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Man J, Zhou W, Zuo S, Zhao X, Wang Q, Ma H, Li HY. TANGO1 interacts with NRTN to promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115615. [PMID: 37211171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transport and Golgi organization 1 (TANGO1) also known as MIA3, belongs to the melanoma inhibitory activity gene (MIA) family together with MIA, MIA2 and OTOR; these members play different roles in different tumors, but the mechanism underlying TANGO1s effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. Our study confirmed that TANGO1 is a promoter of HCC, In HCC cells, TANGO1 can promote proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, promote EMT. These changes were reversed after TANGO1 inhibition. We explored the molecular mechanism of TANGO1 and HCC and found that the promoting effect of TANGO1 on HCC related to neurturin (NRTN) and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway based on RNA-seq results. NRTN is not only related to neuronal growth, differentiation and maintenance but is also involved in a variety of tumorigenic processes, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in HCC progression. We verified that TANGO1 interacts with NRTN in HCC cells using endogenous Co-IP and confocal localization, and both promote HCC progression by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Our results reveal the mechanism by which TANGO1 promotes HCC progression, suggesting that the TANGO1/NRTN axis may be a potential therapeutic target for HCC worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Man
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Wanbiao Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Shi Zuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xueke Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Huaxing Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples Republic of China.
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2
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Fei X, Liu S, Liu P, Wang X, Zhu C, Hou J, Cai J, Pan Y. Identification and validation of a potential key gene SGOL1 for poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma based on a bioinformatics approach. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1043161. [PMID: 36439418 PMCID: PMC9683735 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1043161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide. Shugoshin 1 (SGOL1) plays a crucial role in cell mitosis and its aberrant expression level in human tumors has shown to promote chromosomal instability (CIN) and accelerate tumor growth. SGOL1 expression level in HCC cells and tissues, whether it has an influence on HCC patients' prognosis, and its mechanism of action have not yet been studied. METHODS We carried out the bioinformatics analysis of SGOL1 expression level and survival analysis in 8 different malignancies, including HCC. In addition, we analyzed SGOL1 expression level in HCC tissues, as well as HCC patients' clinical features, enrichment analysis of SGOL1 function and mechanism of action in HCC and tumor immune cells. The effects of SGOL1 expression level and cell viability on HCC were confirmed by in vitro cytological assays. RESULTS It was found that SGOL1 mRNA expression level was significantly higher in several tumor tissues, including HCC, than in corresponding normal tissues, and the elevated SGOL1 expression level was strongly associated with HCC patients' poor prognosis. It was also revealed that SGOL1 expression level in HCC tissue was positively correlated with disease stage, tumor grade, and tumor size, and the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that SGOL1 was one of the independent influential factors of the prognosis of HCC. Enrichment analysis revealed that SGOL1 expression level in HCC tissue was mainly associated with tumor proliferation, cell cycle, and other factors. The results of the immune infiltration analysis indicated that SGOL1 expression level was associated with immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoints in HCC. In vitro experiments demonstrated the high SGOL1 expression level in HCC tissues and cells, and silencing of SGOL1 resulted in altered cell cycle markers and decreased proliferation, invasion, and migration of HCC cells. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that SGOL1 is highly expressed in HCC tissues, it is a biomarker of a poor prognosis, which may be related to immune cell infiltration in HCC, and may enhance the proliferation, invasion, and migration of HCC cells. The results may provide new insights into targeted treatment of HCC and improve HCC patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Fei
