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Nakken HL, Lephart ED, Hopkins TJ, Shaw B, Urie PM, Christensen MJ. Prenatal exposure to soy and selenium reduces prostate cancer risk factors in TRAMP mice more than exposure beginning at six weeks. Prostate 2016; 76:588-96. [PMID: 26817824 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets high in soy and selenium (Se) decrease prostate cancer risk factors in healthy rats. The purpose of this study was to determine whether treatment with high levels of soy and/or supplemental Se would decrease prostate cancer risk factors in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mouse, and whether timing of the introduction of these nutrients would affect risk reduction. METHODS Male hemizygous [C57BL/6 × FVB]F1 TRAMP mice were exposed to stock diets high or devoid of soy, with or without a supplement of Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC) starting at conception (10 mg Se/L in drinking water of pregnant/nursing dams; daily bolus of 4 mg Se/kg body weight to pups after weaning) or at 6 weeks of age in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Mice were killed at 12 weeks (n per dietary treatment = 20-30). RESULTS Liver and serum Se concentrations were increased by MSC supplementation (P < 0.001), high-soy diet (P < 0.05), and initiation of dietary treatments at conception (P < 0.05). MSC supplementation had greater effects in mice fed the zero-soy basal diet, compared to the high-soy formulation (Pinteraction < 0.01). These same three interventions, individually and interactively, decreased body weight and epididymal fat pad weights, and steady state levels of mRNA for Cyp19a1 (aromatase) and Srd5a1 (5α-reductase). In contrast, MSC was the only treatment that decreased urogenital tract weights (P < 0.001), serum IGF-1 levels (P < 0.002), and Gleason scores (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Supplemental MSC reduces risk of prostate cancer in TRAMP mice. Basal diet composition (zero- vs. high-soy) can modify MSC's chemopreventive effects. Initiation of dietary treatments from conception maximizes chemopreventive effects of MSC. Prenatal Se status may have long-lasting effects on development and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Nakken
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Edwin D Lephart
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Tyler J Hopkins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Brett Shaw
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Paul M Urie
- Utah Valley Regional Medical Center, Provo, Utah
| | - Merrill J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Simmons Center for Cancer Research, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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2
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Davoodi H, Esmaeili S, Mortazavian A. Effects of Milk and Milk Products Consumption on Cancer: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Davoodi
- Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Inst.; Faculty of Nutrition Sciences; Food Science and Technology; Shahid Beheshti Univ. of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 19395-4741; Tehran; Iran
| | - S. Esmaeili
- Young Researchers Club; Varamin-Pishva Branch; Islamic Azad Univ.; Varamin; Iran
| | - A.M. Mortazavian
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Inst.; Faculty of Nutrition Sciences; Food Science and Technology; Shahid Beheshti Univ. of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 19395-4741 Tehran; Iran
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Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Human cancer chemoprevention: hurdles and challenges. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 329:203-20. [PMID: 22790416 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is considered a disease of aging since the risk for developing the disease considerably increases with age. It is estimated that 77% of all cancers are diagnosed in people who fall within the age group of 55 or older. Also, it takes several years from initiation to the development of detectable cancer. One advantage of the long latency is that it provides numerous opportunities for intervention. While intervention approaches cannot be geared towards a whole population, they can nevertheless be directed towards a defined group of people who have a greater relative risk for developing the disease. The idea of cancer prevention through the use of nontoxic agents, preferably from dietary sources, has therefore emerged as an appropriate strategy for controlling the disease. An important aspect of chemoprevention is that agents can be designed for intervention at any stage during the multistage process of carcinogenesis. This process of slowing the progression of cancer is applicable to many cancers with long latency, including prostate cancer. Over the past two decades we have put considerable effort into identifying dietary substances in the form of extracts and pure compounds that can be used for the prevention of prostate and other cancers. Although cancer chemoprevention has proven to be a successful strategy in animals and, to some extent, we can say that the mission has been accomplished, its application to humans has met with limited success. This chapter will discuss various challenges associated with chemoprevention of cancer with the focus on studies with green tea and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaqar Mustafa Adhami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Polyphenols from green tea and pomegranate for prevention of prostate cancer. