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Zhang C, Zhai W, Ma Y, Wu M, Cai Q, Huang J, Zhou Z, Duan F. Integrating machine learning algorithms and multiple immunohistochemistry validation to unveil novel diagnostic markers based on costimulatory molecules for predicting immune microenvironment status in triple-negative breast cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1424259. [PMID: 39007147 PMCID: PMC11239375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Costimulatory molecules are putative novel targets or potential additions to current available immunotherapy, but their expression patterns and clinical value in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are to be clarified. Methods The gene expression profiles datasets of TNBC patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Diagnostic biomarkers for stratifying individualized tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) were identified using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithms. Additionally, we explored their associations with response to immunotherapy via the multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC). Results A total of 60 costimulatory molecule genes (CMGs) were obtained, and we determined two different TIME subclasses ("hot" and "cold") through the K-means clustering method. The "hot" tumors presented a higher infiltration of activated immune cells, i.e., CD4 memory-activated T cells, resting NK cells, M1 macrophages, and CD8 T cells, thereby enriched in the B cell and T cell receptor signaling pathways. LASSO and SVM-RFE algorithms identified three CMGs (CD86, TNFRSF17 and TNFRSF1B) as diagnostic biomarkers. Following, a novel diagnostic nomogram was constructed for predicting individualized TIME status and was validated with good predictive accuracy in TCGA, GSE76250 and GSE58812 databases. Further mIHC conformed that TNBC patients with high CD86, TNFRSF17 and TNFRSF1B levels tended to respond to immunotherapy. Conclusion This study supplemented evidence about the value of CMGs in TNBC. In addition, CD86, TNFRSF17 and TNFRSF1B were found as potential biomarkers, significantly promoting TNBC patient selection for immunotherapeutic guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenyu Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaoting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Mantooth SM, Abdou Y, Saez-Ibañez AR, Upadhaya S, Zaharoff DA. Intratumoral delivery of immunotherapy to treat breast cancer: current development in clinical and preclinical studies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385484. [PMID: 38803496 PMCID: PMC11128577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer poses one of the largest threats to women's health. Treatment continues to improve for all the subtypes of breast cancer, but some subtypes, such as triple negative breast cancer, still present a significant treatment challenge. Additionally, metastasis and local recurrence are two prevalent problems in breast cancer treatment. A newer type of therapy, immunotherapy, may offer alternatives to traditional treatments for difficult-to-treat subtypes. Immunotherapy engages the host's immune system to eradicate disease, with the potential to induce long-lasting, durable responses. However, systemic immunotherapy is only approved in a limited number of indications, and it benefits only a minority of patients. Furthermore, immune related toxicities following systemic administration of potent immunomodulators limit dosing and, consequently, efficacy. To address these safety considerations and improve treatment efficacy, interest in local delivery at the site of the tumor has increased. Numerous intratumorally delivered immunotherapeutics have been and are being explored clinically and preclinically, including monoclonal antibodies, cellular therapies, viruses, nucleic acids, cytokines, innate immune agonists, and bacteria. This review summarizes the current and past intratumoral immunotherapy clinical landscape in breast cancer as well as current progress that has been made in preclinical studies, with a focus on delivery parameters and considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siena M. Mantooth
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Yara Abdou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | | | - David A. Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Zheng C, Liu Y, Wang X, Bi Z, Qiu P, Qiao G, Bi X, Shi Z, Zhang Z, Chen P, Sun X, Wang C, Zhu S, Meng X, Song Y, Qi Y, Li L, Luo N, Wang Y. Clinical efficacy and biomarker analysis of neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus chemotherapy for early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: a experimental single-arm phase II clinical trial pilot study. Int J Surg 2024; 110:1527-1536. [PMID: 38116673 PMCID: PMC10942181 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a dismal prognosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising antitumor activity in neoadjuvant settings. This single-arm, phase II trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of camrelizumab plus chemotherapy as the neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) in early TNBC. METHODS Patients received eight cycles of camrelizumab plus nonplatinum-based chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was total pathological complete response (pCR). Secondary endpoints included the breast pathological complete response (bpCR), adverse events (AEs). Multiomics biomarkers were assessed as exploratory objective. RESULTS Twenty of 23 TNBC patients receiving NAT underwent surgery, with the total pCR rate of 65% (13/20) and bpCR rate of 70% (14/20). Grade ≥3 treatment-related AEs were observed in 14 (60.9%) patients, with the most common AE being neutropenia (65.2%). Tumor immune microenvironment was analyzed between pCR and non-pCR samples before and after the NAT. Gene expression profiling showed a higher immune infiltration in pCR patients than non-pCR patients in pre-NAT samples. Through establishment of a predictive model for the NAT efficacy, TAP1 and IRF4 were identified as the potential predictive biomarkers for response to the NAT. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed the glycolysis and hypoxia pathways were significantly activated in non-pCR patients before the NAT, and this hypoxia was aggravated after the NAT. CONCLUSION Camrelizumab plus nonplatinum-based chemotherapy shows a promising pCR rate in early-stage TNBC, with an acceptable safety profile. TAP1 and IRF4 may serve as potential predictive biomarkers for response to the NAT. Aggravated hypoxia and activated glycolysis after the NAT may be associated with the treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zheng