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Songbai Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Changhao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guizhou Cancer Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Junyi Hou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Junzhe Cai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yaozhen Pan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Small Molecule Inhibitors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Advances and Challenges. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175537. [PMID: 36080304 PMCID: PMC9457820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to data provided by World Health Organization, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cause of deaths due to cancer worldwide. Tremendous progress has been achieved over the last 10 years developing novel agents for HCC treatment, including small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Several small molecule inhibitors currently form the core of HCC treatment due to their versatility since they would be more easily absorbed and have higher oral bioavailability, thus easier to formulate and administer to patients. In addition, they can be altered structurally to have greater volumes of distribution, allowing them to block extravascular molecular targets and to accumulate in a high concentration in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, they can be designed to have shortened half-lives to control for immune-related adverse events. Most importantly, they would spare patients, healthcare institutions, and society as a whole from the burden of high drug costs. The present review provides an overview of the pharmaceutical compounds that are licensed for HCC treatment and other emerging compounds that are still investigated in preclinical and clinical trials. These molecules are targeting different molecular targets and pathways that are proven to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Qin S, Liu G, Jin H, Chen X, He J, Xiao J, Qin Y, Mao Y, Zhao L. The comprehensive expression and functional analysis of m6A modification "readers" in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6269-6298. [PMID: 35963644 PMCID: PMC9417225 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification regulators are essential for the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. However, the comprehensive analysis about roles of m6A "readers" in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. UALCAN, GEPIA2, HPA, Kaplan Meier plotter, cBioPortal, STRING WebGestalt, Metascape and TIMER 2.0 database and Cytoscape software were used to comprehensively analyze the bioinformatic data. We found that m6A "readers" were upregulated at the mRNA level and protein level in HCC patients. Highly expressed YTHDF1, IGF2BP3 and NKAP were positively correlated with advanced HCC stage and had a poor prognosis in OS and PFS. The gene alterations of m6A "readers" happened frequently, and YTHDF3 had the highest mutation rate. The function of m6A "readers" on HCC may be closely correlated with splicing related proteins (including HNRNP family, SNRP family, and SR family), metabolic process, protein binding and RNA splicing related signaling pathways. Moreover, although the correlation of YTHDF3 and CD8+ T cell infiltration, and the correlation of IGF2BP3 and infiltration of mast cells and CAF are negative, most m6A "readers" had a positive correlation with immune cells (including CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, Tregs, B cell, neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage, myeloid dendritic cell, nature killer cell, mast cell, and CAF). Macrophages, CD4+ T cell, Treg, B cell, monocyte, and myeloid dendritic cell had a positively strong correlation (Rho>0.4) with most m6A "readers" (such as YTHDC1, YTHDC2, YTHDF1, IGF2BP3, HNRNPA2B1 and HNRNPC). In conclusion, by comprehensive analysis of m6A "readers", we found that they were involved in the prognosis of HCC, and m6A "readers" might regulate the development and progression of HCC by participating in some metabolism-related and RNA splicing-related signaling pathways as well as immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Qin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gaoming Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoer Jin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Early Clinical Trial Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang He
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juxiong Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yitao Mao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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5
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Feng T, Wu T, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Liu S, Li L, Li M, Hu E, Wang Q, Fu X, Zhan L, Xie Z, Xie W, Huang X, Shang X, Yu G. Stemness Analysis Uncovers That The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Signaling Pathway Can Mediate Fatty Acid Homeostasis In Sorafenib-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:912694. [PMID: 35957896 PMCID: PMC9361019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.912694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stem cells are regarded as an important part of individualized HCC treatment and sorafenib resistance. However, there is lacking systematic assessment of stem-like indices and associations with a response of sorafenib in HCC. Our study thus aimed to evaluate the status of tumor dedifferentiation for HCC and further identify the regulatory mechanisms under the condition of resistance to sorafenib. Datasets of HCC, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs) expression, somatic mutation, and clinical information were collected. The mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi), which can represent degrees of dedifferentiation of HCC samples, was calculated to predict drug