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:1095-104. [PMID: 17015254 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600796498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer diagnosed in North America with similar trends in many Western countries. Geographic, epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest a role for dietary constituents in the etiology as well as prevention of PCa. The rising incidence of PCa in several countries appears to be coincidental with adoption of western lifestyle. Increase in the incidence of PCa has also been found in Asian populations migrating to the west. These facts give numerous leads to explore testable PCa prevention strategies. There is growing evidence in support of use of dietary ingredients in prevention and treatment of PCa. While substantial data exists in favor of use of polyphenols from tea as PCa chemopreventive agent, interest in anti-cancer properties of polyphenols from pomegranate has recently emerged. This review summarizes current literature on the effects of polyphenols from green tea and pomegranate against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaqar M Adhami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Yuan-Jing F, Nan-Shan H, Lian X. Genistein synergizes with RNA interference inhibiting survivin for inducing DU-145 of prostate cancer cells to apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2009; 284:189-97. [PMID: 19433345 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To further investigate the effect of a combination of genistein with survivin of RNA interference on the proliferation and apoptosis of DU-145 cells, the effect of genistein on the proliferation of DU-145 cells was detected by the MTT method and cytometry, and the apoptosis of cells was observed with fluorescence microscopy. In order to test combined genistein with transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against survivin, a survivin siRNA plasmid was constructed and transfected into DU-145 cells. Genistein inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancerous DU-145 and Hela cells, whereas genistein had minimal effects for normal L-O2 cells. The stable transfected cell lines of DU-145, knockdown survivin by siRNA, displayed stronger apoptotic than untransfected DU-145, the transfected cell of DU-145 treated with genistein demonstrated the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis significantly; it showed genistein synergistic effect with RNAi in survivin for inhibition of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yuan-Jing
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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Yin Y, Ni J, Chen M, Guo Y, Yeh S. RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate potentiates the antitumor effect of calcitriol in prostate cancer without overt side effects. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:190-200. [PMID: 19118046 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the antitumor efficacy of using calcitriol combined with RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate (VES) on prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effects of VES or VES in combination with calcitriol on the calcitriol target genes were evaluated by Western blot and real-time PCR. The antiproliferation effect of the combination in prostate cancer cells was evaluated by the combination index method. The role of the vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR) in the enhanced antitumor effects of the combination was confirmed by small interfering RNA knockdown strategy. Xenograft-bearing mice were used to reaffirm the antitumor efficacy of this combination. Pathohistology analyses and expressions of VDR and its target genes were analyzed in untreated and treated tumors. RESULTS VES selectively increased VDR protein in different prostate cancer cells. Low doses of calcitriol combined with VES were significantly superior to the additive effect of individual treatments against prostate cancer cell proliferation. The expression of VDR target genes involved in antiproliferation were further sensitized in the presence of VES. Knockdown of VDR expression abolished the combination benefits in LNCaP and PC3 cells. Consistently, in prostate cancer xenograft models, VES enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of a tolerated dose of calcitriol yet without overt evidence of systemic toxicity and hypercalcemia. This notable in vivo effect was also accompanied by up-regulation of VDR target genes. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose calcitriol combined with vitamin E analogue could be a solution to the calcemic side effect. The demonstration of superior antitumor activity of low-dose calcitriol plus VES provides the preclinical basis for developing a useful therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Department of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Legg RL, Tolman JR, Lovinger CT, Lephart ED, Setchell KDR, Christensen MJ. Diets high in selenium and isoflavones decrease androgen-regulated gene expression in healthy rat dorsolateral prostate. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:57. [PMID: 19025659 PMCID: PMC2607280 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary intake of selenium or soybean isoflavones reduces prostate cancer risk. These components each affect androgen-regulated gene expression. The objective of this work was to determine the combined effects of selenium and isoflavones on androgen-regulated gene expression in rat prostate. METHODS Male Noble rats were exposed from conception until 200 days of age to diets containing an adequate (0.33-0.45 mg/kg diet) or high (3.33-3.45 mg/kg) concentration of selenium as Se-methylselenocysteine and a low (10 mg/kg) or high (600 mg/kg) level of isoflavones in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Gene expression in the dorsolateral prostate was determined for the androgen receptor, for androgen-regulated genes, and for Akr1c9, whose product catalyzes the reduction of dihydrotestosterone to 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol. Activity of hepatic glutathione peroxidise 1 and of prostatic 5alpha reductase were also assayed. RESULTS There were no differences due to diet in activity of liver glutathione peroxidase activity. Total activity of 5alpha reductase in prostate was significantly lower (p = 0.007) in rats fed high selenium/high isoflavones than in rats consuming adequate selenium/low isoflavones. High selenium intake reduced expression of the androgen receptor, Dhcr24 (24-dehydrocholesterol reductase), and Abcc4 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4). High isoflavone intake decreased expression of Facl3 (fatty acid CoA ligase 3), Gucy1a3 (guanylate cyclase alpha 3), and Akr1c9. For Abcc4 the combination of high selenium/high isoflavones had a greater inhibitory effect than either treatment alone. The effects of selenium on gene expression were always in the direction of chemoprevention CONCLUSION These results suggest that combined intake of high selenium and high isoflavones may achieve a greater chemopreventive effect than either compound supplemented individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Legg
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jessica R Tolman
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Cameron T Lovinger
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Edwin D Lephart
- Department of Physiology, Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Kenneth DR Setchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Merrill J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
- BYU Cancer Research Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Tolman JR, Lephart ED, Setchell KD, Eggett DL, Christensen MJ. Timing of supplementation of selenium and isoflavones determines prostate cancer risk factor reduction in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008; 5:31. [PMID: 19000315 PMCID: PMC2615019 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High dietary intake of selenium or isoflavones reduces risk factors for prostate cancer. We tested whether combined supplementation of these two dietary components would reduce prostate cancer risk factors in rats more than supplementation of each component individually. Methods Male Noble rat pups were exposed from conception to diets containing an adequate (0.33–0.45 mg/kg diet) or high (3.33–3.45 mg/kg) concentration of selenium as Se-methylselenocysteine and a low (10 mg/kg) or high (600 mg/kg) level of isoflavones in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Pups consumed their respective diets until sacrifice at 35, 100, or 200 days. Male Noble rat breeders, whose exposure to the diets began after puberty, were sacrificed at 336 days. Rats were weighed biweekly. Blood was collected at the time of sacrifice and body fat and prostates were dissected and weighed. Serum levels of leptin, IGF-1, and testosterone were determined using ELISA kits. Serum levels of isoflavones were assayed by GC/MS. Liver activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase 1 was measured as an indicator of selenium status. Results Serum isoflavone concentrations were nearly 100-fold higher at 35 days of age (1187.1 vs. 14.4 ng/mL, mean ± SD) in pups fed the high vs. low isoflavone diets, and remained so at 100 and 200 days, and in breeders. There were no dietary differences in liver glutathione peroxidase activity in pups or breeders. High isoflavone intake significantly (p = 0.001–0.047) reduced body weight in rat pups from 35 days onward, but not in breeders. Body fat and leptin were likewise significantly reduced by high isoflavones in pups while effects in breeders were less pronounced but still significant. High intake of Se and isoflavones each decreased serum IGF-1 in pups at 100 and 200 days, but not in breeders. No consistent dietary effects were observed on serum testosterone or relative weights of prostates. In pups, the combination of high isoflavones and high selenium produced the lowest weight gain, the lowest serum leptin, and the lowest serum IGF-1 concentrations of all four diets. Conclusion Combined intake of high selenium and high isoflavones may achieve greater chemopreventive effects than either compound individually. The timing of supplementation may determine the significance of its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Tolman