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Yanbing Liu
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Xue’er Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin
| | - Zhao Bi
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Pengfei Qiu
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Guangdong Qiao
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai
| | - Xiang Bi
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Zhaopeng Zhang
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Peng Chen
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Xiao Sun
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Chunjian Wang
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Shiguang Zhu
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- Toxicology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
| | - Yunjie Song
- Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd., The State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Developmen, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingxue Qi
- Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd., The State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Developmen, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd., The State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Developmen, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningning Luo
- Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd., The State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Developmen, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Breast Cancer Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan
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Fernández-Gualda MÁ, Ariza-Vega P, Galiano-Castillo N, Tovar-Martín I, Ortiz-Comino L, Lozano-Lozano M, Fernández-Lao C. PaiNEd app. Assessing central sensitization in survivors of breast cancer: A reliability study. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241260150. [PMID: 38882256 PMCID: PMC11179517 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241260150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pain is a common adverse event in survivors of breast cancer (sBCs). As there is no gold standard to assess pain experience predominantly related to central sensitization (CS) symptoms, we designed the PaiNEd app, which includes an algorithm to report whether patients are under predominant CS pain mechanisms. Objective We aimed to assess the reliability of the PaiNEd app to estimate whether sBC pain experience is predominantly related to CS symptoms. Methods An observational, descriptive reliability design was employed to assess the inter- and intrarater reliability of the PaiNEd app. This app includes an algorithm that considers the number of painful body parts and some questionnaires related to pain, such as the Numeric Pain-Rating Scale, the Brief Pain Inventory, the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI). Results A total of 21 sBCs with persistent pain were recruited. We observe a general trend of close agreement between the paper-based and app-based formats (ICCs ranged between 0.802 and 0.972; Cronbach's alpha ranged between 0.797 and 0.971). Test-retest reliabilities were moderate to excellent (ICCs ranged between 0.510 and 0.941; Cronbach's alpha ranged between 0.499 and 0.938). The agreement between the categorization of the CS algorithm and the CSI (cut-off point ≥ 40 for CS symptoms) was 95.24%. Conclusion The PaiNEd app emerges as a robust tool for evaluating pain experience predominantly related to CS and pain-related symptoms in sBCs. Its demonstrated reliability not only bolsters its utility but also signifies its potential as a valuable asset for healthcare professionals engaged in pain education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Fernández-Gualda
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Physical Therapy, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Ariza-Vega
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physical and Sport Education, PA-HELP "Physical Activity for HEaLth Promotion" Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Noelia Galiano-Castillo
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Physical Therapy, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Tovar-Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucía Ortiz-Comino
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
- Health Sciences Faculty (Melilla), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Lozano-Lozano
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Physical Therapy, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Fernández-Lao
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Physical Therapy, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Center (IMUDs), Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
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Anayyat U, Ahad F, Muluh TA, Zaidi SAA, Usmani F, Yang H, Li M, Hassan HA, Wang X. Immunotherapy: Constructive Approach for Breast Cancer Treatment. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2023; 15:925-951. [PMID: 38116189 PMCID: PMC10729681 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s424624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel and rapid therapeutic approach is the treatment of human breast cancer by enhancing the host's immune system. In initial findings, program death one (PD-1) and program cell death ligand one (PD-L1) showed positive results towards solid tumors, but tumor relapse and drug resistance are the major concerns. Breast cancer therapy has been transformed by the advent of immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs). Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have exhibited enduring responses to clinical usage of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs) like atezolizumab and pembrolizumab. Nonetheless, a notable proportion of individuals with TNBC do not experience advantages from these treatments, and there is limited comprehension of the resistance mechanisms. Another approach to overcome resistance is cancer stem cells (CSCs), as these cells are crucial for the initiation and growth of tumors in the body. Various cancer vaccines are created using stem cells (dendritic, whole cell, bacterial) and focus primarily on targeting tumor-related antigens. The ultimate objective of cancer vaccines is to immunize the patients by active artificial immunity against cancer, though. In this review, we primarily focused on existing immunotherapeutic options, immune checkpoint blockers, the latest progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), advanced strategies to overcome resistance to ICBs, cancer stem cell antigens and molecular markers, ongoing clinical trials for BCs and cancer vaccines for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Anayyat
