining powdered products from broccoli and white cabbage by-products, to be used as food ingredients, was developed. Residues produced during primary processing of these vegetables were transformed into powders by a process consisting of disruption (chopping or grinding), drying (hot-air drying at 50, 60 or 70 °C, or freeze drying) and final milling. The impact of processing on powders' physicochemical and functional properties was assessed in terms of their physicochemical, technological and antioxidant properties. The matrix response to drying conditions (drying kinetics), as well as the isothiocyanate (sulforaphane) content of the powders obtained were also evaluated. The different combinations applied produced powdered products, the properties of which were determined by the techniques and conditions used. Freeze drying better preserved the characteristics of the raw materials; nevertheless, antioxidant characteristics were favoured by air drying at higher temperatures and by applying a lower intensity of disruption prior to drying. Sulforaphane was identified in all samples, although processing implied a reduction in this bioactive compound. The results of the present work suggest Brassica residues may be transformed into powdered ingredients that might be used to provide additional nutritional value while contributing to sustainable development.