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Edwin D Lephart
- Department of Physiology, Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Kenneth Dr Setchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Dennis L Eggett
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Merrill J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.,Cancer Research Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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Lee SC, Chan WK, Lee TW, Lam WH, Wang X, Chan TH, Wong YC. Effect of a Prodrug of the Green Tea Polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on the Growth of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer In Vivo. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:483-91. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580801947674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Grossman SA, Olson J, Batchelor T, Peereboom D, Lesser G, Desideri S, Ye X, Hammour T, Supko JG. Effect of phenytoin on celecoxib pharmacokinetics in patients with glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2008; 10:190-8. [PMID: 18287342 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2007-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression has been linked to the prognosis, angiogenesis, and radiation sensitivity of many malignancies. Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, is predominantly eliminated by hepatic metabolism. This study was conducted to determine the effects of hepatic enzyme-inducing antiseizure drugs (EIASDs) on the pharmacokinetics of celecoxib. The safety of celecoxib administered with radiation for glioblastoma and the effect of the combined treatment on survival were also evaluated. Patients were stratified based on concomitant use of EIASDs. Celecoxib (400) mg was administered orally twice a day until tumor progression or dose-limiting toxicity. Standard radiation was administered without adjuvant chemotherapy. Sampling was performed to define the plasma concentration/time profile for the initial dose of celecoxib and steady-state trough concentrations. Thirty-five patients (22 +EIASD, 13 -EIASD) were enrolled. There were no significant differences in age, performance status, extent of surgery, or Mini Mental State Exam scores between the two cohorts. The treatment was well tolerated. All patients in the +EIASD arm were taking phenytoin. There were no significant differences in any celecoxib pharmacokinetic parameters between 15 +EIASD and 12 -EIASD patients. With 31 of 35 patients deceased, estimated median survival time for all patients was 12 months (+EIASD, 11.5 months; - EIASD, 16 months; p = 0.11). The pharmacokinetics of celecoxib is not significantly affected by the concomitant administration of phenytoin. Celecoxib administered during and after radiation is well tolerated. The potential difference in survival between the +EIASD and -EIASD groups deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Grossman
- NABTT CNS Consortium, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Parker TL, Eggett DL, Christensen MJ. Estrogen receptor activation and estrogen-regulated gene expression are unaffected by methylseleninic acid in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18:746-52. [PMID: 17434722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer deaths in American men. High dietary intake and status of the essential trace element selenium (Se) have been consistently correlated with reduced risk for prostate cancer. One molecular mechanism by which Se may reduce prostate cancer risk is by catalyzing disulfide bond formation or, otherwise, complexing with reactive sulfhydryl groups in transcription factors, thus altering their binding to DNA and regulation of gene expression. Estrogen plays a role in the etiology of prostate cancer. Estrogen receptors contain cysteines in zinc fingers that are susceptible to oxidation and internal disulfide bond formation, which can prevent DNA binding. We hypothesized that Se alteration of estrogen receptor (ER) binding to DNA and estrogen-regulated gene expression may be one mechanism by which it exerts its chemopreventive effects. LNCaP human prostate cancer cells were treated with 0.05 mumol/L (control) or 5.0 mumol/L (high) Se as methylseleninic acid (MSA). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that binding of ER-beta to the estrogen response element was a nonsignificant 14% lower in cells treated with high MSA. Run-on transcription assays showed no significant changes in transcription rates for estrogen-regulated genes, and steady-state mRNA levels for those genes, assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chair reaction, were likewise unaffected by MSA. These results suggest that the well-documented chemopreventive effects of Se against prostate cancer may be mediated by mechanisms other than inhibition by monomethylated Se compounds of ER-beta activation or estrogen-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory L Parker