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Faiza Ahad
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tobias Achu Muluh
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Syed Aqib Ali Zaidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Faiza Usmani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengqing Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hammad Ali Hassan
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
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Doan LV, Yoon J, Chun J, Perez R, Wang J. Pain associated with breast cancer: etiologies and therapies. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1182488. [PMID: 38148788 PMCID: PMC10750403 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1182488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain associated with breast cancer is a prevalent problem that negatively affects quality of life. Breast cancer pain is not limited to the disease course itself but is also induced by current therapeutic strategies. This, combined with the increasing number of patients living with breast cancer, make pain management for breast cancer patients an increasingly important area of research. This narrative review presents a summary of pain associated with breast cancer, including pain related to the cancer disease process itself and pain associated with current therapeutic modalities including radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. Current pain management techniques, their limitations, and novel analgesic strategies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V. Doan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jenny Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeana Chun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raven Perez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Wu CC, Pan MR, Shih SL, Shiau JP, Wu CC, Chang SJ, Kao CN, Chen FM, Hou MF, Luo CW. Combination of FAK inhibitor and cytokine-induced killer cell therapy: An alternative therapeutic strategy for patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114732. [PMID: 37254289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the loss of expression of several biomarkers, which limits treatment strategies for the disease. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of various tumors. Emerging evidence demonstrated that TNBC is an immune-activated cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy could be a feasible treatment option for TNBC. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy is considered as a potential treatment for cancer treatment. However, it is still not approved as a standard treatment in the clinical setting. Our previous study demonstrated that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays important role in regulating the sensitivity of TNBC cells to CIK cells. In this study, we further verify the role of FAK in regulating the immune response in vivo. Our in vitro study indicated that knockdown of FAK in TNBC cells or treat with the FAK inhibitor followed by co-culture with CIK cells induced more cell death than CIK cells treatment only. RNA-seq analysis indicated that suppression of FAK could affect several immune-related gene expressions in TNBC cells that affects the immune response in the tumor microenvironment of TNBC cells. The combination of FAK inhibitor and CIK cells significantly suppressed tumor growth than the treatment of FAK inhibitor or CIK cells alone in vivo. Our findings provide new insights into the cytotoxic effect of CIK cell therapy in TNBC treatment and indicate that the combination of CIK cell therapy with FAK inhibitors may be an alternative therapeutic strategy for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Che Wu
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shen-Liang Shih
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Ping Shiau
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Jyuan Chang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Ni Kao
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Ming Chen
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Wen Luo
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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Bula A, Tatar K, Wysocka R, Chyrek K, Piejko L, Nawrat-Szołtysik A, Polak A. Effect of Physical Activity on Static and Dynamic Postural Balance in Women Treated for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3722. [PMID: 36834417 PMCID: PMC9961643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapies against breast cancer (BC) frequently involve complications that impair patients' daily function and quality of life, the most common of which are motor coordination and balance disorders, increasing the risk of falls and injuries. In such cases, physical activity is recommended. Designed following the PRISMA guidelines, this study presents a systematic review of randomised and pilot clinical trials investigating the effect of physical exercises on postural balance in women treated for BC. METHODS Scientific databases (PubMed, EBSCO) and the online resources of grey publications were searched for trial reports published between January 2002 and February 2022. The inclusion criteria necessitated full-text, English-language reports from randomised clinical trials (RCTs) or pilot clinical trials (pilot CTs), whose authors used physical exercises to treat women with BC and the experimental and control groups consisted of at least 10 women. The methodological