response of sorafenib therapy and prognosis. Next, unsupervised cluster analysis was conducted to distinguish mRNAsi-based subgroups, and gene/geneset functional enrichment analysis was employed to identify key sorafenib resistance-related pathways. In addition, we analyzed and confirmed the regulation of key genes discovered in this study by combining other omics data. Finally, Luciferase reporter assays were performed to validate their regulation. Our study demonstrated that the stemness index obtained from transcriptomic is a promising biomarker to predict the response of sorafenib therapy and the prognosis in HCC. We revealed the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway (the PPAR signaling pathway), related to fatty acid biosynthesis, that was a potential sorafenib resistance pathway that had not been reported before. By analyzing the core regulatory genes of the PPAR signaling pathway, we identified four candidate target genes, retinoid X receptor beta (RXRB), nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3 (NR1H3), cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily B member 1 (CYP8B1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), as a signature to distinguish the response of sorafenib. We proposed and validated that the RXRB and NR1H3 could directly regulate NR1H3 and SCD, respectively. Our results suggest that the combined use of SCD inhibitors and sorafenib may be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingze Feng
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhi Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Country Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erqiang Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocong Fu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijing Xie
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqin Xie
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianying Huang
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xianying Huang, ; Xuan Shang, ; Guangchuang Yu,
| | - Xuan Shang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xianying Huang, ; Xuan Shang, ; Guangchuang Yu,
| | - Guangchuang Yu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xianying Huang, ; Xuan Shang, ; Guangchuang Yu,
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6
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Kim JA, Park SJ, Choi S, Chang J, Jeong S, C Ahn J, Lee G, Son JS, Park SM. Association of the presence of allergic disease with subsequent risk of liver cancer in a nationwide retrospective cohort among Koreans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9856. [PMID: 35701586 PMCID: PMC9198066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have proposed an inverse association between allergic diseases and risk of cancer, but only a few studies have specifically investigated the risk of primary liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of allergic diseases with risk of primary liver cancer. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of the Korean National Health Insurance Service database consisted of 405,512 Korean adults ages 40 and above who underwent health screening before January 1st, 2005. All participants were followed up until the date of liver cancer, death, or December 31st, 2013, whichever happened earliest. Those who died before the index date or had pre-diagnosed cancer were excluded from the analyses. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of primary liver cancer according to the presence of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. The aHR (95% CI) for overall liver cancer among allergic patients was 0.77 (0.68–0.87) compared to those without allergic disease. Allergic patients had significantly reduced risk of HCC (aHR, 0.72; 95% CI 0.62–0.85) but not ICC (aHR, 0.95; 95% CI 0.73–1.22). The presence of allergies was associated with significantly lower risk of liver cancer among patients whose systolic blood pressure is lower than 140 mmHg (aHR, 0.64; 95% CI 0.62–0.78 for overall liver cancer; aHR, 0.64; 95% CI 0.52–0.78 for HCC) but this effect was not observed among patients whose systolic blood pressure is higher than 140 mmHg (aHR, 0.91; 95% CI 0.71–1.18 for overall liver cancer; aHR, 0.91; 95% CI 0.71–1.18 for HCC) The aHR (95% CI) for overall liver cancer of allergic patients with and without chronic hepatitis virus infection were 0.60 (95% CI 0.44–0.81) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.64–0.93), respectively. In addition, allergic patients without cirrhosis showed significantly lower risk of overall liver cancer (aHR, 0.73; 95% CI 0.63–0.83). Patients with allergic diseases have significantly lower risk of primary liver cancer compared to those without allergic diseases, which supports the rationale for immunotherapy as an effective treatment for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ah Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Jae Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seulggie Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jooyoung Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seogsong Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Korea
| | - Joseph C Ahn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gyeongsil Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joung Sik Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea.