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Anti-Oxidants from Green Tea and Pomegranate for Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 37:52-7. [PMID: 17914164 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-0047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Among males, prostate cancer has become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in North America, with similar trends in many Western and developing countries. One way to control prostate cancer is through chemoprevention, which refers to the administration of synthetic or naturally occurring agents to block, reverse, or delay the process of carcinogenesis. For a variety of reasons, the most important of which is human acceptance, for chemopreventive intervention, naturally occurring diet-based agents are preferred. Prostate cancer is an ideal candidate disease for chemopreventive intervention, because it grows very slowly, likely for decades, before symptoms arise and a diagnosis is finally established, it has a long latency period, and it is typically diagnosed in men >50 years of age. Most chemopreventive agents are antioxidant in nature. We have been defining the usefulness of dietary anti-oxidants for chemoprevention of prostate and other cancers. It is increasingly appreciated that some of these dietary anti-oxidants are nature's gift molecules endowed with cancer preventive and therapeutic properties. This review will focus on prostate cancer chemopreventive effects of polyphenolic anti-oxidants derived from green tea and pomegranate. It is a challenge to custom-tailor these gift molecules as cocktails in concentrations that can easily be consumed by humans for delaying prostate and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaqar Mustafa Adhami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Sciences Center, Room B-25, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Christensen MJ, Nartey ET, Hada AL, Legg RL, Barzee BR. High Selenium Reduces NF-κB-Regulated Gene Expression in Uninduced Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2007; 58:197-204. [PMID: 17640166 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701328701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) induces expression of antiapoptotic and pro-inflammatory genes and is constitutively activated in prostate cancer. We tested the hypothesis that a biologically and physiologically relevant form and concentration of selenium (Se) may alter NF-kappa B activation in early prostate cancer cells in the absence of exogenously added inducers of the NF-kappaB pathway. LNCaP cells were cultured in medium without added tumor necrosis factor alpha or lipopolysaccharide but with methylseleninic acid added to provide final concentrations of Se of 30 nM-7.6 microM. Compared to 50 nM Se, treatment with 7.6 microM Se virtually eliminated NF-kappaB binding to its DNA response element and reduced transcription rates and mRNA levels by half for NF-kappaB-regulated genes. There were no differences due to Se in tyrosine phosphorylation, inhibitor of kappa B alpha (I kappa B alpha) levels, or NF-kappaB translocation from cytosol to nucleus. The observation in these basal, unstimulated cells of altered NF-kappaB binding to DNA in the absence of effects on the NF-kappaB activation pathway suggests an interaction of Se with the NF-kappaB protein or an effect on recruitment of NF-kappaB coactivators or corepressors. Inhibition of transcription factor binding and anti-apoptotic gene expression may be one mechanism for the chemopreventive effects of Se against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrill J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Siddiqui IA, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Prevention of prostate cancer through custom tailoring of chemopreventive regimen. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 171:122-32. [PMID: 17403520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
One practical way to control cancer is through chemoprevention, which refers to the administration of synthetic or naturally occurring agents to block, reverse or delay the process of carcinogenesis. For a variety of reasons, the most important of which is human acceptance, for chemopreventive intervention naturally occurring diet-based agents are preferred over synthetic agents. For a long time, the prevailing mantra of cancer chemoprevention has been: "Find effective agents with acceptable or no toxicity and use them in preventing cancer in relatively healthy people or individuals at high risk for developing cancer". In pursuing this goal many naturally occurring phytochemicals capable of affording protection against carcinogenesis in preclinical settings in experimental animals have been described. However, clinical trials of single agents have yielded disappointing results. Since carcinogenesis is a multistage phenomenon in which many normal cellular pathways become aberrant, it is unlikely that one agent could prove effective in preventing cancer. This review underscores the need to build an armamentarium of naturally occurring chemopreventive substances that could prevent or slow down the development and progression of prostate cancer. Thus, the new effective approach for cancer prevention "building a customized mechanism-based chemoprevention cocktail of naturally occurring substances" is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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15