quality of the RCTs and pilot CTs were measured using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS), respectively. Data were extracted on the effect of exercise on the women's static and dynamic balance. RESULTS Seven reports, five RCTs and two pilot CTs involving a total of 575 women (aged 18-83 years) were included in the systematic review. Their training protocols utilised a variety of aerobic, strength, endurance, sensorimotor, Pilates exercises, and fitness exercises with elements of soccer. The experimental groups usually worked out in fitness or rehabilitation centres under the supervision of physiotherapists or trainers. Training sessions of 30-150 min were held 2 or 3 times a week for 1.5-24 months. Most trials reported that static and dynamic balance in the experimental groups improved significantly more compared with the control groups. CONCLUSIONS Physical exercises are able to improve static and dynamic postural balance in women treated for BC. However, as all evidence in support of this conclusion comes from only two pilot CT and five RCTs whose methodologies varied widely, more high quality research is needed to validate their findings and determine which exercise protocols are the most effective in improving postural control in women with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, The Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, The Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Karolina Tatar
- Student Scientific Association, The Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Regina Wysocka
- Tommed Medical and Rehabilitation Center, 40-662 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kasper Chyrek
- Doctoral School, Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Laura Piejko
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, The Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Clinical Department of Physiotherapy in Mental Diseases of the Academy of Physical Education, Psychiatric Hospital, 40-200 Rybnik, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrat-Szołtysik
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, The Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Polak
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, The Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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Neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade in combination with Chemotherapy in patients with tripe-negative breast cancer: exploratory analysis of real-world, multicenter data. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:29. [PMID: 36611131 PMCID: PMC9826585 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the poor prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), it has been demonstrated that neoadjuvant immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy can improve the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate and/or long-term outcome of TNBC. However, there have been no real-world studies reporting on the effectiveness of neoadjuvant checkpoint inhibitors in early TNBC. METHODS Between November 2019 and December 2021, 63 early TNBC patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies (pembrolizumab or camrelizumab) or anti-PD-L1 antibody (atezolizumab) in combination with chemotherapy at seven institutions were included. PCR1 defined as ypT0/Tis and ypN0 was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included pCR2 defined as ypT0/Tis, overall response rate (ORR), disease-free survival (DFS), drug-related adverse events (AEs) and biomarkers. RESULTS Among the patients in the current study, 34.9% of patients were able to achieve pCR1, and 47.6% of patients had achieved pCR2. The ORR was 82.5%. 33 patients with non-pCR2 tumors were found to have a median DFS of 20.7 months (95% CI 16.3 months-not reached). The DFS of patients with pCR2 and non-pCR2 after neoadjuvant therapy was significantly different (HR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.10-0.79; P = 0.038). The most common AEs were nausea (63.4%), fatigue (42.7%), leucopenia (30.0%) and elevated transaminase (11.7%). CONCLUSION It is possible to achieve a meaningful pCR rate and DFS by combining neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade with chemotherapy in patients with high-risk TNBC. Compared to clinical trials, however, there was a slightly lower pCR rate in this multicentered real-world study.
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10
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Immune-Related Gene Signatures to Predict the Effectiveness of Chemoimmunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Using Exploratory Subgroup Discovery. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235806. [PMID: 36497286 PMCID: PMC9735620 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with limited therapeutic options. Although immunotherapy has shown potential in TNBC patients, clinical studies have only demonstrated a modest response. Therefore, the exploration of immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy is warranted. In this project we identified immune-related gene signatures for TNBC patients that may explain differences in patients' outcomes after anti-PD-L1+chemotherapy treatment. First, we ran the exploratory subgroup discovery algorithm on the TNBC dataset comprised of 422 patients across 24 studies. Secondly, we narrowed down the search to twelve homogenous subgroups based on tumor mutational burden (TMB, low or high), relapse status (disease-free or recurred), tumor cellularity (high, low and moderate), menopausal status (pre- or post) and tumor stage (I, II and III). For each subgroup we identified a union of the top 10% of genotypic patterns. Furthermore, we employed a multinomial regression model to predict significant genotypic patterns that would be linked to partial remission after anti-PD-L1+chemotherapy treatment. Finally, we uncovered distinct immune cell populations (T-cells, B-cells, Myeloid, NK-cells) for TNBC patients with various treatment outcomes. CD4-Tn-LEF1 and CD4-CXCL13 T-cells were linked to partial remission on anti-PD-L1+chemotherapy treatment. Our informatics pipeline may help to select better responders to chemoimmunotherapy, as well as pinpoint the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance in TNBC patients at single-cell resolution.