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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Liu XY, Zhao ZQ, Cheng YX, Tao W, Yuan C, Zhang B, Wang CY. Does Chronic Kidney Disease Really Affect the Complications and Prognosis After Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma? A Meta-Analysis. Front Surg 2022; 9:870946. [PMID: 35465427 PMCID: PMC9019129 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.870946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this meta-analysis was to analyze whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) affected the complications and prognosis after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to 22 February 2022 to find eligible studies. Complications, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were collected, and this meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3. Results A total of nine studies including 6,541 patients were included in this meta-analysis. After pooling all baseline information, the CKD group had a higher rate of Child-Pugh grade B than the Non-CKD group (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.3 to 1.93, P < 0.00001). As for surgery-related information, the CKD group had larger blood loss (MD = −404.79, 95% CI = −509.70 to −299.88, P < 0.00001), and higher rate of blood transfusion (OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.85 to 3.3, P < 0.00001). In terms of complications, the CKD group had a higher rate of overall complications (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.57 to 2.81, P < 0.00001) and a higher rate of ≥ grade III complications (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.57 to 2.81, P = 0.0002). The CKD group had poor OS compared with the non-CKD group (HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.1 to 1.49, P = 0.001). However, in terms of DFS, no significant difference was found (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.28, P = 0.16). Conclusion Preexisting CKD was associated with higher ratio of complications and poor OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qijiang Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Xi Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Yi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Chun-Yi Wang
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8
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Liu C, Yu H, Li X, Gong Y, Wu P, Feng QS. Anti-hepatocellular carcinoma efficacy of Fuzheng Xiaozheng prescription and its interventional mechanism studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114913. [PMID: 34910953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fuzheng Xiaozheng prescription (FZXZP), a traditional Chinese medicine, which was derived from the famous decoction, Sanjiasan, in the book of "Wenyilun" in Ming dynasty. Due to its function of invigorating the circulation of blood in Chinese medicine, it was usually used for treating the liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), etc. Clinical application found that FZXZP exhibited satisfactory therapeutic effects in HCC treatments. However, we still know little about the underlying mechanisms. AIM OF STUDY In this study, we aim to gain a deeper insight into the inhibiting effects of FZXZP on HCC rats and preliminarily elucidate the underlying intervention effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two doses of FZXZP were adopted to evaluate the therapeutic effects on rat HCC, and then the intervention effects were evaluated from different aspects. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the active compounds prediction in FZXZP. Finally, the mRNA-Seq was conducted to reveal the intervention mechanisms and the mechanisms were further validated by quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and lipid contents analyses. RESULTS The results showed that FZXZP significantly alleviated the serum biochemical indicators and improved the pathological characteristics of HCC rats. Mechanistically, FZXZP could regulate some lipid related metabolisms, including arachidonic acid, linoleic acid and retinol, as well as improving the steroid hormone biosynthesis, to improve the inflammatory statuses and restoring ability of HCC livers, and these were further confirmed by our following analyses on serum lipid contents and cytokine expressions. In addition, FZXZP could also negatively regulate four extracellular growth factors which could result in the blocking of two cancer-related signaling pathways, Ras/MAPK and Ras/PI3K-Akt. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that FZXZP demonstrated significant inhibiting effects on rat HCC progresses, and these may be realized by improving the inflammatory statuses and blocking the Ras/MAPK and Ras/PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Rats
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Diethylnitrosamine/toxicity
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Random Allocation
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Han Yu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yanju Gong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Peijie Wu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Feng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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Li J, Yu N, Li X, Cui M, Guo Q. The Single-Cell Sequencing: A Dazzling Light Shining on the Dark Corner of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:759894. [PMID: 34745998 PMCID: PMC8566994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.759894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis refers to the process of clonal dysplasia that occurs due to the collapse of normal growth regulation in cells caused by the action of various carcinogenic factors. These “successful” tumor cells pass on the genetic templates to their generations in evolutionary terms, but they also constantly adapt to ever-changing host environments. A unique peculiarity known as intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) is extensively involved in tumor development, metastasis, chemoresistance, and immune escape. An understanding of ITH is urgently required to identify the diversity and complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), but achieving this understanding has been a challenge. Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is a powerful tool that can gauge the distribution of genomic sequences in a single cell and the genetic variability among tumor cells, which can improve the understanding of ITH. SCS provides fundamental ideas about existing diversity in specific TMEs, thus improving cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction, as well as improving the monitoring of therapeutic response. Herein, we will discuss advances in SCS and review SCS application in tumors based on current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengna Cui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qie Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Circulating Tumor Cell Is a Clinical Indicator of Pretransplant Radiofrequency Ablation for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:7776389. [PMID: 34712326 PMCID: PMC8548160 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7776389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction It is of great significance to confirm reliable indicators for the guidance of pretransplant radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we aim to investigate whether circulating tumor cell (CTC) status is a clinical indicator for RFA before liver transplantation (LT) in HCC patients. Method CTC analyses were measured in 79 HCC patients. Clinical outcomes including progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared and analyzed between patients with and without pretransplant RFA. Result Forty-two patients were detected as CTC-positive and 18 patients received pretransplant RFA. Recurrence was correlated with CTC count (P=0.024), tumor number (P=0.035), liver cirrhosis (P=0.001), Milan criteria (P=0.003), and University of California San Francisco (UCSF) criteria (P=0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with CTC-positive had a lower PFS rate (P=0.0257). For CTC-positive patients, the PFS rate of the pretransplant RFA group was significantly higher than the non-pretransplant RFA group (100% vs. 46.7%, P=0.0236). For CTC-negative patients, both PFS rate and OS rate were similar and without significant differences. In multivariate analysis, pretransplant RFA was the independent factor for PFS (P=0.025). Conclusion Pretransplant CTC status can guide the administration of pretransplant RFA in HCC patients which can improve PFS in CTC-positive HCC patients.
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Zhu H, Wang SY, Zhu JH, Liu H, Kong M, Mao Q, Zhang W, Li SL. Efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with ginsenosides in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153700. [PMID: 34425474 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a standard therapy to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but often limited for its complications. Ginsenosides, including total ginsenosides (GS), Rg3, Rh2 and CK, have been clinically used as adjuvants of TACE in HCC therapy. However, partial clinical observations concerning the efficacy and safety of the combinational treatment were contradictory. PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy and safety of TACE and ginsenosides combination for HCC therapy. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding TACE and ginsenosides for HCC up to May 2021 were screened from six databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese VIP Information and Web of Science). The outcomes of tumor response, adverse reactions (ADRs), quality of life (QOL), survival rates (OS) and liver function were extracted and evaluated by meta-analysis, respectively. RESULTS A total of 18 RCTs with 1308 HCC patients were enrolled, and most of the eligible studies had unclear bias risk. Compared with TACE, combining ginsenosides improved objective response rate [ORR, risk ratio (RR) 1.39, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.20∼1.61], disease control rate (DCR, RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.12∼1.30), QOL (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.25∼1.90), one- (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.16∼1.62) and two- (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.06∼1.95) year OS, and A level of Child-pugh, as well as reduced the risks of nausea and vomiting, pyrexia, ache, hyperbilirubinemia, anorexia, fatigue, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and myelosuppression. Subgroup analyses showed that both short- and long- treatment durations of ginsenosides enhanced the A level of Child-pugh, and reduced nausea and vomiting, ache and hyperbilirubinemia. Besides, combining Rg3 benefited DCR, ORR and QOL, and alleviated nausea and vomiting, hyperbilirubinemia, leukopenia, myelosuppression, thrombocytopenia and α-fetoprotein, while combining GS alleviated nausea and vomiting, ache and hyperbilirubinemia, combining Rh2 alleviated thrombocytopenia, and combining CK alleviated nausea and vomiting, pyrexia, ache and leukopenia, respectively. CONCLUSION The results suggested that combining ginsenosides could continuously benefit the efficacy and safety of TACE in HCC treatment, and Rg3 is the prior selection during the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Si-Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Jin-Hao Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Qian Mao
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