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Denkert C, Thoma A, Niesporek S, Weichert W, Koch I, Noske A, Schicktanz H, Burkhardt M, Jung K, Dietel M, Kristiansen G. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human prostate carcinoma and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia-association with increased expression of Polo-like kinase-1. Prostate 2007; 67:361-9. [PMID: 17265445 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenases (COX) as well as Polo-like kinases (PLK) are involved in proliferation and cell cycle regulation and have been suggested for preventive and therapeutic approaches in prostate carcinoma. METHODS In this study, we studied expression and prognostic impact of COX-2 in invasive prostate carcinoma, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), atrophic glands, and normal prostatic glands, and investigated the association between COX-2 and PLK-1. RESULTS We observed a positivity for COX-2 in 72.1% of PIN and in 44.7% of prostate carcinomas with an overexpression of COX-2 in prostate cancer and PIN compared to benign prostatic tissue (P < 0.0005). Furthermore, we observed a strong correlation between expression of PLK-1 and COX-2 (P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of a correlation between COX-2 and PLK-1 in a malignant tumor. COX-2 and PLK-1 may be interesting targets for new molecular therapies in prostate cancer.
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Rafi MM, Yadav PN, Reyes M. Lycopene Inhibits LPS-Induced Proinflammatory Mediator Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Mouse Macrophage Cells. J Food Sci 2007; 72:S069-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Guo FQ, Huang LF, Wong KP, Dai YH, Li YW, Liang YZ, Huang KL, Zhong KJ, Wu MJ. A rapid, simple, specific liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometry method for the determination of finasteride in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 43:1507-13. [PMID: 17118604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A fast, accurate, sensitive, selective and reliable method using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupling with an electrospray ionization interface was developed and validated for the determination of finasteride in human plasma. After deprotienation with acetonitrile, centrifugation, evaporation to dryness and dissolving in mobile phase, satisfactory separation was achieved on a Hypersil-Keystone C(18) reversed-phase column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (46:54, v/v), 0.1% acetic acid and 0.1% trifluoracetic acid. Carbamazepine (IS) was used as internal standard. This method involved the use of the [M+H](+) ions of finasteride and IS at m/z 373 and 237 with the selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.2-120 ng ml(-1). The limit of quantification for finasteride in plasma was 0.2 ng ml(-1) with good accuracy and precision. The intra-assay precision and accuracy were in the range of 2.1-11.2% and -1.3% to 8.5%, respectively. The inter-assay precision and accuracy were in the order of 3.4-12.1% and -1.5% to 11.5%, respectively. The mean sample extract recoveries of the method were higher than 85% and 74% for finasteride and internal standard (IS), respectively. The assay has been successfully used to estimate the pharmacokinetics of finasteride after oral administration of a 5mg tablet of finasteride to 24 healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Qiu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
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18
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Francis SO, Mahlberg MJ, Johnson KR, Ming ME, Dellavalle RP. Melanoma chemoprevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55:849-61. [PMID: 17052492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite efforts to promote sun protection behaviors, melanoma incidence continues to increase. The prognosis of advanced melanoma remains extremely poor in spite of treatment advances, emphasizing the importance of exploring additional preventive measures. OBJECTIVE We sought to summarize the results of published research on candidate chemoprevention agents for melanoma. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the literature. RESULTS Investigation into a possible role in melanoma chemoprevention continues for multiple agents, including sunscreen, lipid-lowering medications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, dietary nutrients, immunomodulators, and other drugs, including retinoids, difluoromethylornithine, and T4 endonuclease V. LIMITATIONS Systematic review of the literature was not performed. CONCLUSION Because no agent yet emerges as a clear choice for effective melanoma chemoprevention, sun avoidance and sun protection remain the mainstay of melanoma prevention for persons at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla O Francis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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19
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Lee AH, Fraser ML, Meng X, Binns CW. Protective effects of green tea against prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6:507-13. [PMID: 16613539 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the third highest incidence of all cancers in men worldwide with incidence and mortality being particularly high in affluent, developed countries. Tea, especially green tea, has demonstrated promise in the prevention of several cancers. Green tea contains several components including catechins, a category of polyphenols that have chemopreventive properties. Although evidence from epidemiological studies is not comprehensive, it is strengthened by animal and in vitro evidence suggesting that consumption of tea is associated with decreased risk or progression of prostate cancer. Emerging evidence and potential biological mechanisms for the role of green tea in prostate cancer prevention are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy H Lee