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11
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Jungles KM, Holcomb EA, Pearson AN, Jungles KR, Bishop CR, Pierce LJ, Green MD, Speers CW. Updates in combined approaches of radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1022542. [PMID: 36387071 PMCID: PMC9643771 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1022542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent non-skin cancer diagnosed in females and developing novel therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes is crucial. The immune system plays an integral role in the body’s response to breast cancer and modulating this immune response through immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic option. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors were recently approved for the treatment of breast cancer patients, not all patients respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors as a monotherapy, highlighting the need to better understand the biology underlying patient response. Additionally, as radiotherapy is a critical component of breast cancer treatment, understanding the interplay of radiation and immune checkpoint inhibitors will be vital as recent studies suggest that combined therapies may induce synergistic effects in preclinical models of breast cancer. This review will discuss the mechanisms supporting combined approaches with radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of breast cancer. Moreover, this review will analyze the current clinical trials examining combined approaches of radiotherapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Finally, this review will evaluate data regarding treatment tolerance and potential biomarkers for these emerging therapies aimed at improving breast cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassidy M. Jungles
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Erin A. Holcomb
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ashley N. Pearson
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kalli R. Jungles
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Caroline R. Bishop
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lori J. Pierce
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael D. Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael D. Green, ; Corey W. Speers,
| | - Corey W. Speers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael D. Green, ; Corey W. Speers,
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12
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Lv W, Tan Y, Zhou X, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Wu Y. Landscape of prognosis and immunotherapy responsiveness under tumor glycosylation-related lncRNA patterns in breast cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:989928. [PMID: 36189319 PMCID: PMC9520571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation, a post-translational modification of proteins, is regarded to engage in tumorigenesis and malignant progression of breast cancer (BC). The altered expression of glycosyltransferases causes abnormal glycan biosynthesis changes, which can serve as diagnostic hallmarks in BC. This study attempts to establish a predictive signature based on glycosyltransferase-related lncRNAs (GT-lncRNAs) in BC prognosis and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) treatment. We firstly screened out characterized glycosyltransferase-related genes (GTGs) through NMF and WGCNA analysis and identified GT-lncRNAs through co-expression analysis. By using the coefficients of 8 GT-lncRNAs, a risk score was calculated and its median value divided BC patients into high- and low-risk groups. The analyses unraveled that patients in the high-risk group had shorter survival and the risk score was an independent predictor of BC prognosis. Besides, the predictive efficacy of our risk score was higher than other published models. Moreover, ESTIMATE analysis, immunophenoscore (IPS), and SubMAP analysis showed that the risk score could stratify patients with distinct immune infiltration, and patients in the high-risk group might benefit more from ICIs treatment. Finally, the vitro assay showed that MIR4435-2HG might promote the proliferation and migration of BC cells, facilitate the polarization of M1 into M2 macrophages, enhance the migration of macrophages and increase the PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA4 expression. Collectively, our well-constructed prognostic signature with GT-lncRNAs had the ability to identify two subtypes with different survival state and responses to immune therapy, which will provide reliable tools for predicting BC outcomes and making rational follow-up strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Lv
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufang Tan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhang, ; Jun Zhang, ; Yiping Wu,
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhang, ; Jun Zhang, ; Yiping Wu,
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Zhang, ; Jun Zhang, ; Yiping Wu,
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13
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Corti C, Venetis K, Sajjadi E, Zattoni L, Curigliano G, Fusco N. CAR-T cell therapy for triple-negative breast cancer and other solid tumors: preclinical and clinical progress. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:593-605. [PMID: 35311430 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2054326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most breast cancer-related deaths arise from triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Molecular heterogeneity, aggressiveness and the lack of effective therapies are major hurdles to therapeutic progress. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy in TNBC. This approach combines the antigen specificity of an antibody with the effector function of T cells. AREAS COVERED This review examines the opportunities provided by CAR-T cell therapies in solid tumors. Emerging targets, ongoing clinical trials, and prospective clinical implications in TNBC are considered later. An emphasis is placed on the key challenges and possible solutions for this therapeutic approach. EXPERT OPINION A challenge for CAR-T cell therapy is the selection of the optimal targets to minimize on-target/off-tumor toxicity. Tumor escape via antigen loss and intrinsic heterogeneity is a further hurdle. TROP2, GD2, ROR1, MUC1 and EpCAM are promising targets. Persistence and trafficking to tumor cells may be enhanced by the implementation of CARs with a chemokine receptor and/or constitutively activated interleukin receptors. Fourth-generation CARs (TRUCKs) may redirect T-cells for universal cytokine-mediated killing. Combinatorial approaches and the application of CARs to other immune cells could revert the suppressive immune environment that characterizes solid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Corti
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elham Sajjadi
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zattoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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14
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Immunotherapy for early triple negative breast cancer: research agenda for the next decade. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:23. [PMID: 35181659 PMCID: PMC8857212 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the systemic treatment of localized triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has exclusively relied on chemotherapy. Recent advancements, however, are rapidly reshaping the treatment algorithms for this disease. The addition of pembrolizumab to neoadjuvant chemotherapy has indeed shown to significantly improve event-free survival for stage II–III TNBC, leading to its establishment as new standard of care in this setting. This landmark advancement has however raised several important scientific questions. Indeed, we desperately need strategies to identify upfront patients deriving benefit from the addition of immunotherapy. Moreover, the best integration of pembrolizumab with further recent advancements (capecitabine, olaparib) is yet to be defined. Lastly, extensive efforts are needed to minimize the impact on patients of immune-related adverse events and financial toxicity. The next decade of clinical research will be key to overcome these challenges, and ultimately learn how to optimally integrate immunotherapy in the treatment landscape of TNBC.