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Zhao J, Lin L, Luo Y, Cai Q, Jiang X, Liao C, Wei H. Optimization of GPC3-specific chimeric antigen receptor structure and its effect on killing hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3674-3683. [PMID: 34261411 PMCID: PMC8806505 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1950261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of optimized GPC3-specific chimeric antigen receptor (GPC3-CAR) structure on killing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. We constructed three lentiviral expression vectors with different CAR structures by genetic engineering and molecular cloning techniques. These three CAR structures shared the same intracellular signaling region consisting of 4-1BB and CD3ζ, but had different hinge and transmembrane regions. Specifically, GPC3-O4-CAR contained an optimized CD8α hinge region and a 4-1BB transmembrane domain; GPC3-CD8-CAR contained an optimized CD8α hinge region and a CD8α transmembrane domain; and GPC3-ori-CAR contained an original CD8α hinge region and a 4-1BB transmembrane domain. With similar transfection efficiency, it was observed by fluorescence microscopy that GPC3-O4-CAR expression on the surface of 293 T cells was much higher than those of the other two. Cytotoxicity experiments showed that T or NK cells with GPC3-O4-CAR structure were more lethal and could secrete more IFN-γ than the other two. In conclusion, GPC3-O4-CAR can be efficiently and stably expressed on the cell surface. Moreover, both the killing effect of transduced T and NK cells on GPC3-positive HCC cells and release of IFN-γ are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Lijuan Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Yihua Luo
- ImmunoCares Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghe Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Xiaojie Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Changxi Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Huimin Wei
- The Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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De B, Ng SP, Liu AY, Avila S, Tao R, Holliday EB, Brownlee Z, Kaseb A, Lee S, Raghav K, Vauthey JN, Minsky BD, Herman JM, Das P, Smith GL, Taniguchi CM, Krishnan S, Crane CH, Grassberger C, Hong TS, Lin SH, Koong AC, Mohan R, Koay EJ. Radiation-Associated Lymphopenia and Outcomes of Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Radiotherapy. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8:57-69. [PMID: 33688489 PMCID: PMC7937383 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s282062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune system plays a crucial role in cancer surveillance. Previous studies have shown that lymphopenia associated with radiotherapy (RT) portends a poor prognosis. We sought to differentiate the effects of proton and photon RT on changes in absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients and Methods Patients with HCC treated with definitive RT from 2006 to 2016 were studied. Serial ALCs were graded according to CTCAE v4.0. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable and multivariable Cox-proportional hazards analyses were used to identify predictors of OS. A cohort analysis matched for treatment volume was performed to investigate differences in ALC dynamics between photon and proton therapy. Results Of 143 patients identified, the median age was 66 (range, 19-90) years. The treatment modality was photon in 103 (72%) and proton in 40 (28%). Median follow-up was 17 months (95% confidence interval, 13-25 months). The median time to ALC nadir after initiation of RT was 17 days with a median relative decrease of 67%. Those who received proton RT had a higher median ALC nadir (0.41 vs 0.32 k/µL, p=0.002) and longer median OS (33 vs 13 months, p=0.002) than those who received photon RT. Matched cohort analyses revealed a larger low-dose liver volume in the photon group, which correlated with lower ALC. On multivariable Cox analysis, Grade 3 or higher lymphopenia prior to or after RT, portal venous tumor thrombus, larger planning target volumes, Child-Pugh (CP) Class B, and increased CP score after RT were associated with a higher risk of death, whereas the use of proton therapy was associated with lower risk. Conclusion Grade 3 or higher lymphopenia may be associated with poorer outcomes in patients receiving RT for HCC. Protons may mitigate lymphopenia compared with photons, potentially due to reduced dose exposure of sites of lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian De
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sweet Ping Ng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Y Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Santiago Avila
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Randa Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Emma B Holliday
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary Brownlee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Nicolas Vauthey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bruce D Minsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prajnan Das
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Grace L Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cullen M Taniguchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher H Crane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clemens Grassberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Radhe Mohan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eugene J Koay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Shi X, Chen L, Chen S, Sun D. Electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma-related biomarkers. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01042e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of HCC-related biomarkers, including cancer cells, proteins, cell-derived exosomes, and nucleic acids, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Shi
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Duanping Sun
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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