- School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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20
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Kaur M, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Grape seed extract induces anoikis and caspase-mediated apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells: possible role of ataxia telangiectasia mutated–p53 activation. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1265-74. [PMID: 16731759 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cancer diagnosed in elderly males in the Western world. Epidemiologic studies suggest that dietary modifications could be an effective approach in reducing various cancers, including prostate cancer, and accordingly cancer-preventive efficacy of dietary nutrients has gained increased attention in recent years. We have recently shown that grape seed extract (GSE) inhibits growth and induces apoptotic death of advanced human prostate cancer DU145 cells in culture and xenograft. Because prostate cancer is initially an androgen-dependent malignancy, here we used LNCaP human prostate cancer cells as a model to assess GSE efficacy and associated mechanisms. GSE treatment of cells led to their detachment within 12 hours, as occurs in anoikis, and caused a significant decrease in live cells mostly due to their apoptotic death. GSE-induced anoikis and apoptosis were accompanied by a strong decrease in focal adhesion kinase levels, but an increase in caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage; however, GSE caused both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis as evidenced by cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor release into cytosol. Additional studies revealed that GSE causes DNA damage-induced activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase and Chk2, as well as p53 Ser(15) phosphorylation and its translocation to mitochondria, suggesting this to be an additional mechanism for apoptosis induction. GSE-induced apoptosis, cell growth inhibition, and cell death were attenuated by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine and involved reactive oxygen species generation. Together, these results show GSE effects in LNCaP cells and suggest additional in vivo efficacy studies in prostate cancer animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Box C238, Denver, CO 80262.
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21
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Santillo VM, Lowe FC. Role of vitamins, minerals and supplements in the prevention and management of prostate cancer. Int Braz J Urol 2006; 32:3-14. [PMID: 16519822 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382006000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors review the current literature on the complementary and alternative medicines most frequently utilized by prostate cancer patients and those at risk for the disease. Products covered are vitamin E, vitamin A, selenium, zinc, soy, lycopene, pomegranate juice, green tea and omega-3 fatty acids. There is no definitive proof that any of the nutritional supplements discussed can impact the course of prostate cancer or its development. The authors believe that simply taking a standard daily multivitamin should be sufficient to ensure that patients have the appropriate levels of vitamins and minerals without risking the over utilization of vitamins, minerals, and supplements which can lead to numerous negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Santillo
- Department of Urology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hosital, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Mellon JK. The finasteride prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT) – What have we learned? Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2016-22. [PMID: 16061372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2003, the first of two large NCI-sponsored prostate cancer chemoprevention trials was reported. The prostate cancer prevention trial (PCPT) demonstrated a 24.8% reduction in the prevalence of prostate cancer in men taking finasteride 5mg/d for 7 years. However, despite the overall reduced risk of prostate cancer, men in the finasteride-treated arm of the study were more likely to develop high-grade disease. This article examines some of the controversies aroused by the PCPT and evaluates some of the arguments that have been advanced in an attempt to explain some of the unexpected outcomes of the study. In addition, some of the recent studies assessing the potential impact of an effective chemopreventive strategy on population mortality are reviewed. To conclude, there is some discussion of factors, which need to be openly discussed with male patients who might be considered for finasteride therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kilian Mellon
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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