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15
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Corti C, Giachetti PPMB, Eggermont AMM, Delaloge S, Curigliano G. Therapeutic vaccines for breast cancer: Has the time finally come? Eur J Cancer 2021; 160:150-174. [PMID: 34823982 PMCID: PMC8608270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to exploit the immune system as a weapon against cancer has revolutionised the treatment of cancer patients, especially through immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, ICIs demonstrated a modest benefit in treating breast cancer (BC), with the exception of certain subsets of triple-negative BCs. An immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), typically present in BC, is an important factor in the poor response to immunotherapy. After almost two decades of poor clinical trial results, cancer vaccines (CVs), an active immunotherapy, have come back in the spotlight because of some technological advancements, ultimately boosted by coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In particular, neoantigens are emerging as the preferred targets for CVs, with gene-based and viral vector–based platforms in development. Moreover, lipid nanoparticles proved to be immunogenic and efficient delivery vehicles. Past clinical trials investigating CVs focused especially on the metastatic disease, where the TME is more likely compromised by inhibitory mechanisms. In this sense, favouring the use of CVs as monotherapy in premalignant or in the adjuvant setting and establishing combination treatments (i.e. CV plus ICI) in late-stage disease are promising strategies. This review provides a full overview of the past and current breast cancer vaccine landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Corti
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier P M B Giachetti
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander M M Eggermont
- Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cancer Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Suzette Delaloge
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Corti C, Nicolò E, Curigliano G. Novel immune targets for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:815-834. [PMID: 34763593 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2006187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To overcome mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance to the anti-tumor immune response, novel targets such as ICOS, LAG3, and TIM3 are currently being explored at preclinical and early-phase clinical levels. AREAS COVERED This article examines the landscape of the immune therapeutics investigated in early-phase clinical trials for TNBC. Preclinical rationale is provided for each immune target, predominant expression, and function. Clinical implications and preliminary available trial results are discussed and finally, we reflect on aspects of future expectations and challenges in this field. EXPERT OPINION Several immune strategies have been investigated in TNBC, including co-inhibitory molecules beyond PD1-PD-L1 axis, co-stimulatory checkpoints, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, combination therapies, as well as different routes of administration. Most of approaches showed signs of anti-cancer activity and a good safety profile in early-phase clinical trials. Since IO provided benefit only to a small subgroup of TNBC patients so far, identifying predictive biomarkers is a priority to refine patient-selection. Data from ongoing clinical trials, with the gradually improving interpretation of the breast tumor immune environment, will hopefully refine the role of new immune targets for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Corti
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, Irccs, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPO), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Nicolò
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, Irccs, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPO), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, Irccs, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology (DIPO), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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17
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Nie D, Xue Y, Fang Q, Cheng J, Li B, Wang D, Li C, Gui S, Zhang Y, Zhao P. Immune Checkpoints: Therapeutic Targets for Pituitary Tumors. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:5300381. [PMID: 34447484 PMCID: PMC8384513 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5300381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are the third most common intracranial tumors in adults. Treatment of refractory pituitary tumors is known to be difficult due to limited treatment options. As a promising therapeutic method, tumor immunotherapy has been applied in the treatment of many tumors, including pituitary tumors. Immune checkpoint blocking is one of the effective strategies to activate antitumor immunity. Immune checkpoints prevent tissue damage by regulating the immune response of peripheral tissues and participate in the maintenance of a normal immune environment. In the presence of a tumor, inhibition of T cell activity by tumor cells binding to immune checkpoints and their ligands is an important mechanism for tumor cells to escape immune injury. In this review, we summarize the latest findings of immune checkpoints and their potential as immunotherapeutic targets for pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimeng Xue
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Fang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bin Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Songbai Gui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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